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E-CULTURE & E-TOURISM

Murat GÜMÜŞ Naim ŞENOLMesut YILMAZ Armağan KORKUSUZ

Ece Ceren ÇİÇEK

2TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.CULTURE & E-CULTURE

1.1 What are The Culture and E-Culture? 1.2 Parts of E-Culture

1.2.1 e-newspaper, e-magazine 1.2.2 e-book and it’s advantages 1.2.3 e-library 1.2.4 e-museum, e-ticket 1.2.5 Virtual tour & Panaroma

1.3 Affects of E-Culture on All of The World Countries and Social Life

1.3.1 Journalism 1.4 Future of E-Culture

3 2.TOURISM & E-TOURISM

2.1 What is Tourism? 2.2 What is E-Tourism?

2.2.1 Tools Used in E-Tourism 2.2.2 Web services

2.3 Why E-Tourism? 2.4 Advantages of E-Tourism 2.5 Design Strategies of E-Tourism 2.6 Applications of E-Tourism

2.6.1 GIS(Geographic Information Systems in Tourism Industry) 2.6.2 Blue Flag Project 2.6.3 Navigation

2.7 World Tourism Organization Tourism Report and Turkey 2.8 Turkey’s Advantages in Tourism 2.9 Turkey’s Disadvantages in Tourism 2.10 The Advantages of E-Tourism to Turkey’s Tourism 2.11 Applications Related to E-Tourism

3.REFERENCES

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1.1 What are Culture and E-Culture?

Culture is defined as the shared patterns of behaviors and interactions, cognitive constructs, and affective understanding that are learned through a process of socialization. These shared patterns identify the members of a culture group while also distinguishing those of another group.

“Culture is a way of life of a society.” C. WIESLER E-culture is a policy term used to describe the ever shifting

relationship between new information and communication technology and the production and consumption of culture and the arts.

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E-culture is both technological and a social development.There seems to be a widespread consensus that new digital and networking technologies like the World Wide Web (WWW) and the Internet have the capacity to reorder the domains of everyday social and personal life by transforming work and knowledge forms, gender and body politics, health and science, domestic life and entertainment as well as transforming national economics and international relations, democracy and the distribution of power (Dona Kolar-Panov, 2003).

Culture spreads in digital media mostly as tv, radio and Net.

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1.2 Parts of E-Culture

E-book , e-newspaper, e-magazineNowadays all books, newspapers and magazines of different cultures are available in the Net.

E-mail,Social network, mediaPeople can communicate people all over the world.

E-museum, e-ticket Virtual tour, Panaroma

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1.2.1 E-Newspaper

E-Newspapers are newspapers which are published electronically. They can take the form of normal print publications published on the Internet; additional or complimentary content to print publications published on-line; or original publications published exclusively on the World Wide Web. Many news organizations require subscription to e-newspapers, just like regular print newspapers. E-newspapers are often associated with an existing newspaper in print. Most e- newspapers do not have enumeration, though they do have chronology, and many maintain archives of back issues online.

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1. 2. 2 E-BookE-Book is a book that is published in electronic form, for example on the Internet or on a disk, and not printed.

Why aren’t e-books more Popular? Tactile loss : I like the feel and smell of

paper / I can’t read on a screen Lending loss : I want to lend my books to

who I want. Library loss : I want a library that will last

forever.

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Advantages of E-Books Mobility:Carry your entire library in your pocket: With disk space quickly becoming a commodity, and the size of portable device hard drives getting bigger and bigger, it’s conceivable to think that you could have your entire library with you and have it accessible to your fingertips. Saving Physical Space:Your Library is as Big as your Disk Drive: Your library can grow as big as the disk space you have available and will be relatively small compared to walls and walls of bookshelves. And, due to disk space becoming a commodity, it’s safe to say you’ll probably never run out of space to store your library in your lifetime.

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Saving Time & Money:No Shipping Costs or Wait Time: This is a much easier argument for me to prove living as an expat with book prices being astronomical in a non-English speaking country. But, remember that when you eliminate the need for shipping that book to where you physically are, there will be some cost benefits. Ease-of-Use Adjust Font Size for any Eyes: Adjust the font size, type and

background color of your electronic book per your preferences.

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1. 2. 3 E-Library

Large scale digitization projects are underway at Google, the Million Book Project, and Internet Archive. With continued improvements in book handling and presentation technologies such as optical character recognition and ebooks, and development of alternative depositories and business models, digital libraries are rapidly growing in popularity. Just as libraries have ventured into audio and video collections, so have digital libraries such as the Internet Archive.

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1.2.5 E-Museum, E-TicketA museum is an institution that makes available artifacts, scientific, artistic, cultural, or historical objects for public viewing.

With the entry of the Internet to our lives ,the museums that cultural heritage is exhibited is moving to electronic media.

The most famous museums web sites contain the information about history of the museum, variable information of museum artifacts and their creaters,.

Also, the advantages like virtual tours and queries from the museum database is also available .

The website of The Louvre Museum that is one of the most famous museums all over the world is an example of museums in the electronic media.

In our country, similar applications can be applied some of the museums.

Isparta museum is one of them.

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IZMİR ARCHEOLOGY MUSEUM – E-MUSEUM GUİDANCE SYSTEMStarted in 1 November 2011 for one year.

It is established into Izmir Archeology Museum.It contains 24 headphones and 2 charge stations.

is an audio and visual guidance system and has supports of Turkish, English and German languages.

MUSEUM CARDThe first card of Turkey provides visiting museums.

Easily visiting the museums for a charge of 15-50 TLs for 1 year.Museum Pass Istanbul for foreign tourists

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Thanks to the developing technology, tickets of cinemas, theatres, museums, seminars and concerts can be bought from the Net.

For cinema tickets, empty cinema halls and empty seats can be easily shown in the Net.

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1. 2. 5 Virtual Tour&Panaroma

A virtual tour is a simulation of an existing location, usually composed of a sequence of panaromic images. They also may use other multimedia elements such as sound effects, music and text. The phrase "virtual tour" is often used to describe a variety of video and photographic-based media. Panorama indicates an unbroken view, since a panorama can be either a series of photographs or panning video footage.

The first use of a Virtual Tour was in 1994 as a museum visitor interpretation.

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Affects of E-Culture

THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) REVOLUTION STARTED SOME DECADES AGO BUT ITS DEVELOPMENT TOWARDS NETWORK LOGIC THAT WAS BROUGHT ABOUT BY THE INTERNET GAVE IT AN EXTRA PUSH. THE CONCEPT OF AN INFORMATION SOCIETY SUGGESTS UNIVERSAL AND FREE ACCESS TO INFORMATION SERVICES (THUS KNOWLEDGE) FOR ALL CITIZENS/USERS/CONSUMERS AND POSSIBILITY FOR AN ACTIVE PARTICIPATION IN KNOWLEDGE SHARING. RAPID GROWTH OF THE INTERNET, IN NUMBER OF ITS USERS AND AVAILABLE INFORMATION AND SERVICES THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH IT, INDICATE THE IMPORTANCE OF ACTIVITIES TAKING PLACE IN THE VIRTUAL DOMAIN.

31Journalism

The internet and disseminate tools and easier access to information, as well as reduced access to information almost no cost.

Video, graphics, sound and text on the internet are closely intertwined structure occurred in a diverse media. The newspaper printed only on paper appeared to be a media tool.

Increasing the level of competition! Thanks to social media and mobile technologies at a time when everyone potentially can be a journalist, journalists working in newspapers, the only other competitor, but also his readers of his colleagues.

32Future of E-

Culture Acts of cyber attacks and will continue to

increase in a more organized way. Opportunities for the new user interface,

keyboard, mouse will begin to eliminate the dependency. Now every plane screen, voice commands, start to become standard.

Mobile technologies will continue to get more space on the table. Location-based applications will act as a dynamo process.

Merging social media networks to the TV and  Social TV Apps will have big role.

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Increase the popularity of social networking applications to unifying the different contents. Thus, this kind of person with a single application environment profiles of social media to reach all the different social media sites to produce the content.

Spread application of Home Office

34E-Culture in the world

www.everyculture.com

35www.everyculture.com

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www.usa.gov

37www.usa.gov.tr

38E-Culture in Mobile

eCulture Pass in Google Play

39eCulture Pass in Google

Play

40E-Culture in Turkeywww.kultur.gov.tr

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www.kultur.gov.tr

42www.kultur.gov.tr

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www.kultur.gov.tr

44www.izmirmuzesi.gov.tr

45www.izmirmuzesi.gov.tr

462.1 What is Tourism?

Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. 

Tourism can be domestic or international, and international tourism has both incoming and outgoing implications on a country's balance of payments. Today, tourism is major source of income for many countries, and affects the economy of both the source and host countries, in some cases it is of vital importance.

472.2 What is E-Tourism?

e-Tourism means that using of information technologies in tourism sector.

e-Tourism enclose all goods, service, product transaction and money transfer with electronic systems.

Today, Depending on the rapid developments in information technologies, the global competitiveness in tourism is carried to internet.

482.2.1 Tools Used in E-

Tourism Call center Internet Intranet Web services

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Tourist - a key consumer needs details on destinations, facilities, availibilities, prices, geography & climate information. If it is out of country then border controls & relations. A call center agent might handle account inquiries, customer complaints or support issues.

50Internet

The Internet and especially the Web is one of the main driving forces for new developments by providing new powerful tools and possibilities of doing business. It is a perfect platform for the travel and tourism industry to bring information about its products to the customers all over the world, in a direct, cost minimizing, and time effective way.

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2.2.2 Web Services Most useful tool is the web sides, so the web sites should have

some properties:1. e-mail property,2. information about travels,3. promotion applications,4. information with sales,5. relationship with other travel agency,6. feedback forms7. Online payment8. Service in other language9. special attention to the visual and auditory10. Information on the business owner11. Feature to respond to frequently asked questions12. Information for employees who13. And must be updated.

522.3 Why E-Tourism?

1. Impoving customer satisfaction2. The Internet is more effective than other advertising

tools3. Easy access to information sources, with the

points of 4. Deductibility of the costs of travel planning and

organization5. And allowing a very fast development.6. All large and small businesses, does not require large

amounts of capital.7. Find new market places, and sell the services. They

strengthen their image. Also gain a competitive advantage.

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E-tourism Includes All Business Functions

E-commerce and E-marketing E-finance and E-accounting E-HRM E-Procurement E-Strategy E-Planning E-Management

54Definition Of eTourism

55ICT - Information and

Communication Technologies New information and communication technologies (ICT) are changing the economy and the way business is conducted in various forms. ICT force companies to find new ways to expand the markets in which they compete, to attract and retain customers by tailoring products and services to their needs, and to restructure their business strategy to gain competitive advantage.

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2.4 Advantage of e-Tourism

Provide the opportunity to easily compare. Personalized services. Making travel system open to competition Services with increased competition to be the

best conditions Allows to take information of the desired place and

time  by the individual. Fast and secure method.

57Disadvantages of e-tourism

Some of the disadvantages that can be created by the use of E-commerce in tourism are as followed: *Tensions between growing demands for personalized services tailored to the individual’s needs and interests and reluctance amongst consumers to release such information over the Internet in case it is misused. *The preference of many customers to conduct complicated transactions in a face-to-face environment (e.g. high street travel agents).*Existing travel agent business being superseded, with resultant job losses.*Growing inequality and increased social exclusion for those customers and businesses without access to necessary technology

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2.5 Design Strategies of E-Tourism

We believe in a strategic approach to designing e-tourism systems for destinations.  We offer a unique combination of tourism strategic expertise and web-based applications and work with destinations to deliver e-tourism solutions that fulfil a clearly defined strategy.

59 Processes are:

1. Assessing the Destination Strategy2. Assess Current Online Application3. Develop eTourism Strategy4. Implement5. Monitor and Support

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1 - Assessing the Destination Strategy: Vision

Objectives Positioning Brand Target Markets Product Development and Packaging Marketing Mix Institutional Structure Business Plan Role of E-Tourism in Destination Strategy

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2 - Assess Current Online Application

Evaluate online activity & performance Audit of website Evaluate social media strategy, guidelines

and interaction Assess online tools Assess SEO practices and ranking

623 – Develop E-Tourism

Strategy Gap analysis Destination Strategy vs Online

Application Define User Requirements Define Functionality Match Formulate eMarketing strategy Formulate E-Communications & CRM strategy Formulate SEO strategy

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4 - Implement

Website design SEO optimization CMS/DMS Backend Development Email design and database management Social Media Campaign Development Intranet Development

645 – Monitor and Support

Training and mentorship Website traffic and user behavior tracking and

assessment Constant Improvement

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2.6.1 Geographic Information Systems in Tourism Industry

What is GIS? A geographic information

system (GIS) integrates hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information.

GIS helps you answer questions and solve problems by looking at your data in a way that is quickly understood and easily shared.

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Managing Analyzing Displaying large volume of data

Apply many disciplines such as geography, forestry, urban planning, and environmental studies.

Geographers, economists, business, environmental planners, and archaeologists are interested in tourism.

67Benefits Of GIS

Cost Savings and Increased Efficiency Better Decision Making Improved Communication Better Recordkeeping Managing Geographically

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Opportunities for GIS Applications in Tourism Planning

Assessing of tourism development: GIS can be used to demonstrate tourism impacts on various industrial sectors in a time-series and spatial format. Within this category, analysts can use all or several of the previous categories by employing the ‘‘what-if’’ tool of GIS. This tool allows the development of scenarios for predicting what the effect of a change in a certain variable(s) will be in the destination.

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Visitor flow management: This involves the use of GIS to identify principal tourist activity spaces within a destination and the flows among destinations. Authorities may implement strategic plans for superior infrastructure.

Facility inventory and resource use: The ease in allocating resources between what are often conflicting demands. It provide us how to share the resources to the facilities.

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CAPABILITIES OF GIS APPLICATION IN TOURISM PLANNING

Advantages for the Tourists Valuable information on tourist locations Interactive maps that respond to user queries Visualization of tourist sites through digital images

or videos Selective information’s like route planning, cultural

events, special attractions etc.

71Advantages to development authorities

Planning: The relationship between geographic factors, marketing

strategies, visitors’ behaviors associated with a visit to the region, visitor perceptions of various attractions, and the trip/traveler characteristics are also critical components for the managers and planners of the tourism-related businesses

Database management: Binds attribute data and spatial data

Data updating Remote sensing, numeric data, images, tables…

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2.6.2 Blue Flag

Europe Community has determined the microbiologic parameters for sea and lake waters have been used for swimming. This work put together Blue Flag Campaign include European country by Foundation For Environmental Education (FEEE) in 1987.

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Blue Flag has focused on four fundamental subjects:

Water Quality have been used for swimming

Environmental Education Security and order of beaches Environment Management

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The Blue Flag is a voluntary eco-label awarded to approximately 3650 beaches and marinas in 46 countries across Europe, South Africa, Morocco, Tunisia, New Zealand, Brazil, Canada and the Caribbean.

In Turkey are there 383 beaches, 21 marinas and 13 yachts since 2013.

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İspanya; 552

Yunanistan; 393

Türkiye; 383

Fransa; 365

Portekiz; 280

İtalya; 248

Danimarka; 243

Hırvatistan; 102

İrlanda; 70

Hollanda; 58Güney Kıbrıs; 57

İngiltere; 55

Diğer 29 Ülke; 285

2013 YILI MAVİ BAYRAK PLAJ SAYILARI

İspanya

Yunanistan

Türkiye

Fransa

Portekiz

İtalya

Danimarka

Hırvatistan

İrlanda

Hollanda

Güney Kıbrıs

İngiltere

Diğer 29 Ülke

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Almanya; 108

İspanya; 97

Hollanda; 95

Fransa; 88

İtalya; 62

Danimarka; 55

Türkiye; 21Hırvatistan; 18

Portekiz; 14Belçika-Flaman; 10

Yunanistan; 9Norveç; 6

Diğer 29 Ülke; 40

2013 YILI ULUSLAR ARASI MAVİ BAYRAKLI MARİNA SAYILARI

Almanya

İspanya

Hollanda

Fransa

İtalya

Danimarka

Türkiye

Hırvatistan

Portekiz

Belçika-Flaman

Yunanistan

Norveç

Diğer 29 Ülke

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Water Quality with Remote Sensing

Remote sensing techniques can be use to assess several water quality parameters. These optical and thermal sensors on boats, aircraft, and satellites provide both spatial and temporal information needed to understand changes in water quality parameters necessary for developing better management practices to improve water quality.

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Coral reef classification with remote sensing

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Water is an important natural resource which needs constant quality monitoring for ensuring its safe use. Traditionally, the water quality detection has been carried out manually wherein the water samples are collected and taken to the laboratories for analysis. Since these methods fail to deliver real time data, we propose a river water quality monitoring system based on wireless sensor network which helps in continuous and remote monitoring of the water quality data in India. The system architecture is based on hierarchical topology in which the monitoring scenario is divided into four general areas; each forming a cluster comprising of several wireless sensor nodes responsible for sensing, data collection & processing and communication. The wireless sensor node in the system is designed for monitoring three of the main parameters that affect the quality of water, i.e. pH, conductivity and temperature of water. The proposed sensor node design mainly comprises of a signal conditioning module,processing module which is implemented using PIC microcontroller and wireless communication module consisting of Zigbee radio. This system provides an energy efficient and low cost sensor unit for monitoring water quality through the use of inexpensive, low power devices for the hardware design.

Wireless Sensor Networks for Water Quality Monitoring

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2.6.3 Navigation Systems in Tourism Sector

Navigation systems help us to find our way in the whole world.You just need an application and a mobile phone or gps system. You can use these systems easily and arrive where you want to.For example you are in a big city like New York, and you are a foreign people, you dont need to ask anybody to go to place where you are looking for.You can use this technology and follow the instructions that navigation tells you.

In another example, one of the most popular hotels in the world ‘Rixos Hotel’ is using this system for their guests.This kind of big hotels have lots of places to entertainment and big opportunities for their guests.Tourists can use this navigation system and they can find the activity place easily by getting direction from this system so they can be aware all of activites and there will be no missunderstanding.

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2.7 World Tourism Organization Tourism Report

and Turkey An ever increasing number of destinations have opened up and invested in tourism, turning tourism into a key driver of socio-economic progress through export revenues, the creation of jobs and enterprises,and infrastructure development.

Over the past six decades, tourism experienced continued expansion and diversifi cation, becoming one of the largest and fastest-growing economic sectors in the world. Many new destinations have emerged apart from the traditional favourites of Europe and North America.

Despite occasional shocks, international tourist arrivals have shown virtually uninterrupted growth – from 25 million in 1950, to 278 million in1980, 528 million in 1995, and 1,035 million in 2012.

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Tourism report

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88TOP 10

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  TOPLAM - Total   YABANCI - Foreigner VATANDAŞ - Citizen

    ZİYARETÇİ ORTALAMA GSM+Marina

  ZİYARETÇİ ORTALAMA   ZİYARETÇİ ORTALAMA YILLAR TURİZM GELİRİ SAYISI HARCAMA Hizmet TURİZM GELİRİ SAYISI HARCAMA TURİZM GELİRİ SAYISI HARCAMA

Years Tourism Receipt Number of Average Harcamaları

Tourism Receipt Number of Average Tourism Receipt Number of Average

    Visitors Expenditure (***)   Foreigner Expenditure   Citizens Expenditure

  ( 1000 $ )   ($)   ( 1000 $ )   ($) ( 1000 $ )   ($)

2003 13 854 866 16 302 053 850 113 339 10 141 116 13 701 419 740 3 600 411 2 600 634 1 384

2004 17 076 606 20 262 640 843 152 937 13 061 118 17 202 996 759 3 862 552 3 059 644 1 262

2005 20 322 112 24 124 501 842 221 915 15 725 813 20 522 621 766 4 374 383 3 601 880 1 214

2006 18 593 951 23 148 669 803 211 580 13 918 757 19 275 948 722 4 463 614 3 872 721 1 153

2007 20 942 500 27 214 988 770 302 303 15 936 347 23 017 081 692 4 703 850 4 197 907 1 121

2008 25 415 067 30 979 979 820 384 332 19 612 296 26 431 124 742 5 418 439 4 548 855 1 191

2009 25 064 482 32 006 149 783 310 150 19 063 702 27 347 977 697 5 690 629 4 658 172 1 222

2010 24 930 997 33 027 943 755 262 627 19 110 003 28 510 852 670 5 558 366 4 517 091 1 231

2011 28 115 692 36 151 328 778 254 753 22 222 454 31 324 528 709 5 638 484 4 826 800 1 168

2012 29 007 003 36 463 921 795 242 261 22 410 364 31 342 464 715 6 354 378 5 121 457 1 241

2013(*) 32 310 424 39 226 226 824 227 952 25 322 291 33 827 474 749 6 760 180 5 398 752 1 252

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UNWTO Tourism Towards 2030: Actual trend and forecast 1950-2030

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2.8 Turkey’s Advantages in Tourism

The environment (seas, beaches, mountains, weather, geographical situation etc.)

Interest in health tourism is rising. Interest in Turkey is rising in developing countries Better opportunities according to their components Wide shopping

opportinites(carpets,leather,jewelery etc.) Number of travelling firms and transportation firms

is rising

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2.9 Turkey’s Disadvantages in

Tourism Because of the competition, marketing prices is

low and this becomes an attraction for tourists but income is decreasing

Most of the activities occurs in summer season Turkey has insufficiency in infrastructure for

winter tourism.

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2.10 The Advantages of E-Tourism to Turkey’s Tourism

7/24 hours service They can see the places by brochures in the web

sites so that it helps the tourists to decide the place where to go.

Tourists can buy their plane, bus etc. tickets or make reservations to hotels, hostels etc. via web sites and they do not need to go to the offices.

Little companies can compete large ones. Provides advantage of low cost to the companies Easy to gather statistical info via visitor counter

in the web site.

952.11 Applications Related to

E-TourismFor e-turism applications can be used to present the countries or the cities more effectively on developer side. They increase accessibility.

On user side, we use these applications to get informationabout a country or a city, to learn its attractions, and options that the place offers us. They can make our journey richer on the content and planning the journey easier. They can help you save money

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1) Before going to the country you can explore its touristic locations to get information.

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Cities can present their attractions in more inviting ways.

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Thanks to the apps you know your options. You don’t starve You can plan your journeys easier.

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You can learn the activity calender of the place you want to visit, and make your trip richer on the content.

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2) You can book your accommodation in your way.

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Rixos hotels’ application for android devices showing the locations of hotels on map.

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3) Deciding how and when to travel is easier.

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4) Your transportation style can be ready for you once you get there.

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5) An application that translates your phrases to any language you want can be very useful.

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You do not have to stick to a human guide in a touristic spot, with an audio guide you can explore the place by yourself.

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References

http://www.fondazionecariplo.org/e-culture-among-university-students.html

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-e-newspapers.htm http://whenihavetime.com/2009/03/09/what-are-ebooks-advant

ages-and-disadvantages-of-electronic-books/#popular http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_library#Digital_archives http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/tfisher/Music.html#I http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Digital_rights_management#Common_DRM_techniques http://

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights_management#Common_DRM_techniques

http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/tfisher/Music.html#I http://www.thejourneytourism.com/services/tourism-emarketing

/e-tourism-strategies/