e. gc chool of
TRANSCRIPT
,HMSCE. GC
856.0735
'no. 58-7..cop. 2 CHOOL OF SGOENCE'
EGON STATE COLLEGE- -
HEAT BUDGET TERMS FOR
MIDDLE SNAKE RIVER RESERVOIRS
Wayne V. Burt
Final ReportU. S. Fish and Wildlife
ContractWater Temperature Studies
on the Snake River
sh and WUdii` t
III
6
ac
The tint step in foretasting the thermal structure in a
reservoir is to detereine the beat budget of the reservoir
as a function of ties, In order to do this, each of the methods
of best transfer must be considered Sm itidually and then the
ecabined effects considered together.
the heat bSgst for a body of water is usually eicpresesd as
eons fore of the following equation 1952; Svardrup st
at 1946)s
(I) Q5Qr%s%Q4QvC
is the short wave solar radiation striking the nter
surfac,is the asount of short wave solar radIation that is
relented back toward the sun end sky from the water surface,
% is the net gain of heat this to solar red! ation),
is the net beck radiation lost to the aim sphere free the
water surface as a result of the exchange of long wave ndiation
between the water surface and the atmosphere.
% iø the lost through eanduotton of heat from the
water at face to the air.
1oer
'Dies
Vr
r .. h 1 nlivi `?_= -e r>for aE
`, . ` r v ,
1,12 ,era8 vas
T: CUO
ns u_ '. :i '%ta"tffi b
lye to rvi which :x,n ; or Wetroro1opluaI conditions. Artunf,
t be c; t K:1 r i throm
tatio a in :ti.._
C
10 -q-,O 0- for 011h notommic VO
n"G i t '"t?! rr : ?mar=
b.-- istan 1zT.4:, ..":Fi e::J obtaic, :'''(7
t e W Ky,c C. r.
C- " 71 400i . use
tar
ud io er it tf'r
Weather aroau rem
tr iR'+ aco,r
back radlaticcn de
effect s
ul uc 00e s Pt ..t.. tor in the
F-ekreds.t.;cn. `ep-nTn
in avy4 ..F ab,i1 a f.`roe f'.
but It is not
~i th c1rur, el p,. at ' or such th} t rrcan
:,rcFn ed by m ddle ?cud
awls will }:e ccn i Pr,; ;s T-Iddle
t al I2ud
o neat,-! ns. 7-or this
"'d b !°
tuwe'" ccnvid,re'kdor
tar fight. `!°e of cover
r
our
date
5
The teaperaturs of the air s a factor in the computation of
conduction of baa to and from the Air taperatur. isalso of the nanameters red to comrnte the water vapor pressure
in the air and tius is a. factor in the computatIon of back radiation
and enporatlenc 'ecords show a difference in air
temperature between Lewiston and Oxbow, thus, nan
temperatures were needed at both locations,
The Weather thirty year mean month Ly air temperature
date for Lewiston were used (u.s,i,s,, 1957*) for the Lewiflon area,
In the case of the Oxbow area, the problem of obtaining
represeatattve air temperatures was more difficult, the VISIt and
Wildlife Service 1195?) recorded air temperatures at Oxbow from
1955 throuSs July 1956, inclusive, in order to use these
data,, some correction must be applied to take into account dew.-
inSane from long term averages. The monthly air temperatures
for 1955 and 1956 for each of fin stations near Oxbow were compared
to the long term monthly nan temperature for each station, This
indicated tibet the individual monthly means for the individual
stations for 1955 and 1936 were high or low and by how much. In
average correction factor was computed for each of the 18
and applied to the Oxbow For example, daring February, 1955,
Veiny, }falfway, Nyssa, Runtington, and Idra±n ILZLWJ,
reported mean teaperetares that were 10,0, 12.9, 104, 5.4, and
4,5°?, respectively below their long term February mean temperature,
This gave a mean long term five station deviation of 4.4°?, The
reported wean temperatur. for Oxbow for February 1035 was
Taking into account the -S,6°? deviation for surrounding stations,
6(.3
0
"1,.2
40
51.4 50.x.
stations the .. v .. 7 E i i -PAN, 1' 51 th'' uol;
local r6w rs 1n«z _' C'nK
business .t ? i.32g° t `uc
of open areas In thn vicinity.
ximt re
r dt h7 l water ter,
=01+ut :t1on of e''`d`e: titre
the mon . c
8.5
n
.6
for
741
5
9
out,ide cC the 20° nnge, Vichy would be brought
the tongs vety
ware ret carried c-ut below 320C, the freezirg
point of fresh water a The retn of brat are radi or Ily
altered to very low veluse by the of lee
The relative humtdity of the air is a factor to the f3ODpe
utation of a& effectIve back radlatiot, Relative
humidity data were avenged by months far flattens located at
Idehop Pendlston, Orcgonj Spokane, Washingtonj and Levi atos,
Idaho. Data for the tint three stations were for the sevensyns
per$od 1951 through 1951 (V,LVJ, 1951—1957), Part of the 1951
1957 data for Iawletor, Idaho, were available, The Weather
(TS,LW,3,, 1957a) long term mean or normal relatIve huwtdity
was used for that station in the avenging The
relative buiri dity was markedly lower during July than during
June at all statIons,
January It? July 40.5
Pabnmz7 73,7 August 41.l
March 63.8 September 45.7
April 54.8 October g,ç57.1 rovaber 74.4
June 53.0 December 79.2
I0
1 3 I n r- r t, on 'nor
cter Surf⩔. T= r--.
clout virf4 t1 't
u r 5 tea c, ore : uq,re
urit Is f: * the l n-ngley
f co
a suitable unit 'cr
rr: i t: of the -,- , r ,, r t I
t in this ttu y .
The -? rt riled o , direct nt
= u^ r r z-" -7*r Alo'er: _.t.fticn in the hrd
c tis ,, in n roan of ec::.4utd try:
e- and c .i r:;., statinnn. Twin
a r t: n w.At x c I r r t i cr tf a 0 r:; rte r: r t the best i.r or- t i or
L&r radiat.i°c.r the ;-it amen
ec
r
t
:;ado. date
together
by and -7.
t It
1'«
a °a C !t 't `i,. ire ?l
.te tk of turns foot, I
MOW 30 feet (See ,y r'
Ran t ow
)US to d1 str .ht t below `.
pas
p+.'_ t.
Aur mrTnip "Yon the sun
the nurjnv or tre
the W1 n
below
-, -'rip
Ux `. near ^_i o Cc
On .; st r usC c:
AN's of tip -,Or
put
nts over
c. _.s . ootu,
06707 4I VIM
s " ' I . t br ug `. r ' : e?".
QxrUMd? ara . .,-ate', {.0 r [..., , :: s ..
>dd e ouch t' } _ u `.'v r t y b-e n
over
1;;5
rtes i : A Nor f.
fit
¢4
t that
ft
24 376 5
17
4
404
I r
216
Ill7
14
te*tperattwe of the water surface according to the ecpationi
=
is the nuaber of calories eaStted net square centimeter
per day (ly) is the Sefen—Eoitzms.s constant (1.176 x
eel, dar' and is the absolute ttapersture of tAt
water surface. The factor 0.9? indicates that water radiates at
the rats of of the rate of a theoretical Black (Andersen,
1952),
At the same time the water surfac. is radiating long
wets radiation upward toward the atmosphere, it is elso receiving
dialler long wave radiatien casing downward from the atmosphere,
This term, Q5, is always less than The difference between the
two tern % %, or %, the effective or net back radiation, is
always negative, indierting a net transfer of bent tram the
water surface to the atmosphere, A reservoir always loses long
wave redS tion enerc upward to the atmosphere.
The rate that the eo.rc is radiated downward from the
atmosrhers to the water surface, js en unknown function of
type, height, thf ottesa, and amount of cloud cover as well as the
amounts and distribution of water vapor and dust in the atmosphere,
Anderson (1c52) reviewed a number of amplrical relationships
between water vapor, and cloud cover in addItion to reporting
on a large number of direct measure,ents of that were carried
out over Lake Better, In the past, clouds have not been differs
eatitted by type or height in empirical retail designed for
At-mos"s,--+c---R-c1iolisr, Adapter! --Fr pm- - Awde san---(-tt52 )
10 II It 13 14 II 16 IT I 19 20 21 It 23 24 asVapor Pr.ssur in Millibsrs
15
computation of
Anderson's data are presented in nine scatter with
best fit least square lines for each the data are asp—
anted cording to height of clouds (low, riddle, end high) and
arcunt (scattered, broken, and overcast) at the time at
The decimal percentage effectiveness at the atmosphere (inclu9 op
clouds) compared to the effectiveness of a theoretical Black body
radiatirg at the temperature of the sir / is plotted
against the vapor pressure of the air measured in mi.llibars, the
air temperature, Tea, and the vapor pressure *lcb is a function
of air tempereture and relative humidity were measured at a height
of two meters. Anderson also prezented a least squares relationship
for data observatons on clear
In order to use Anderson 'a data for computing thc mean monthly
atmospheric (as a step in computtrg effective back red—
icti on) as a runction of mean monthly cloud cover, mean monthly
air a composite
diaen was constructed based on Anderson's tour lent square lines
tar days with eidd3e clouds and days with clear skye (flgure 1),
tinear interpolation was used to draw liner for each tenth nan
cloud cover between Arderson's lines for overcast, broken, scattered,
and clear skys,
Long wave radIatIon striking a water surfane is approximately
97% absorbed and 3% reflected (Anderson 1952). This long wave
albedo aarrw,tion was mode to the radiatIon from the staos4tere,
fleet lost through evaporation, is the largest term in the
con - "10-IM -0- '
an W
sled i s pros
C+ s T e O
determine the
OT, nuthors
theory involved in W
Y in an 7 wa ti o i, s
16
o6
(3)
17
Parbeek and ntd ilsrbeek (1c52) have us& this
technique for studying tion Lake The
ef water which evaporated each 24 bunts fle. tint calculated
directly trot the water budget of the lake for a period at ISO
This provided anpiricat data far computing the nine at their
findings shaved that the lake surface as rough
at all times with no evidence of a critical dud where K
changed values. Far weather data tram utarby Oklahoma
Municiple Airport, K has a calculated eonstnat value of 0,00450.
These weather data are taken under siSter conditions to the mean
data used in the present study, Jeatber data measured at a height
of eight metars directly over the lake gave a calculated constant
value of d which was
Sverdrgp is his latest (iS57) caper considering evaporation
from the sea surt-ea euggnts the use at (3) with vapor
pressure and wind measured at en elevaUon of 10 meters, ife
rocosasends using a K value between .0057 and
Jacobs used the following values of K tsr calculetSon
of evaporation from the oceans as a Lunctien of averaged attest—
clogicat conditions. For a secoth surface with wine a less than
J meters per SS000dr IC .0032. For a rough surface with winds
aver cetera per second, F TI. calculated a main mid—
latitmie value tar £ of .0069,
Assuming a distribution of wInds about the mean similar to
that found by Diukelacker (1948) one can calculate a teen value
of K on the basis of the percentage of tin the wind is above and
below the cr1 ii cat velocity of 6.5 meters per second and then apply
the K values used by Jacobs to anita at a mean K to use for say
18
teaa This was carried out tar the mean menthly winds far
Sntzks flnr area re8arvajn. The sean annual value of K was O.OOU
in good agreeeent with the espirtal finding at Recheck (1952) and
Recheck and Vitredani (1952),
r tar consideration of the then, it was decided to use
Rarbeck's ttnn arcoal of K a as applicable to the use
of elbatolo€icel data to eoo9ute eteperetion in the present stndy,
The heat lass due to evaporation, %, was computed from the
amount of water eve orated pet square per day times the
heat of ff, of the water at the of the
lake. U was corrected fOr temperature.
fist is continually being transferred between any water
and the conduction. This beat flux $ rnnrnrd whenever
the water surface is vaxnr than the air end downward when the air
is warmer than the water.
The Rewet ratio, N, is usiafly used to derive a working
eqwiion for the computation of conduction,
a P —SIa
P is the ann air pressure, P is a constant, and and aare the water surface tamperateis and air temperatures, respectively.
Varions authors suggest values for D in the range of 0.57 to 0.Sinclusive, while 'Raven took 0.61 as the most probable value
I'
20
teh heat is passing the surface of a reservocr in
calories pe square centimeter per day (lenglays), This sun, celled the
storage rete 1957) is posItive %tansver the reservoir is
gaining heat through its surfers or negative when heat is being lost to
the The p+orsge rots, !, 5st n a Artion of tiesand relative tenpenture the water on flruresj and Ltorthe area and en aid 6 tar the area.
Th order to Cind the storsgs rate *em the tiares it is first
necessary to detereine the r4ative tesperstnre. Ta do this, enter
flpre 2 with the estinated or water surface teeneraters
and the date ton which? is desired, reed 'ist the reletive
teeperature as the niaber at degrees that the entering surface
tennerature is above or below the base Linear intfls
polation should be need when the surface ± espertttn tells between
any two lines of the five lines drown on the graph 2).
the reinS yr tenoerflune end the date enter the appropriate Figure
(3 toó) and read oft fi in Linear interpolation should
be used between the five relative teanerature curves.
The total rate of hnt!ng or cooling for the tie reservoir,
C, is found by nultinty'ng the area in acres by the rusher at square
centimeters an acre (L.0i I tines F. The result is in gras
calories pete day for the whole reservoir surface.
It requires 1 ,51 I calories to raIse the teepctreture of a
cubic foot of water one degree !, 0 divided by 1.57 1 is the
nusber at cubic feet of water that could ban a tcrrerature absinge
at one degree (degree—feet) due to th, beat exchange across the
surface,
It be seen on flqures 4 to 6 that colder then avenge
surface tonpereture (minus relative tearteratures) bring abemt
hIgher then enrage rntes of heatIng while varrer than rmnge
surface water tey b5 rapIdly cooled4
21
i
a
82
SO
78
76
74
72
TO
68
66
6462
60
58
56
w 54
52
50
0 48S.b
3 46
44
42
40
38
36
34
WE I Yl AR NY DAYS X 250 DIVNS. 359-142KEUFFEL& ESSER CO. o[n u. s. s.
CALENDAR YEAR
JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY15 20 25 510152025 510/52025 510152025 510152025 510152025 51015
A ST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER5 SIO to 25 510152025 51015202..5 510152025 510152025
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2 510152025 510152025AUGUST' SEPTEMBER
51015=025 5 10 152025 10152025OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER
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22
Anderson, t., Energy Eudget Studies, Water Loss
lnvestlgaticnsa Vol. 1 — Lola latter StudSee, Caologioel
225, pp.
tndergori, Andetna, and 2. 0., 1950, A
ettew of tion The3ry and I ntonatt at lnstnaantetioe,
Fepo t 159, • S. anl cr4 cc laboratory, at 21 egO,
71 ?P'
Deny, F. A. Jr., lollay, C., and Seen, ti., 1U5. Patdbook
of aourawlfSll, anw fork, loncon, ltYS pp.
Bunt, C yns V., 957a, .t Fntinlnary ictimate of Tcnparature
Canlifloine Sn Brownice Lasenoir and In the Sitar Selow
BrownIes Sc, TB 1, Set, Cater Teaparaturo Studies on
tim Snake r4asr, Oregon State College, 6 pp. (typed).
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Burt, atync 1,, 1557c, a of :rpcrritu.-s Corndtlons in the
Oxbow cad Low Hells Canyon ecenaira and in the Snake River
Polow delta nyon Stat, TB 5, Cot, 57e6, date-c Tei.poruture
on Ira liver, 'ngon ttate 7
çprocssasd).
Burt, SCyra
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Si'�elcaVew, C., leSS.
fur die floohrber,
'WI, P.
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is iertei lancrafunktion den Cindgsschwiedigkeit
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hater teap9ntt;re 7itddIs snake BAyer Drainage, 1954
1956, !'ortland, Pregon.
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tlntohinson, 0, ., 1957, a on ithcrrolotl, Vol. 1, John
and Sons, lark, 1015
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keroSene, 3, 3,, end larbeok, 1;, Jr., 1950. Mass Innate
Studies, hater Less lnvestlptionez Vol. 1 — Lake Keflier
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1045 pp.
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C. w. B., 1958a, Letter :ron P. btotlcc at jails
Salle,
P • S. C. F,, 1957a. iaoai tiimatciogtcsl Cd;ta 4th SornpsMtin
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and Fendleton, Oregon.
• 5, 5, B,, 1950—1991. Cilsatologieal rate, Idaho, &egon,
s Annual Seamer cc and Sonthly Data,