THE METHOD OF E-LIT THE METHOD OF E-LIT RESEARCHRESEARCH

SISWO HARSONOSISWO HARSONO

BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND

• The development of electronic The development of electronic technology.technology.

• The social, intellectual, and professional The social, intellectual, and professional interests of electronic literature.interests of electronic literature.

• The creations, researches, studies, and The creations, researches, studies, and teachings of electronic literature.teachings of electronic literature.

• The theory, methodology, and The theory, methodology, and application of e-lit research.application of e-lit research.

Problems Problems

• The existence of The existence of electronic electronic literature literature needs investigating scientificallyneeds investigating scientifically..

• The scientific research needs The scientific research needs underlying underlying theory antheory andd methodology methodology relevant to the relevant to the material anmaterial andd formal formal object of object of electronicelectronic literature literature..

• TThe he theorytheory anandd methodology methodology e-lit e-lit research need applyingresearch need applying..

Problem formulation Problem formulation

• How How shouldshould a research on a research on electronicelectronic literatureliterature be done? be done?

• What are What are theory antheory andd methodology methodology applicable to e-lit researchapplicable to e-lit research??

Aims of researchAims of research

• Creating a Creating a methodologicalmethodological composition of e-lit researchcomposition of e-lit research..

• Applying the composition Applying the composition textually, textually, intertextually, contextually, intertextually, contextually, hypertextually, anhypertextually, andd cybertextually. cybertextually.

FunctionsFunctions

• Theoretical function Theoretical function is is to develop the to develop the theory antheory andd methodology methodology of e-lit of e-lit researchresearch..

• Practical function Practical function is is to be applied in to be applied in e-lit reasearches, studies, e-lit reasearches, studies, anand d creations.creations.

UNDERLYING PHILOSOPHYUNDERLYING PHILOSOPHY

•Ontology: Ontology: what is what is electronicelectronic literature?literature?

•Epistemology: Epistemology: how can we get how can we get the knowledge of the knowledge of electronicelectronic literatureliterature??

•Axiology: Axiology: what are the value and what are the value and fuction of fuction of electronicelectronic literature literature??

•Methodology: Methodology: how can we how can we investigate investigate electronicelectronic literature literature??

UNDERLYING UNDERLYING ONTOLOGONTOLOGYY

• Usually, literary paradigm is only Usually, literary paradigm is only undersood as written literature, undersood as written literature, derived from literary concept that derived from literary concept that refers to alphabeth.refers to alphabeth.

• Oral literary paradigm that refers to Oral literary paradigm that refers to orality is not regarded as literature, orality is not regarded as literature, but tradition.but tradition.

• E-lit E-lit paradigmparadigm is not regarded as is not regarded as literature, but media. literature, but media.

ONTOLOGIONTOLOGICAL CAL DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

•The literary concept refers to The literary concept refers to written, oral, and even non-written, oral, and even non-written and non-oral alphabeths.written and non-oral alphabeths.

•There are three kinds of There are three kinds of alphabeths: written, oral, and alphabeths: written, oral, and non-written/oralnon-written/oral..

LITERARY PARADIGMLITERARY PARADIGM

ELECTRONIC LITERATUREELECTRONIC LITERATURE

E-LIT MEDIAE-LIT MEDIA

AUDIO LITERATUREAUDIO LITERATURE

AUDIOVISUAL LITERATUREAUDIOVISUAL LITERATURE

HYPERMEDIA LITERATUREHYPERMEDIA LITERATURE

UNDERLYINGUNDERLYING EPISTEMOLOGEPISTEMOLOGYY• The method of getting scientific knowledge of The method of getting scientific knowledge of

electronic literature should be done by scientific electronic literature should be done by scientific research.research.

• Science is an organization of knowledge which is Science is an organization of knowledge which is systematically ordered based on general rule.systematically ordered based on general rule.

• Science forms a habit and increases the skills of Science forms a habit and increases the skills of observationobservation, e, exxperimentaperimentattiionon, , cclaslasssifiificcaattiionon, , analanalyysis, sis, andand generalizationgeneralization. .

• Scientific thinking framework is the process of Scientific thinking framework is the process of logilogicco-ho-hyypotpothhetieticco-o-verificative which combines verificative which combines deductivedeductive an andd inductive reasoninginductive reasoning. .

UNDERLYING AXIOLOGYUNDERLYING AXIOLOGY

• Underlying Underlying aksiologis aksiologis is the is the fofouundandattiion of valueson of values related to the related to the functions of e-lit knowledge for functions of e-lit knowledge for human beingshuman beings. .

• The functions of e-lit creations,The functions of e-lit creations, studies, teachings, and studies, teachings, and sosoccio-io-culturalcultural events.events.

• Thus, the functions of e-lit knowledge Thus, the functions of e-lit knowledge include creative, academic, and include creative, academic, and socio-cultural aspectssocio-cultural aspects..

UNDERLYING UNDERLYING METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY

• Developing methodology Developing methodology

• Composing research methodsComposing research methods

• Research proceduresResearch procedures

• Research techniquesResearch techniques

DEVELOPING DEVELOPING METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY• Developing Developing metmethhodologodology by combining y by combining anandd

the the met methhodods s anand the steps of research d the steps of research which is adequately applicable for e-lit which is adequately applicable for e-lit researchresearch. .

• Textually, combining Textually, combining strustrucctural-semiotitural-semioticc--ccinematiinematic methods.c methods.

• Intertextually, combining inter/intra-texts.Intertextually, combining inter/intra-texts.• Contextually, combining Contextually, combining sosocciologiiological cal

method and viewermethod and viewer respon response.se.• HHyperteypertexxtualtually, combining hypertextuality ly, combining hypertextuality

and hypertextual methods. and hypertextual methods. • Cybertextually, combining cybertextuality Cybertextually, combining cybertextuality

and user and user responresponsese. .

COMPOSITION OF METHODSCOMPOSITION OF METHODS

• MMetethhodologiodological combination and cal combination and compositioncomposition: (1) : (1) choosingchoosing material material object of e-litobject of e-lit, (2) close watching, (3) , (2) close watching, (3) writing the fact of storywriting the fact of story, (4) , (4) textual textual analysisanalysis, (5), (5) intertextual analysis intertextual analysis, (6) , (6) contextual analysiscontextual analysis, (7) , (7) hypertextual hypertextual analysisanalysis, an, andd (8) (8) cybertextual cybertextual analysisanalysis..

WORKING STEPSWORKING STEPS• Choosing material objectChoosing material object

• Close watchingClose watching

• Writing the fact of storyWriting the fact of story

• Textual analysisTextual analysis

• Intertextual analysisIntertextual analysis

• Contextual analysisContextual analysis

• Hypertextual analysisHypertextual analysis

• Cybertextual analysisCybertextual analysis

LIBRARY RESEARCHLIBRARY RESEARCH

• Aim of library research: managing results, Aim of library research: managing results, limiting problems, avoiding duplication, limiting problems, avoiding duplication, providing theories.providing theories.

• Functions: clarifying problemsFunctions: clarifying problems, , exploring exploring follow-up researchfollow-up research, , knowing the results of knowing the results of other similar researchesother similar researches, an, andd knowing knowing unsolved problems.unsolved problems.

• Ways:Ways: reading reading literaturliteraturee, , both both tthheoreory and y and previous resultprevious result..

UNDERLYING THEORYUNDERLYING THEORY• Textual theory is applied in intrinsic Textual theory is applied in intrinsic

analysis on the material and formal object analysis on the material and formal object of electronic literatureof electronic literature..

• Intertextual theory is applied in the Intertextual theory is applied in the analysis of intertextual relation.analysis of intertextual relation.

• Contextual theory is applied in extrinsic Contextual theory is applied in extrinsic analysis of electronic literatureanalysis of electronic literature. .

• Hypertextual theory in applied in the Hypertextual theory in applied in the analysis of intra/inter-link relation in analysis of intra/inter-link relation in internet.internet.

• Cybertextual theory is applied in the Cybertextual theory is applied in the analysis of e-lit user response in internet.analysis of e-lit user response in internet.

TEXTUAL THEORYTEXTUAL THEORY

•NarratologyNarratology

•CinematographyCinematography

•DramaturgDramaturgyy

NarratologyNarratology

• Greimasian narratology to analyzeGreimasian narratology to analyze sequencesequence, a, acctan, tan, plotplot, , andand t thhememe.e.

• Shklovskyan defamiliarization to Shklovskyan defamiliarization to analyze the aspect of literariness.analyze the aspect of literariness.

• Peircean semiotics to analyze Peircean semiotics to analyze symbol, icon and indexsymbol, icon and index. .

CINEMATOGRAPHYCINEMATOGRAPHY

• Cinematography to analyze Cinematography to analyze cinematic aspects of audiovisual e-lit. cinematic aspects of audiovisual e-lit.

• visual aspects include settingsvisual aspects include settings, , costumescostumes, , make-upmake-up, , lightingslightings, , actingacting, , shootings, and editingshootings, and editing..

• Aural aspects include audio-verbal, Aural aspects include audio-verbal, audio-musical, and sound effectaudio-musical, and sound effect..

DDRAMATURGYRAMATURGY

•DramaturgDramaturgy in non-cinematic y in non-cinematic audiovisual audiovisual e-lite-lit

•DramaturgDramaturgy iny in non-cinematicnon-cinematic hypermedia hypermedia e-lite-lit

CONTEXTUAL THEORYCONTEXTUAL THEORY

•Sociology of literature: e-lit Sociology of literature: e-lit production-consumption.production-consumption.

•Viewer response: individual, Viewer response: individual, social, and institutional. social, and institutional.

HYPERTEXTUAL THEORYHYPERTEXTUAL THEORY

•HypertextHypertext

•HypertextualityHypertextuality

HYPERTEXTHYPERTEXT

• HyperteHypertext is a text which has internal xt is a text which has internal and external and external linkslinks to other texts. to other texts.

• Landow: “Landow: “HypertextHypertext denotes an denotes an information medium that link verbal information medium that link verbal and non-verbal information.”and non-verbal information.”

• Mark Amerika: “I Mark Amerika: “I linklink therefore I therefore I am.”am.”

HYPERTEXTUALITYHYPERTEXTUALITY

• According to Chandler, the transtextual types According to Chandler, the transtextual types from Gennet include from Gennet include intertextualityintertextuality, , paratextuality, architextuality, metatextuality, paratextuality, architextuality, metatextuality, hypotextuality, hypotextuality, dandan hypertextuality hypertextuality..

• Michael Riffaterre, Michael Riffaterre, ““intertextuality is the intertextuality is the complete opposite of hypertextuality because complete opposite of hypertextuality because the former builds a structured network of the former builds a structured network of limits that will keep the reader on track limits that will keep the reader on track (towards the correct interpretation), the later (towards the correct interpretation), the later is a loose web of free association."is a loose web of free association."

CYBERTEXTUAL THEORYCYBERTEXTUAL THEORY

• Passive response: users only enjoy e-Passive response: users only enjoy e-lit.lit.

• Active response: users give Active response: users give comment, criticism, or analysis. comment, criticism, or analysis.

• Creative response: users create new Creative response: users create new e-lit creations.e-lit creations.

CREATIVE CREATIVE RESPONRESPONSESE

Makna Makna ResponResponImaging commutation in Imaging commutation in the level of perceptive the level of perceptive signifier, the image of signifier, the image of Mr. Bean as a comedian Mr. Bean as a comedian becomes a terrorist. becomes a terrorist.

In the level of signified In the level of signified ideology, the image of ideology, the image of Mr. Bean oppositely Mr. Bean oppositely transformed with the transformed with the image of image of Bin LadenBin Laden causes a comic face of causes a comic face of humoristhumorist// terroristterrorist..

Thank youThank you