early chordates, craniate and vertebrate origins where does it start? part 1
TRANSCRIPT
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Early Chordates, Craniate and vertebrate origins
Where does it start?
Part 1
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Phylum Chordata
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Animal Kingdom Vertebrates over here
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Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle)
Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata
Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws)
Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods)
Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates)
Amniota (tetrapods with embryos havingextraembryonic membranes)
ReptiliaProtochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes(bony fishes)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii(lungfishes,coelacanths)
AmphibiaMammalia(mammals)
Lepidosauria(lizards, snakes)
Testudines(turtles) Crocodilia
Aves(birds)
Cephalochordata(lancelets)
Myxini(hagfishes) Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,chimaeras)
Slime glands,accessory
hearts
Suckerlike oraldisc, long larvalstage, 7 pairs
of gillsHeterocercalcaudal fin,
placoid scales,cartilaginous
skeleton
Hair,mammary
glands
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits,postanal tail, endostyle
Neural crest
Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pairsemicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes
2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae
Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages,gill filaments lateral to gill support
Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton
Unique supportive elements in skeleton orgirdles of appendages
Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion
Egg with extraembryonic membranes
Skull with upper andlower temporal fenestra,Beta-keratin in epidermis
Phylum Chordata
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Pikaia – a very early (fossil) chordate
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Phylum Hemichordata
Phylum Echinodermata
Phylum Chordata - Origins
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Carpoids
…..a link between non-chordates and chordates?
Fossil echinoderms
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DeuterostomiaAmbulacraria
Chaetognatha Xenoturbellida Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata
Xenoturbella Enteropneusta Pterobranchia
Hooded circletof spinesaround mouth
Loss of gill slits
Pentaradiality
Endoskeleton ofstereom ossicles
Buccal diverticulumMesocoelomic
ducts
Postanal tail
Notochord
Endostyle orthyroid glandCoelom tripartite
Axial complex
Unique larvalmorphology
Diffuse nervous system
Unusual ciliary structure
Mouth not derived from blastopore
Enterocoely
Gill slits in pharynx
Radial determinate cleavage
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Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle)
Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata
Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws)
Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods)
Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates)
Amniota (tetrapods with embryos havingextraembryonic membranes)
ReptiliaProtochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes(bony fishes)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii(lungfishes,coelacanths)
AmphibiaMammalia(mammals)
Lepidosauria(lizards, snakes)
Testudines(turtles) Crocodilia
Aves(birds)
Cephalochordata(lancelets)
Myxini(hagfishes) Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,chimaeras)
Slime glands,accessory
hearts
Suckerlike oraldisc, long larvalstage, 7 pairs
of gillsHeterocercalcaudal fin,
placoid scales,cartilaginous
skeleton
Hair,mammary
glands
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits,postanal tail, endostyle
Neural crest
Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pairsemicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes
2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae
Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages,gill filaments lateral to gill support
Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton
Unique supportive elements in skeleton orgirdles of appendages
Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion
Egg with extraembryonic membranes
Skull with upper andlower temporal fenestra,Beta-keratin in epidermis
5 traits define all chordates
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Protochordata Agnatha
Urochordata(tunicates)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Cephalochordata(lancelets)
Myxini(hagfishes)
Slime glands,accessory
hearts
Suckerlike oraldisc, long larvalstage, 7 pairs
of gills
Neural crest
*notochord*dorsal hollow nerve cord*pharyngeal slits*postanal tail*endostyle
5 traits define all chordates
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Endostyle
Chordate Traits
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Gill arches
Vertebral Column
Complex central Nervous system
Adaptive significance
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Pikaia – a very early (fossil) chordate
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Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle)
Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata
Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws)
Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods)
Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates)
Amniota (tetrapods with embryos havingextraembryonic membranes)
ReptiliaProtochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes(bony fishes)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii(lungfishes,coelacanths)
AmphibiaMammalia(mammals)
Lepidosauria(lizards, snakes)
Testudines(turtles) Crocodilia
Aves(birds)
Cephalochordata(lancelets)
Myxini(hagfishes) Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,chimaeras)
Slime glands,accessory
hearts
Suckerlike oraldisc, long larvalstage, 7 pairs
of gillsHeterocercalcaudal fin,
placoid scales,cartilaginous
skeleton
Hair,mammary
glands
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits,postanal tail, endostyle
Neural crest
Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pairsemicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes
2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae
Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages,gill filaments lateral to gill support
Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton
Unique supportive elements in skeleton orgirdles of appendages
Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion
Egg with extraembryonic membranes
Skull with upper andlower temporal fenestra,Beta-keratin in epidermis
Phylum Chordata
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Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle)
Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata
Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws)
Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods)
Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates)
Amniota (tetrapods with embryos havingextraembryonic membranes)
ReptiliaProtochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes(bony fishes)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii(lungfishes,coelacanths)
AmphibiaMammalia(mammals)
Lepidosauria(lizards, snakes)
Testudines(turtles) Crocodilia
Aves(birds)
Cephalochordata(lancelets)
Myxini(hagfishes) Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,chimaeras)
Slime glands,accessory
hearts
Suckerlike oraldisc, long larvalstage, 7 pairs
of gillsHeterocercalcaudal fin,
placoid scales,cartilaginous
skeleton
Hair,mammary
glands
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits,postanal tail, endostyle
Neural crest
Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pairsemicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes
2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae
Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages,gill filaments lateral to gill support
Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton
Unique supportive elements in skeleton orgirdles of appendages
Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion
Egg with extraembryonic membranes
Skull with upper andlower temporal fenestra,Beta-keratin in epidermis
“Protochordates”
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Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle)
Craniata (euchordates with a cranium)
Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws)
Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods)
Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates)
Amniota (tetrapods with embryos havingextraembryonic membranes)
ReptiliaProtochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes(bony fishes)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii(lungfishes,coelacanths)
AmphibiaMammalia(mammals)
Lepidosauria(lizards, snakes)
Testudines(turtles) Crocodilia
Aves(birds)
Cephalochordata(lancelets)
Myxini(hagfishes) Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,chimaeras)
Slime glands,accessory
hearts
Suckerlike oraldisc, long larvalstage, 7 pairs
of gillsHeterocercalcaudal fin,
placoid scales,cartilaginous
skeleton
Hair,mammary
glands
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits,postanal tail, endostyle
Neural crest
Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pairsemicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes
2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae
Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages,gill filaments lateral to gill support
Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton
Unique supportive elements in skeleton orgirdles of appendages
Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion
Egg with extraembryonic membranes
Skull with upper andlower temporal fenestra,Beta-keratin in epidermis
Craniates
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Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle)
Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata
Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws)
Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods)
Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates)
Amniota (tetrapods with embryos havingextraembryonic membranes)
ReptiliaProtochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes(bony fishes)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii(lungfishes,coelacanths)
AmphibiaMammalia(mammals)
Lepidosauria(lizards, snakes)
Testudines(turtles) Crocodilia
Aves(birds)
Cephalochordata(lancelets)
Myxini(hagfishes) Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,chimaeras)
Slime glands,accessory
hearts
Suckerlike oraldisc, long larvalstage, 7 pairs
of gillsHeterocercalcaudal fin,
placoid scales,cartilaginous
skeleton
Hair,mammary
glands
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits,postanal tail, endostyle
Neural crest
Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pairsemicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes
2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae
Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages,gill filaments lateral to gill support
Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton
Unique supportive elements in skeleton orgirdles of appendages
Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion
Egg with extraembryonic membranes
Skull with upper andlower temporal fenestra,Beta-keratin in epidermis
Vertebrates
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Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle)
Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata
Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws)
Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods)
Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates)
Amniota (tetrapods with embryos havingextraembryonic membranes)
ReptiliaProtochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes(bony fishes)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii(lungfishes,coelacanths)
AmphibiaMammalia(mammals)
Lepidosauria(lizards, snakes)
Testudines(turtles) Crocodilia
Aves(birds)
Cephalochordata(lancelets)
Myxini(hagfishes) Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,chimaeras)
Slime glands,accessory
hearts
Suckerlike oraldisc, long larvalstage, 7 pairs
of gillsHeterocercalcaudal fin,
placoid scales,cartilaginous
skeleton
Hair,mammary
glands
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits,postanal tail, endostyle
Neural crest
Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pairsemicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes
2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae
Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages,gill filaments lateral to gill support
Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton
Unique supportive elements in skeleton orgirdles of appendages
Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion
Egg with extraembryonic membranes
Skull with upper andlower temporal fenestra,Beta-keratin in epidermis
“Fishes”
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Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle)
Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata
Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws)
Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods)
Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates)
Amniota (tetrapods with embryos havingextraembryonic membranes)
ReptiliaProtochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes(bony fishes)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii(lungfishes,coelacanths)
AmphibiaMammalia(mammals)
Lepidosauria(lizards, snakes)
Testudines(turtles) Crocodilia
Aves(birds)
Cephalochordata(lancelets)
Myxini(hagfishes) Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,chimaeras)
Slime glands,accessory
hearts
Suckerlike oraldisc, long larvalstage, 7 pairs
of gillsHeterocercalcaudal fin,
placoid scales,cartilaginous
skeleton
Hair,mammary
glands
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits,postanal tail, endostyle
Neural crest
Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pairsemicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes
2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae
Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages,gill filaments lateral to gill support
Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton
Unique supportive elements in skeleton orgirdles of appendages
Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion
Egg with extraembryonic membranes
Skull with upper andlower temporal fenestra,Beta-keratin in epidermis
“Fishes”: 6 distinct lineages
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Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle)
Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata
Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws)
Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods)
Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates)
Amniota (tetrapods with embryos havingextraembryonic membranes)
ReptiliaProtochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes(bony fishes)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii(lungfishes,coelacanths)
AmphibiaMammalia(mammals)
Lepidosauria(lizards, snakes)
Testudines(turtles) Crocodilia
Aves(birds)
Cephalochordata(lancelets)
Myxini(hagfishes) Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,chimaeras)
Slime glands,accessory
hearts
Suckerlike oraldisc, long larvalstage, 7 pairs
of gillsHeterocercalcaudal fin,
placoid scales,cartilaginous
skeleton
Hair,mammary
glands
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits,postanal tail, endostyle
Neural crest
Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pairsemicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes
2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae
Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages,gill filaments lateral to gill support
Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton
Unique supportive elements in skeleton orgirdles of appendages
Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion
Egg with extraembryonic membranes
Skull with upper andlower temporal fenestra,Beta-keratin in epidermis
Tetrapods
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Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle)
Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata
Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws)
Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods)
Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates)
Amniota (tetrapods with embryos havingextraembryonic membranes)
ReptiliaProtochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes(bony fishes)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii(lungfishes,coelacanths)
AmphibiaMammalia(mammals)
Lepidosauria(lizards, snakes)
Testudines(turtles) Crocodilia
Aves(birds)
Cephalochordata(lancelets)
Myxini(hagfishes) Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,chimaeras)
Slime glands,accessory
hearts
Suckerlike oraldisc, long larvalstage, 7 pairs
of gillsHeterocercalcaudal fin,
placoid scales,cartilaginous
skeleton
Hair,mammary
glands
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits,postanal tail, endostyle
Neural crest
Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pairsemicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes
2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae
Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages,gill filaments lateral to gill support
Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton
Unique supportive elements in skeleton orgirdles of appendages
Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion
Egg with extraembryonic membranes
Skull with upper andlower temporal fenestra,Beta-keratin in epidermis
Amphibians
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Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle)
Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata
Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws)
Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods)
Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates)
Amniota (tetrapods with embryos havingextraembryonic membranes)
ReptiliaProtochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes(bony fishes)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii(lungfishes,coelacanths)
AmphibiaMammalia(mammals)
Lepidosauria(lizards, snakes)
Testudines(turtles) Crocodilia
Aves(birds)
Cephalochordata(lancelets)
Myxini(hagfishes) Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,chimaeras)
Slime glands,accessory
hearts
Suckerlike oraldisc, long larvalstage, 7 pairs
of gillsHeterocercalcaudal fin,
placoid scales,cartilaginous
skeleton
Hair,mammary
glands
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits,postanal tail, endostyle
Neural crest
Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pairsemicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes
2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae
Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages,gill filaments lateral to gill support
Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton
Unique supportive elements in skeleton orgirdles of appendages
Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion
Egg with extraembryonic membranes
Skull with upper andlower temporal fenestra,Beta-keratin in epidermis
Amniotes
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Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle)
Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata
Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws)
Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods)
Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates)
Amniota (tetrapods with embryos havingextraembryonic membranes)
ReptiliaProtochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes(bony fishes)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii(lungfishes,coelacanths)
AmphibiaMammalia(mammals)
Lepidosauria(lizards, snakes)
Testudines(turtles) Crocodilia
Aves(birds)
Cephalochordata(lancelets)
Myxini(hagfishes) Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,chimaeras)
Slime glands,accessory
hearts
Suckerlike oraldisc, long larvalstage, 7 pairs
of gillsHeterocercalcaudal fin,
placoid scales,cartilaginous
skeleton
Hair,mammary
glands
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits,postanal tail, endostyle
Neural crest
Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pairsemicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes
2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae
Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages,gill filaments lateral to gill support
Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton
Unique supportive elements in skeleton orgirdles of appendages
Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion
Egg with extraembryonic membranes
Skull with upper andlower temporal fenestra,Beta-keratin in epidermis
Mammals (Synapsida)
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Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle)
Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata
Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws)
Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods)
Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates)
Amniota (tetrapods with embryos havingextraembryonic membranes)
ReptiliaProtochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes(bony fishes)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii(lungfishes,coelacanths)
AmphibiaMammalia(mammals)
Lepidosauria(lizards, snakes)
Testudines(turtles) Crocodilia
Aves(birds)
Cephalochordata(lancelets)
Myxini(hagfishes) Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,chimaeras)
Slime glands,accessory
hearts
Suckerlike oraldisc, long larvalstage, 7 pairs
of gillsHeterocercalcaudal fin,
placoid scales,cartilaginous
skeleton
Hair,mammary
glands
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits,postanal tail, endostyle
Neural crest
Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pairsemicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes
2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae
Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages,gill filaments lateral to gill support
Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton
Unique supportive elements in skeleton orgirdles of appendages
Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion
Egg with extraembryonic membranes
Skull with upper andlower temporal fenestra,Beta-keratin n epidermis
Diapsida (“reptiles” + birds)
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Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle)
Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata
Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws)
Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods)
Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates)
Amniota (tetrapods with embryos havingextraembryonic membranes)
ReptiliaProtochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes(bony fishes)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii(lungfishes,coelacanths)
AmphibiaMammalia(mammals)
Lepidosauria(lizards, snakes)
Testudines(turtles) Crocodilia
Aves(birds)
Cephalochordata(lancelets)
Myxini(hagfishes) Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,chimaeras)
Slime glands,accessory
hearts
Suckerlike oraldisc, long larvalstage, 7 pairs
of gillsHeterocercalcaudal fin,
placoid scales,cartilaginous
skeleton
Hair,mammary
glands
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits,postanal tail, endostyle
Neural crest
Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pairsemicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes
2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae
Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages,gill filaments lateral to gill support
Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton
Unique supportive elements in skeleton orgirdles of appendages
Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion
Egg with extraembryonic membranes
Skull with upper andlower temporal fenestra,Beta-keratin in epidermis
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Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle)
Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata
Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws)
Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods)
Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates)
Amniota (tetrapods with embryos havingextraembryonic membranes)
ReptiliaProtochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes(bony fishes)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii(lungfishes,coelacanths)
AmphibiaMammalia(mammals)
Lepidosauria(lizards, snakes)
Testudines(turtles) Crocodilia
Aves(birds)
Cephalochordata(lancelets)
Myxini(hagfishes) Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,chimaeras)
Slime glands,accessory
hearts
Suckerlike oraldisc, long larvalstage, 7 pairs
of gillsHeterocercalcaudal fin,
placoid scales,cartilaginous
skeleton
Hair,mammary
glands
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits,postanal tail, endostyle
Neural crest
Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pairsemicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes
2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae
Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages,gill filaments lateral to gill support
Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton
Unique supportive elements in skeleton orgirdles of appendages
Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion
Egg with extraembryonic membranes
Skull with upper andlower temporal fenestra,Beta-keratin in epidermis
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“Protochordates”
Not craniates – but the same phylum
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Subphylum Cephalochordata
lancetes, amphioxus
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perforated pharynx
nerve cord notochord
endostyle post-anal tail
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Subphylum Craniata
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Subphylum Craniata
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Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle)
Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata
Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws)
Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods)
Protochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes(bony fishes)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii(lungfishes,coelacanths)
AmphibiaMammalia(mammals)
Cephalochordata(lancelets)
Myxini(hagfishes) Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,chimaeras)
Slime glands,accessory
hearts
Suckerlike oraldisc, long larvalstage, 7 pairs
of gillsHeterocercalcaudal fin,
placoid scales,cartilaginous
skeleton
Hair,mammary
glands
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits,postanal tail, endostyle
Neural crest
Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pairsemicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes
2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae
Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages,gill filaments lateral to gill support
Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton
Unique supportive elements in skeleton orgirdles of appendages
Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion
Craniata
Vertebrata
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Vertebrata
Craniata
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Cranium
Craniate innovations
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Craniate innovations
Tripartite brain
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
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Craniate innovations
Complex Cranial Sense organs
Olfaction
Vision
Hearing (otic)
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Craniate innovations
Inner ear with at least one semicircular canal
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Unique embryonic tissues
Craniate innovations ?
neural crest cells
ectodermal placodes
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Craniate
Acraniate Chordate
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Very early craniates (probably)
†Myllokunmingia † Haikouichthys †others
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†Myllokunmingia † Haikouichthys †others
Very early craniates (probably)
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Relationships under debate
†Myllokunmingia † Haikouichthys
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Most primitive (living) craniate
Hagfishes
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Vertebrata
Craniata
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Vertebrata
Vertebrates
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Vertebrate innovations
Vertebrae
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Inner ear with at least two semicircular canals
Vertebrate innovations
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All sorts of new physiology
Vertebrate innovations
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Most primitive living vertebrate
Lampreys
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Vertebrata
Craniates
Vertebrates
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Craniates
Vertebrates