early signs of death. early signs of death mate Žaja mentor: a. Žmegač horvat early changes rigor...
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Early signs of deathEarly signs of death
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EARLY SIGNS OF DEATHEARLY SIGNS OF DEATHMate ŽajaMate ŽajaMentor: A. Žmegač HorvatMentor: A. Žmegač Horvat
early changesrigor mortiscadaveric rigiditypost-mortem hypostasiscooling of the body
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Early changesEarly changesno corneal reflexpupils stop reacting to light“trucking” or “shunting” of the
retinal vessels (fragmentation of columns of blood)loss of intraocular tension
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Early changesEarly changesprimary flaccidity
◦ complete loss of tone◦ may retain reactivity◦ may respond to touch and other
forms of stimulation hours after cardiac arrest
◦ focal twitching decreases with time (discharges of dying motor neurons)
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Early changesEarly changespaleness of the skin, conjuctivae
and mucous membranes◦fall of blood pressure and cessation
of circulation of the blood◦skin of the face and the lips may
remain red or blue in hypoxic/congestive deaths
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Early changesEarly changeshair does not continue to grow
after death because hair follicles die at the same time as the rest of the skin
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Early changesEarly changesloss of muscle tone in the
sphincters (voiding of urine)emission of semenregurgitation
◦very common feature of terminal collapse
◦common complication of resuscitation
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Rigor mortisRigor mortis
O₂ anoxic pathway of energy production
ATP cell acidity
binding of actin and myosin fibres and formation of gel
stiffness of muscles (isometric contraction)
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Rigor mortisRigor mortisfirst the smaller muscle groups
◦around the eyes◦around the mouth◦jaw◦fingers
from the head to the legs
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Rigor mortisRigor mortisestimation of time of death
◦it should never be used alonevariable processaffected by temperature
◦the colder the temperature the slower the reactions
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Rigor mortisRigor mortistemperate conditions
◦face: 1 to 4 hours◦limbs: 4 to 6 hours
strength increases next 6 to 12 hours
secondary flaccidity: 24 to 50 hours
standard conditions for temperature and pressure
(STP)20°C
101,325 kPa
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Rigor mortisRigor mortis
◦ warm and flaccid – less than 3 hours◦ warm and stiff – 3 to 8 hours◦ cold and stiff – 8 to 36 hours◦ cold and flaccid – more than 36
hours
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Cadaveric rigidityCadaveric rigidityforensic rarityonset immediately at deathhigh levels of emotional or
physical stress immediately before death◦drowning◦battlefield casualties◦suicidal shooting
possibly neurogenic mechanism
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Post-mortem hypostasisPost-mortem hypostasispost-mortem lividity or suggilation
passive settling of blood under the influence of gravity
pink or bluish colour change of the lowest areas
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Post-mortem hypostasisPost-mortem hypostasiscessation of circulationrelaxation of muscular tone of
the vascular bedsimple fluid movement within the
blood vessels
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Post-mortem hypostasisPost-mortem hypostasismay be absent due to:
◦age – very young or very old◦anaemia◦severe blood loss
may be masked due to:◦dark skin colour◦jaundice◦some dermatological conditions
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Post-mortem hypostasisPost-mortem hypostasiscompressed areas remain pale
(blanching):◦surface◦clothing◦body areas
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position of the body
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Post-mortem hypostasisPost-mortem hypostasiscolour of hypostasis:
◦from pink to dark pink to deep purple◦blue - some congestive hypoxic
states◦cherry pink – carbon monoxide
poisoning◦dark red (brick red) – cyanide
poisoning◦bronze - Clostridium perfringens
infection
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Post-mortem hypostasisPost-mortem hypostasishypothermia:
◦usual colour can be unusually pink
◦unusual distribution around large joints and over dependent
areas of the body
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Post-mortem hypostasisPost-mortem hypostasisno significant role in determining
time of deathaffected by the movement of the
body (even after normal post-mortem coagulation of the blood)
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Cooling of the bodyCooling of the bodyindicator of the time of death
based only on three forensic assumptions:◦37°C at the time of death◦extrapolation of temperature and
applying it to the non-uniform body as a whole (more readings are optional)
◦thermally static environment
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Cooling of the bodyCooling of the bodyother variables and factors:
◦mass of the body◦mass/surface area◦body temperature at the time of death◦site of reading body temperature◦posture of the body – extended or
curled◦clothing – material, position on the
body, lack of it◦obesity◦emaciation – lack of muscle bulk◦environmental temperature◦winds, draughts, rain, humidity
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