earth quake
TRANSCRIPT
Group 8
Department of water resource engineering Faculty of engineering Kasetsart university
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What is Earthquake?An earthquake is the sudden, rapid shaking or rolling of the Earth. Earthquakes happen when rocks break or slip along fault lines in the Earth’s crust, releasing energy that causes the ground to move.
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Earth
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Large plates include.
• The Africa: the continent of Africa as a continent.• Antarctic Plate, covering Antarctica is a continent.• Australian Plate, covering Australia (To pages linked to
India, about 50-55 million years ago) was the continents.• Eurasian plate, covering Asia and Europe as a continent.• North American plate, covering North America and
northeastern Siberia, is inserted continent.• South American plate, a sheet covering North America.• The Pacific: the Pacific Ocean. As the ocean.• There are also smaller than the plate, including the
Indian, the S series, the Caribbean, in the Juan de Fu, in a nice car, the Philippines and the Scotia.
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plates
Thailand
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แผ่�นดิ�นไหวในภู�มิ�ภูาคเอเซี�ยตะว�นออกเฉี�ยงใต�
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http://www.iris.edu/hq/programs/gsn/maps @ For WRE01209343 class only
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What Causes Earthquake
The sudden slip at the fault causes the earthquake a violent shaking of the Earth when large elastic strain energy released spreads out through seismic waves that travel through the body and along the surface of the Earth.
http://www.il.mahidol.ac.th/e-media/earth-science/chapter1_3.html
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WHAT IS A FAULT?Earthquakes occur on faults.
A fault is a thin zone of crushed rockbetween two blocks of rock , andcan be any length, from centimeters to thousands of kilometers. When an earthquake occurs on one of these faults, the rock on one side of the fault slips with respect to the other. The fault surface can be vertical, horizontal, or at some angle to the surface of the earth. The slip direction can also be at any angle. We classify these into two basic cases: strike slip and dip-slip motion. @ For WRE01209343 class
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TSUNAMISGENERATED
BYEARTHQUAKES
Large EQ (>7.5)Shallow EQ – at or near the seafloor (< 50 km)Subduction zones
Sudden displacementmoves overlying columnof water generating wave
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Measuring the shakingMagnitude is a measurement of the energy
produced by the earthquake and is not what you feel during the event. What you feel is very complex-- hard or gentle, long or short, jerky or rolling--and not describable with one number.
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http://geophysics.sc.mahidol.ac.th/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7.pdf
The world's first earthquake detector ;science museum
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INTERNET
USER
IP ADDRESS
สถานี�ตรวจแผ่�นีดิ�นีไหวต�างจ�งหว�ดิ
กรมอุ�ตนี�ยมว�ทยา
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รายชื่��อสถาน�ตรวจแผ่�นดิ�นไหว
Network Code
Station Code LON LAT ELEV
velocity sensor
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จ.กาญจนีบุ�ร� TM KHLT 98.5893 14.797 164Trillium 40
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8 270Trillium120
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แม�สะเร�ยง จ.แม�ฮ่�อุงสอุนี TM MHMT 97.93118.176
4 164Trillium 40
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เขื่าคี)อุ จ.เพชีรบุ+รณ์% TM PBKT100.968
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3 8Trillium120
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ระนีอุง TM RNTT 98.4778 9.3904 38Trillium 40
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http://put-travel.com/main/index.php/travel-news/menu-news-drive/9-uncategorised/92-earth_quake_report.html
• หลั�กการง�ายๆค�อ • linear static analysis ท��เราคี�)นีเคีย F = Kx • linear dynamic analysis m*a+c*v+k*x=F(t)
กรณ์�แผ่�นีดิ�นีไหว F(t) = -m*ag(t)
a = คีวามเร�ง= d2x/dt2v = คีวามเร-ว= dx/dtx = การเคีล��อุนีท��F(t) = แรงท��แปรเปล��ยนีไปตามเวลาm = massag = คีวามเร�งขื่อุงพ�2นีดิ�นีc = damping
Wave Equation
http://www.rmutphysics.com/charud/naturemystery/sci3/earthquake/sei5.html @ For WRE01209343 class
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• การใชี)งานีว�เคีราะห%เพ��อุอุอุกแบุบุ มาตรฐานีท��วไป จะใชี)ว�ธ� response spectrum ส�วนีว�ธ� time history analysis (ซึ่6�งเป7นีว�ธ�ท��ไดิ)ผ่ลละเอุ�ยดิกว�าว�ธ� response spectrum) ม�กจะเฉพาะในีงานีว�จ�ย หร�อุในี special topic ขื่อุงโคีรงการใหญ�ๆ ซึ่6�งม�กจะม�ระบุ�ไว)ในี TOR
• สร�ปก-คี�อุ สมดิ�ลขื่อุงแรงท��เดิ�ม แรงภูายนีอุก F = k*x ก-คี�อุ แรงเนี��อุงจากคีวามเคีร�ยดิภูายในี ก-จะม�พจนี%แรงเพ��มมากขื่62นีคี�อุ inertia force m*a (F=m*a physic ม.ปลาย) และ แรงเนี��อุงจากคีวามหนี�ดิ c*v (อุย�างเชี�นีเราผ่ล�กประต+ท��ม� door closer ถ)าผ่ล�กเร-วๆ เราต)อุงอุอุกแรงเยอุะ ถ)าผ่ล�กชี)า ๆเราก-อุอุกแรงนี)อุยลง)
Wave Equation
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Wave Equation
Mw ขื่นีาดิโมเมนีต% (Moment magnitude) เป7นีปร�มาณ์ท��แสดิงถ6งปร�มาณ์พล�งงานีขื่อุงคีล��นีแผ่�นีดิ�นีไหวไดิ)ดิ�
กว�าขื่นีาดิชีนี�ดิอุ��นี สามารถว�เคีราะห%ไดิ)จาก โมเมนีต%แผ่�นีดิ�นี ไหว (Mo: Seismic Moment ) โดิยท�� Mo สามารถคี'านีวณ์ไดิ)
จากหลายว�ธ� เชี�นี จากการว�เคีราะห%คีล��นีแผ่�นีดิ�นีไหวซึ่6�งคี�อุนีขื่)างซึ่�บุซึ่)อุนีหร�อุจากการส'ารวจทางธรณ์�ว�ทยาเพ��อุหาผ่ลคี+ณ์ขื่อุงการขื่จ�ดิขื่อุงรอุยเล��อุนีเม��อุเก�ดิแผ่�นีดิ�นีไหว(Fault displacement) และปร�มาณ์พ�2นีท��ขื่อุงรอุยเล��อุนี (Fault surface area) ส�วนีใหญ�ขื่นีาดิ Mw ใชี)ส'าหร�บุกรณ์�แผ่�นีดิ�นี
ไหวไกล ท��ม�ขื่นีาดิใหญ�
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+10.7
Wave Equation
Ms แสดิงขื่นีาดิขื่อุงเหต�การณ์%แผ่�นีดิ�นีไหวไกลและม� ขื่นีาดิใหญ� เร�ยกอุ�กอุย�างหนี6�งว�าขื่นีาดิคีล��นีผ่�วพ�2นี(Surface
Magnitude) คี'านีวณ์คี�าคีวามส+งขื่อุงคีล��นีผ่�วพ�2นีท��ม�คีวามยาว ชี�วงคีล��นีประมาณ์ 18-22 ว�นีาท�
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𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐴+1.66 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐷+2.0
Wave Equation
MB หร�อุ mb แสดิงขื่นีาดิขื่อุงเหต�การณ์%แผ่�นีดิ�นีไหวท�2งใกล)และแผ่�นีดิ�นีไหวไกล( ระยะทางมากกว�า 1,000 ก�โลเมตร) เร�ยกว�าขื่นีาดิขื่อุงคีล��นีหล�ก(Body-wave magnitude) ในีการคี'านีวณ์ใชี)คี�าคีวามส+งขื่อุง
คีล��นี P ท��ม�คีวามยาวชี�วงคีล��นีประมาณ์ 1.0-5.0 ว�นีาท�
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𝑙𝑜𝑔( 𝐴𝑇 )+𝑄 (h ,𝑑 )
Wave Equation
M = earthquake magnitude (Richter).A = the height of seismic waves as high as possible.A0 = height of seismic waves at the center.
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ต�วอุย�างท�� 1 จงหาขื่นีาดิขื่อุงแผ่�นีดิ�นีไหวท��ม�คีวามส+งขื่อุงคีล��นีท��ส+งท��ส�ดิ
10 ม�ลล�เมตรระยะทาง 100 ก�โลเมตรจากจ�ดิศ+นีย%กลาง
ว�ธ�ท'า M = log A- logA0
= log10 - log0.001
= 1 - (-3)
= 4 หนี�วย ร�คีเตอุร%
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ต�วอุย�างท�� 2
จงหาขื่นีาดิขื่อุงแผ่�นีดิ�นีไหวท��ม�คีวามส+งขื่อุงคีล��นีท��ส+ง ท��ส�ดิ 20 ม�ลล�เมตรท��ระยะทาง 100 ก�โลเมตรจาก
จ�ดิศ+นีย%กลาง ว�ธ�ท'า M = log20 - log0.001
= 1.3 - (-3)
= 4.3 หนี�วยร�คีเตอุร%
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Aspects of the motion are described by the peak velocity (how fast the ground is moving), peak acceleration (how quickly the speed of the ground is changing), the frequency (energy is released in waves and these waves vibrate atdifferent frequencies just like sound waves), and the duration (how long the strong shaking lasts). Three factors primarily determine what you feel in an earthquake. These are:
1) magnitude2) distance from the
fault3) local soil conditions@ For WRE01209343 class
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MAGNITUDE
When scientists refer to a “Great“ earthquake, they do not mean the earthquake was fabulous, they mean it was huge. Informally, earthquakes are classified according to their magnitude
size: under 5 small 5 - 6 moderate 6 - 7 large7 - 7.8 major 7.8 or above great
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IntensityIntensity is a qualitative measure of the
actual shaking at a location during an earthquake, and is assigned as Roman Capital Numerals. There are many intensity scales. Two commonly used ones are the Modified Marcella Intensity (MMI) Scale and the MSK
Scale. Both scales are quite similar and range from I- (least perceptive) to XII- (most severe). The intensity scales are
based on three features of shaking.• perception by people and animals,
• performance of buildings, and• changes to natural surroundings.
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How the Ground Shakes?
Seismic WavesLarge strain energy released during an
earthquake travels as seismic waves in all directions through the Earth’s layers, reflecting and refracting at each interface. These waves are of two types -body waves and surface waves; the latter are restricted to near the Earth’s surface Body waves consist of Primary Waves (P-waves)and Secondary Waves (S-waves), and surface waves consist of Love waves and Rayleigh waves. @ For WRE01209343 class
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Seismic Waves Equation
Primary wave equation
Secondary wave equation
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Primary wave equation
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Primary wave equation
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Secondary wave equation
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Secondary wave equation
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Focal Pont
The point on the fault where slip starts is the Focus or Hypocenter, and the point vertically above this on the surface of the Earth is the Epicenter. The depth of focus from the epicenter, called as Focal Depth, is an important parameter in determining the damaging
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What are the Seismic effects on structures?
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How Building Twist during the Earthquake?
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Hazard Vulnerability in Gujarat
100% of land vulnerable to Earthquakes
11 % of Land liable to severe earthquake( Intensity MSK VIIXmore)-Kachchh Area
9 % of Land liable to severe earthquake(Intensity MSK V-VIII)Banaskantha, jam nagar,Surendranagar
79.2 % of Land liable to severe earthquake( Intensity MSK III-VI) @ For WRE01209343 class
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The formula to calculate earthquakes.
Standards used to design buildings to resist earthquakes (Design Code) is an American UBC Code (Uniform Building Code), which are many ways to calculate earthquakes. But how convenient and widely used in building work is to Lateral Load Analysis or Base Shear Analysis by converting seismic (Dynamic Load) in the form of shear forces acting at the base of the building Static Load, which can be obtained from formula
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Design Code
V = Z I K C S Wd
V= Total base shearZ = Seismic zoning factorI = Occupancy important factor (1.0 - 1.5)K = Frame factorC = Coefficient that depends on the period (Period), the swing of the building.S = Soil factor (1.0 - 1.5)Wd = Total dead loads of structureWT = Total dead loads and live loads of structurea = Base shear coefficient
V = a Wt
http://microfeap.com/DrSomporn/Engineer/Eng003doc_Earthquake.htm @ For WRE01209343 class only
The earthquake
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เหต'การณ์)แผ่�นดิ�นไหวที่��มิ�ผ่ลักระที่บต�อประเที่ศไที่ยว�นี เดิ�อุนี ป; ศ+นีย%กลาง/ ขื่นีาดิ/ บุ�นีท6กเหต�การณ์%
ต'าแหนี�งท��ร+ )ส6ก คีวามร�นีแรง624 ป; ก�อุนี คี.ศ. โยนีก VI MM ยามร� �งแจ)ง แผ่�นีดิ�นีไหว ฟ้=าร)อุงว�นีพฤห�สฯ เดิ�อุนี 10623 ป; ก�อุนี คี.ศ. โยนีก VI MM แผ่�นีดิ�นีไหว ฟ้=าร)อุง ฝนีตกว�นีศ�กร% เดิ�อุนี 8594 ป; ก�อุนี คี.ศ. โยนีก VI MM ยามคี�อุนีร� �ง แผ่�นีดิ�นีไหว ฟ้=าร)อุงว�นีจ�นีทร% เดิ�อุนี 10589 ป; ก�อุนี คี.ศ. โยนีก VI MM ยามเชี)า แผ่�นีดิ�นีไหว ฟ้=าร)อุงขื่62นี 14 คี'�า เดิ�อุนี 8พ.ศ. 1003 โยนีก XII MM แผ่�นีดิ�นีไหวสนี��นีหว��นีไหว คีร�2งหนี6�งก-หายไปว�นีเสาร% เดิ�อุนี 7 ถ6งสามหนี ท'าให)โยนีกนีคีรย�บุจมลงเก�ดิเป7นีแรม 7 คี'�า กลางคี�นี หนีอุงนี'2าใหญ� พ.ศ. 1077 โยนีก VIII MM ยามเชี)า แผ่�นีดิ�นีไหว ยอุดิเจดิ�ย%ห�ก 4 แห�งขื่62นี 8 คี'�า เดิ�อุนี 7พ.ศ. 1905 ส�โขื่ท�ย VI MM แผ่�นีดิ�นีไหว ม�เส�ยงดิ�งแรม 8 คี'�า เดิ�อุนี 12พ.ศ. 1909 ส�โขื่ท�ย V MM แผ่�นีดิ�นีไหวท��วท�กท�ศแรม 8 คี'�า เดิ�อุนี 11
http://www.seismology.tmd.go.th/earthquakestat.php @ For WRE01209343 class only
power fault or Active Fault current is as follows.
Chang san fault. The length of the channel, about 130 kilometers from Mae Chan to the east. The Mae Chan. It cuts across the south of the district County to the east along the north side of Chiang Khong Navy ships.
Mae Chan fault length of about 130 km from the years 2521 and> 3 on the Richter scale occurred along the fault is 10 times / 3 times the size of> 4.5 on the Richter scale was only on September 1, 2521 are> 4.9 on the Richter scale. @ For WRE01209343 class
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power fault or Active Fault current is as follows.
Mae Tha fault. Is curved along the Mae Wang River. And the river in Mae Tha, Chiang Mai and Lamphun. The total length is about 55 kilometers of intensive studies in the year 2521, there were several small earthquakes.
http://blog.eduzones.com/anisada/80016 @ For WRE01209343 class only
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http://www.naturalsoft.com/faults.html @ For WRE01209343 class only
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Statistics of earthquakes felt in the country since 2550 - present.( in Thailand )
12 Sep 2550 in South Sumatra and 8.4 on the Richter scale was felt on the high-rise building in Bangkok.
13 Sep 2550 the area south of the Sumatra quake of 7.1 on the Richter scale was felt in some of the buildings.
12 May 2551 in Sichuan province of China, and 7.8 on the Richter scale shaking the feel of the tallest building in Bangkok. And China has killed about 20,000 people.
30 Sep 2552 in the middle of the island of Sumatra was 7.9 on the Richter scale was the tallest building in Bangkok. Indonesia has killed about 1,000 people. @ For WRE01209343 class
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Statistics of earthquakes (world Record)
9.5 Richter scale earthquake on 5 May 1960 on the southern coast of Chile. As a result, more than 1,600 people have died and 2 million homeless. 9.2 Richter scale earthquake on 27 Mar 1964 Alaska to the United States, the tsunami claimed 128 lives and destroyed "in the neck, Anchorage" (Anchorage), the largest city in the state.
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Statistics of earthquakes (world Record)
9.1 Richter scale earthquake that we all remember well. I was born on 26 Dec 2004 at sea in Indonesia. As a result, the tsunami is widespread in many coastal countries in the Indian Ocean. More than 220,000 people lost their lives. 9.0 Richter scale earthquake on 4 Nov 1952 at the Russian coast of the peninsula to the Income Support values (Kamchatka) Russia's Far East. As a result, a large tsunami in the Pacific Rim. However, no reports of damage.
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Statistics of earthquakes (world Record)
9.0 Richter scale earthquake on 13 Aug 1868 in North America, the port area. We are part of Peru. But as of Chillicothe. When an earthquake occurs. Feel the vibration as far as 1,400 miles. 9.0 Richter scale earthquake on 26 Jan 1700 in North America. Along the west coast. Tsunami across the Pacific. Destruction of villages along the coast of Japan.
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Statistics of earthquakes (world Record)
8.9 Richter scale earthquake that occurred just recently on 11 Mar 2011 earthquake under the sea to the southeast coast of Japan. Result in a 10-meter high tsunami swept into the flood. The damage is being reported to the periodic 8.8 Richter scale earthquake on 27 Feb 2010 at the coast of Chile. Earthquakes along the beach to play in the U (Maule) away from the capital Santiago, only 500 km in the tsunami that has killed about 500.
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Statistics of earthquakes (world Record)
8.8 Richter scale earthquake on 31 Jan 1906 in Ecuador, shaking the central coast of South America to Ecuador and Colombia. I feel almost as far as the North American continent at San Francisco. 8.7 Richter scale earthquake on 4 Feb 1965 at Ballarat Island (Rat Islands) miles away from Alaska. The tsunami wave height of 10 meters.
http://www.udon108.com/board/index.php?topic=79326.0
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Earthquake Hazards Program
http://hatyaicityclimate.org/paper/187
http://www.quickpcextreme.com/blog/?p=5378
http://www.seismology.tmd.go.th/home.php
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