earth quake project1

8/19/2019 Earth Quake Project1

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I sincerely acknowledge with a deep heart full gratitude

to project Incharge…………………….. for her valuable

and faithful guidance, encouragement & suggestions

throughout the completion of this work. She generously

shared her immense knowledge with me. Her personalattention brought the project to be completed

successfully.

ast but not the least gratitude to all those,

who e!tended their co"operation directly or indirectly in

completion of this project work.

#$I%#SH SH#'#

CLASS :- 10TH


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Causes of Earthquakes prone areas in india

Most earthquakes are causally related to compressional or tensional stresses built up at the

margins of the huge moving lithospheric platesthat make up the earth's surface

. The immediate cause of most shallow earthquakes is the sudden release of stress alonga f

ault

, or fracture in the earth's crust, resulting in movement of the opposing blocks of rock past on

e another. These movements causevibrations to pass through and around the earth in wave

form, just as ripples are generated when a pebble is dropped into water. Volcaniceruptions, r

ockfalls, landslides, and eplosions can also cause a quake, but most of these are of only lo

cal etent. !hock waves from apowerful earthquake can trigger smaller earthquakes in a dist

ant location hundreds of miles away if the geologic conditions are favorable.

.

Seismic %aes

There are several types of earthquake waves including ", or primary, waves, which are comp

ressional and travel fastest# and !, orsecondary, waves, which are transverse, i.e., they caus

e the earth to vibrate perpendicularly to the direction of their motion. !urface wavesconsist of

several major types and are called $, or long, waves. !ince the velocities of the " and ! wav

es are affected by changes in thedensity and rigidity of the material through which they pass,

the boundaries between the regions of the earth known as the crust, mantle, andcore have b

een discerned by seismologists, scientists who deal with the analysis and interpretation of ea

rthquake waves .!eismographs are used to record ", !, and $ waves. The disappearance of! waves below depths of %,& mi (),* km+indicates that at least the outer part of the eart

h's core is liquid.

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Building confguraion !or "#

$ro#cion o! %uilding

rchitectural 'eatures

desire to create an aesthetic and functionally efficient structure drives architects toconceive wonderful and imaginative structures. !ometimes the shape of the building catchesthe eye of the visitor, sometimes the structural system appeals, and in

other occasions both shape and structural system work together to make the structure amarvel. -owever, each of these choices of shapes and structure has significant bearing on

the performance of the building during strong earthquakes. The wide range of structuraldamages observed during past earthquakes across the world is very educative in identifyingstructural configurations that are desirable versus those which must be avoided.

SizeofBuildings

n tall buildings with large height/to/base si0e ratio , the hori0ontal movement of the floorsduring ground shaking is large. n short but very long buildings , the damaging effects duringearthquake shaking are many. nd, in buildings with large plan area like warehouses , thehori0ontal seismic forces can be ecessive to be carried by columns and walls.

Horizontal Layout of Buildings

n general, buildings with simple geometry in plan have performed well during strongearthquakes. 1uildings with re/entrant corners, like those 2, V, -and 3 shaped in plan , have

sustained significant damage. Many times, the bad effects of these interior corners in theplan of buildings are avoided by making the buildings in two parts. 4or eample, an $/shaped plan can be broken up into two rectangular plan shapes using a separation joint atthe junction . 5ften, the plan is simple, but the columns6walls are not equally distributed inplan. 1uildings with such features tend to twist during earthquake shaking.

VerticalLayoutofBuildings


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The earthquake forces developed at different floor levels in a building need to be broughtdown along the height to the ground by the shortest path# any deviation or discontinuity inthis load transfer path results in poor performance of the building. 1uildings with verticalsetbacks (like the hotel buildings with a few storeys wider than the rest+ cause a sudden jump in earthquake forces at the level of discontinuity . 1uildings that have fewer columns or walls in a particular storey or with unusually tall storey , tend to damage or collapse which isinitiated in that storey. Many buildings with an open ground storey intended for parkingcollapsed or were severely damaged in 7ujarat during the )% 1huj earthquake.

1uildings on a sloping ground have unequal height columns along the slope, which causes illeffects like twisting and damage in shorter columns . 1uildings with columns that hang or float on beams at an intermediate storey and do not go all the way to the foundation, havediscontinuities in the load transfer path . !ome buildings have reinforced concrete walls tocarry the earthquake loads to the foundation. 1uildings, in which these walls do not go all theway to the ground but stop at an upper level ,are liable to get severely damaged duringearthquakes.

AdjacencyofBuildings

8hen two buildings are too close to each other, they may pound on each other during strongshaking. 8ith

increase in building height, this collision can be a greater problem. 8hen building heights do

not match , the roof of the shorter building may pound at the mid/height of the column of thetaller one# this can be very dangerous.


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(uilding )esign and Codes*

$ooking ahead, of course, one will continue to make buildings interesting rather thanmonotonous. -owever, this need not be done at the cost of poor behaviour and earthquakesafety of buildings. rchitectural features that are detrimental to earthquake response of

buildings should be avoided. f not, they must be minimised. 8hen irregular features areincluded in buildings, a considerably higher level of engineering effort is required in thestructural design and yet the building may not be as good as one with simple architecturalfeatures. 9ecisions made at the planning stage on building configuration are more important,or are known to have made greater difference, than accurate determination of code specifieddesign forces.

superstructure are reduced signi(cantly.

Mitigation measures

Your first line of protection against earthquakes is the strength of your home. The strength of

your home depends largely on the contractor who built it and the building standards that the

contractor used. Each state sets minimum quality standards, known as building codes, that

contractors and builders must follow.


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measures:----

1.Bolt bookcases, china cabinets, and other tall furniture to wall studs. Brace or anchor high

or top-heavy objects. During an earthquake, these items can fall over, causing damage or

injury.

2.Secure items that might fall (televisions, books, computers, etc.). Falling items can cause

damage or injury.

Install strong latches or bolts on cabinets. The contents of cabinets can shift during the

shaking of an earthquake. Latches will prevent cabinets from flying open and contents from

falling out.

3.Move large or heavy objects and fragile items (glass or china) to lower shelves. There will

be less damage and less chance of injury if these items are on lower shelves.

Store breakable items such as bottled foods, glass, and china in low, closed cabinets with

latches. Latches will help keep contents of cabinets inside.

Store weed killers, pesticides, and flammable products securely in closed cabinets with

latches, on bottom shelves.

Chemical products will be less likely to create hazardous situations from lower, confined

locations.

Hang heavy items, such as pictures and mirrors, away from beds, couches, and anywhere

people sit. Earthquakes can knock things off walls, causing damage or injury.

Brace overhead light fixtures. During earthquakes, overhead light fixtures are the most

common items to fall, causing damage or injury.

Strap the water heater to wall studs. The water heater may be your best source of drinkable

water following an earthquake. Protect it from damage and leaks.

Bolt down any gas appliances. After an earthquake, broken gas lines frequently create fire

hazards.

I

nstall flexible pipe fittings to avoid gas or water leaks.


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Flexible fittings will be less likely to break.

Repair any deep cracks in ceilings or foundations. Get expert advice if there are signs of

structural defects.

Earthquakes can turn cracks into ruptures and make smaller problems bigger.

Check to see if your house is bolted to its foundation. Homes bolted to their foundations are

less likely to be severely damaged during earthquakes. Homes that are not bolted have been

known to slide off their foundations, and many have been destroyed because they are

uninhabitable.

Consider having your building evaluated by a professional structural design engineer. Ask

about home repair and strengthening tips for exterior features, such as porches, front and

back decks, sliding glass doors, canopies, carports, and garage doors. Learn about

additional ways you can protect your home. A professional can give you advice on how to

reduce potential damage.

Follow local seismic building standards and safe land use codes that regulate land use along

fault lines. Some municipalities, counties, and states have enacted codes and standards to

protect property and occupants. Learn about your area's codes before construction.


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&ECO'E&( MEAS)&ES

I. )isaster recovery planning basically involves asking *+hat ifs to

prevent later *If only -SS, /0001.II. II. Studies have found that pre"disaster planning can save lives and

injuries, limit property damage, and minimi2e disruptions, enabling

communities to recover more 3uickly -'44, /0001.III. III. 5lanning for recovery has a number of components. 6he following

general planning steps are adapted from the alifornia Seismic Safety

ommission Strategic 5lan -/00718#. 5lanning for *9usiness ontinuation8

9usiness continuation planning is aimed at allowing an organi2ation to

resume its regular business activities as 3uickly as possible after a

disaster. In the case of governments, this means being able to continue to

provide essential services to the public with as little disruption as possible. 6his is not just a matter of marshalling physical resources: it also involves

providing the appropriate authorities with human resources to enable

government and business to continue under e!treme conditions.

9. #s with other aspects of emergency preparedness, business continuation

planning should be an ongoing program from which an organi2ation develops

and modi(es its continuation plans. #nd to be fully e;ective, it should involve all

members of the organi2ation.

. )ealing with 9uilding )amage8

epairing and rebuilding damaged buildings is one element that covers the

entire recovery cycle. Initially, the concern is to prevent further loss of life or

injury, particularly from aftershocks following the initial seismic activity. )amage

to structures must be assessed and buildings posted to indicate which buildings

are safe to use. # system of inspecting and posting key buildings is therefore

essential if injury and loss of life are to be minimi2ed.

). Inspections often take the form of two main evaluations8

one rapid and one detailed8


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imited

4ntry.> )etailed evaluations are designed to be performed by volunteer

engineers within a few hours or days after the rapid evaluation phase, and are

intended to provide reasonable assurance about whether a building can be

returned to or not.

7. 6he e;ectiveness of any post"earth3uake structural assessment program

depends on e;ective protocols for the assessment. #s well, it depends on a

trained and accessible core of volunteer engineers with the necessary authority,

supplies, and e3uipment to perform their function.

4. emoving )ebris8

# major earth3uake is likely to cause a signi(cant amount of damage, so debris

removal is a key element of recovery -as well as of response1.


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what needs repair, and how the repairs can be made. Bnly then can appropriate

(nancial assistance programs be put into place.

4arth3uake #wareness 5rogramme

The prediction of time and location of earthquake is a difficult phenomenon. The

recent earthquakes in all over the world have created a threat to the humansociety. The Killari (1999), Bhu (!""1) and Kashmir (!""#) earthquakes are

testimony to the $reat loss of human of life and property. %i$nificant part of our

population lives under a constant threat of a possi&le devastatin$ earthquake

particularly in hi$h seismic 'one like imalayas and uarat. The imalayas

Tectonic &elt is constantly $eneratin$ active stresses not only alon$ imalayan

*one &ut also its nei$h&ourin$ re$ions. The periodic accumulation of strains is

&ein$ released in various se$ments in producin$ earthquakes. +- elhi lies in

%eismic 'one /0, /% 192 (!""!), havin$ a population of 12 million. elhi is

under a threat of a moderate earthquake in near future, which may cause a loss

of life and property. 3 $reat earthquake in the imalayan re$ion may causedama$e and loss of life in elhi. 3s a capital it is $rowin$ with population and

ur&an a$$lomeration. 3ny &i$ earthquake from imalayan %ource is also a

&i$$est threat to the human population in elhi.

Trainin$ of students and teachers on earthquake preparedness is essential as the

catalyst in the dissemination of knowled$e and information. The learnin$ level of

the students, who are the future of our country, depends also on the learnin$

level of the teachers. There is $reater need children4s education as well as

trainin$ of master trainers in schools on earthquake preparedness.

Beneficiaries

The &eneficiaries were school children teachers and staff of various schools of

elhi.

5&ective


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Knowled$e and skill development amon$ the school children, teachers and staff

a&out the earthquakes, safety measures, causes 6 effects, history, and different

terminolo$ies

7ethodolo$y

8ectures &ased on the followin$ themes

Basics, auses and ffects of earthquakes

:planation of different earthquake terminolo$ies and earthquake

recordin$s

%teps to &e taken pre, durin$ and post an earthquake with picturesand dia$rams

0isual display on earthquakes

irculation of earthquake kits 6 literature

Conclusion for Earthquakes+

:ou cannot stop earthquakes, but we can learn more, in hopes of discovering ways

to protect ourselves from them. There are a few ways we could help prevent some

damage of earthquakes in the future. Many buildings are constructed in areas of

earthquake risk. f a building is being constructed in a city that has eperienced

earthquakes, new plans and building materials should be used to strengthen the


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building. ;ecently, materials like this have been invented, such as a combination of

steel and rubber plates on buildings to absorb the shock of the earthquake. nother

easy safety thing for earthquakes is for the government of a city to invest in a proper

seismograph centre, and make sure there is always at least one person monitoring it

in case of an earthquake. !imple precautions are the most effective way to minimi0eearthquake damage.

Bi%liogra$"* and !#r#nc#+

eference of internet website8

• www.google.com

• +ikipedia

earth quake project1

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