earthquakes and volcanoes. earthquakes earthquake – is the shaking and trembling that results from...
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Earthquakes and
Volcanoes
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EarthquakesEarthquake – is the shaking and trembling that results from the sudden movement of part of the Earth’s crust.
Tsunamis – A giant sea wave produced by an earthquake.
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Seismic WavesFocus – The point beneath the Earth’s surface where the rocks break and move, the underground origin of the earthquake.
Epicenter – The point directly above the focus, on the earth’s surface where the origin of an earthquake is above ground.
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Seismic waves – earthquake waves. *Three types.
1. Primary waves (P-waves) – arrive at a given point before any other type of seismic wave. Will pass through solid, liquid and gas.(fastest of the three)
2. Secondary Waves (S-waves) – arrive at a given point after the P wave. (second fastest) Will only travel thru solids. Will NOT pass through liquids and gases thus creating a shadow zone.
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3. Surface waves (L-waves) – slowest moving seismic waves. Arrives last.
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Seismograph – is an instrument that detects and measures seismic waves.Seismogram – is the record of waves.
(paper record)Seismologists – scientists who study
earthquakes.Richter scale – calculation of the strength
or magnitude of an earthquake. For every 1 point rise 30 times the
energy is released. Magnitude - Height of a line traced on a
seismogram.
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Liquefaction – Shaking up of wet soil making it unstable. This causes surface object to sink.
Earthquake preparedness – Tie down heavy objects, take objects off of high shelves. Build on an earthquake proof foundation. Have a plan and emergency items.
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VolcanoesVolcano – the place in the Earth’s surface
through which magma and other materials reach the surface.
Magma – rock that exists as a hot liquid deep within the earth.
Lava – is magma that reaches the Earth’s surface.
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Vent – an opening from which lava erupts.
Crater – Steep walled depression around a volcano’s vent.
Hot Spot – Hot rock that is a result of unusually hot areas in the mantle and core where volcanoes form on the Earth’s surface. Hawaii is the result of a hot spot.
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Lava flows• Basaltic – Is lava that contains a lot of
water and rich in iron and magnesium. Thin and quiet eruptions.
• Granitic - this lava contains very little water and is rich in silicon and aluminum. Thick heavy lava causing gases to trap underneath producing large violent eruptions.
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Andesitic - is a combination of both granitic and basaltic lava flows (quieter than granitic but more violent than basaltic).
Gas filled lava – This lava cools to form hole filled rock that has the appearance of a sponge
or loaf of bread. This rock type is typically light in weight. Pumice and scoria are examples of
this type of igneous rock.
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Tephra – bits of rock or solidified lava dropped from the air.
Volcanic Dust – Is fragments of rock that are blown into the air during a volcanic eruption. (very small
particles)
Volcanic Ash – Is particles blown into the air from a volcano that are bigger than volcanic dust yet smaller than anything else.
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• Volcanic Bombs – Are large rock particles that are blown out during a volcanic eruption.
• Volcanic cinders – are smaller volcanic bombs.
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• Cinder cone volcano – Volcanoes made mostly of cinders and other rock particles that have been blown into the air. Narrow bases with steep sides due to loosely arranged cinder type eruptions.
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Shield volcano – Volcanoes composed of quiet lava flows. Gently sloping sides with very wide base.
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Composite Volcanoes – are made of alternating layers of rock particles and lava. Violent eruptions followed by quiet lava flows are the reasoning for the alternating layers.
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Caldera – A roughly circular, steep-sided pit at the top of a volcanic cone whose diameter is at least three times its depth.
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Dike –
Batholith –
Sill -
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Dormant – (sleeping) has erupted but not in modern time.
Extinct – Not known to have erupted in recorded time. Usually weathered down to base.
Active – well, it is active in modern time.
ZONES
Ring of fire – is the zone of active earthquakes and volcanoes due to very active tectonic plate movement.
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Mid-Atlantic ridge – chain of ridges caused by sea floor spreading.
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