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  • Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988
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Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988 - Soviet Armenia: magnitude 6.9, 25,000 people died 1985 - Mexico City: magnitude 8.1, 9500 people 1989 - Loma Prieta, CA: magnitude 7.1, 40 people died 1995 - Kobe, Japan: magnitude 7, ~6000 people died

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Page 1: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988

Earthquakes

Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human

structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself

1988 - Soviet Armenia: magnitude 6.9, 25,000 people died 1985 - Mexico City: magnitude 8.1, 9500 people 1989 - Loma Prieta, CA: magnitude 7.1, 40 people died 1995 - Kobe, Japan: magnitude 7, ~6000 people died

Page 2: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988

Earthquakes and seismic waves(Chapter 11)

• Earthquakes are natural hazards, destructive to life and property, caused by seismic waves

• Seismic waves move through the Earth’s interior and can be used like “X-rays” to understand the Earth ‘s interior

Page 3: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988

How do earthquakes occur?

• Stresses build up in the crust, usually due to lithospheric plate motions

• Rock deform (strain) as the result of stress. The strain is energy stored in the rocks.

Page 4: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988

How do earthquakes occur?

• When the rocks reach their elastic limit, they break, and energy is released in the form of seismic waves, radiating out from the earthquake focus

• The rocks return to their original shape, with a displacement (slip) along the fault

Page 5: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988

Earthquake focus: center of rupture or slip, seismic waves radiate out from the focus

Earthquake epicenter – the point on the Earth’s surface over the focus

Page 6: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988

Kind of seismic waves

• P-waves – most rapid (8 km/sec)

• S-waves – slower (5 km/sec), cannot move through liquids

• Surface waves – even slower, move only on surface, most destructive

Page 7: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988

Surface waves

Page 8: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988

Detecting and measuring seismic waves

Seismometers:•The paper roll moves with the ground •The pen remains stationary, because of the spring, hinge and weight

Page 9: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988

Tells you:1) How far away the earthquake occurred, based on the

time difference between p and s –wave arrivals2) Magnitude of ground motion, based on the amplitude

of the surface waves

Seismogram

Page 10: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988

The time interval between p and s-wave arrivals tells you how far away the epicenter is

Page 11: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988

Triangulate from 3 stations to

locate the epicenter

Page 12: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988

Earthquake magnitude is related to the amount of energy released by the earthquake.

The Richter magnitude ML is measured using the amplitude of the seismic waves. Another measure is called the moment magnitude Mw

Page 13: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988
Page 14: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988

Indonesia (12/04)Japan (3/11)

China (5/08)Pakistan (10/05)

Some Notable Earthquakes

Page 15: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988

Duration of Shaking

• 1989 Loma Prieta: 15 seconds

• 1960 San Francisco: 40 seconds

• 1962 Alaska: 4 minutes!!!!

Page 16: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988

Earthquake hazards:1. Ground vibration and motion2. Liquefaction of clay rich sediments3. Landslides4. Tsunami

Page 17: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988

Earthquake hazards:

Liquefaction of clay rich sediments

Page 18: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988
Page 19: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988
Page 20: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988
Page 21: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988
Page 22: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988
Page 23: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988
Page 24: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988
Page 25: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988
Page 26: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988
Page 27: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988
Page 28: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988
Page 29: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988
Page 30: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988
Page 31: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988

Earthquake hazards:

• Liquefaction of clay rich sediments

• Landslides

Page 32: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988

Earthquake hazards:Tsunamis – seismic sea waves

•very long wavelength, deep wavebase•speeds up to 800 km/hour, 15- 30 meters high

Page 33: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988

Tsunami – Northern Sumatra December 2004

Page 34: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988

Japan 3/11/11Japan 3/11/11

Page 35: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988
Page 36: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988
Page 37: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988
Page 38: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988
Page 39: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988
Page 40: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988
Page 41: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988
Page 42: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988
Page 43: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988

http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/

Many tsunamis originate at circum-Pacific convergent margins, therefore the Pacific Tsunami Warning system was established

http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/
http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/
http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/
Page 44: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988

Preparing for earthquakes

• Assess hazards (how will an earthquake affect an area)

• Assess likelihood (probability, based on location of faults and prior events)

• Modify zoning regulations and building codes to withstand hazard

Page 45: Earthquakes Most destructive forces on Earth. But it is buildings and other human structures that cause injury and death, not the earthquake itself 1988

Forecasting Earthquakes:•Unlike, volcanic eruptions, short-term warnings (precursors) are not well known•Real-time warning (after earthquake has occurred) can be effective – radio waves & fiber optic transmissions to shut down reactors, close gas lines, etc. within seconds or minutes•Long term earthquake probability is estimated using the Seismic Gap Method


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