ece 145b / 218b, notes set 9: oscillators, part 1. · oscillators, part 1. mark rodwell university...
TRANSCRIPT
class notes, M. Rodwell, copyrighted 2012
ECE 145B / 218B, notes set 9: Oscillators, Part 1.
Mark Rodwell
University of California, Santa Barbara
[email protected] 805-893-3244, 805-893-3262 fax
class notes, M. Rodwell, copyrighted 2012
Oscillator Design
Noise Phase Oscillator
Amplitude Oscillator
VCOs :Tuning and Varactors
Topologies Oscillator Standard""
Examples Specific
approachport -2 General
design oscillatorport -One
Theoryn OscillatioAbout Comments General
class notes, M. Rodwell, copyrighted 2012
Stability
? 1an greater th of magnitude theIs
viewpoint(S) Reflection
?part real negative a have )( Does
viewpointImpedance
? plane-s of halfright in lieany Do
)(/)()(or ,)(/)(in poles Find
port-or twoport -One analysis. nodalby circuit Analyze
:eoryNetwork th
? plane-s of halfright in lieany Do
poles. loop-closed ofpart real Find
margin. phase find :methodsNyquist & Bode
theorysystem control Classical
: versionsequivalentmany :theoryStability
Oscillatorinput zeroh output wit zero-non :yInstabilit
in
in
genout
jZ
sIsVsZsVsV
class notes, M. Rodwell, copyrighted 2012
Stability: LaPlace Transform / Eigenvalue Method
...)exp()exp()exp()(
:response Impulse
)...)(()(
)...)(()(
...1
...1)(
)(etc)(
)(or
)(
)(or
)(
)(
function.transfer limit signal-small in etc.) (circuits, system Physical
332211
321
32122
21
2
211
tsktsktskth
ssssss
ssssssc
sasa
sbsbcsH
sHsI
sV
sa
sb
sV
sV
ppp
ppp
zzz
in
in
gen
out
system. unstable
limit.ut grow witho will)exp( then
)positive( plane-s of halfright in lie polesany If
:complex )(generally are Poles
tsk
js
pii
pi
pipipi
class notes, M. Rodwell, copyrighted 2012
Unstable system if any pole has positive real part
system. stable
decays. )exp(
negative ;
ts
js
pi
pipipipi
system. unstable
grows. )exp(
positive ;
ts
js
pi
pipipipi
class notes, M. Rodwell, copyrighted 2012
LaPlace vs. Fourier Analysis of Oscillators
)()(not ),(
computing toourselves resrictedalready have we
)()()( ie. reactance, and resistance
of composed being impedancean ofspeak When we
analysis.complex in studied is This lie.
poles theplanecomplex theof sidein which certain be to
n integratiocontour from derived Theorems usemust we
, )(or )( computing toourselvesrestrict weIf
clear. is LHPor RHP in the sfrequencie
pole theoflocation ),( impedancesor
)( functions transfer computingIn
jZsZjZ
jjXjRjZ
jZjH
sZ
sH
unstable !
stable ?
unstable ?
must look
at phase of
H(j)
stable !
stable ?
unstable ?
must look
at phase of
H(j)
careful. bemust We
class notes, M. Rodwell, copyrighted 2012
One-Port Oscillator Analysis: Series Impedance
|||| i.e. , ||||
requiresn oscillatio then ,0 If
0)( if Oscillates
0/)/2(1
0)(1
0)/1(
1212
1
21
22
2
21
21
GGRR
R
RR
ss
LCsRRsC
sCRRsLI
nn
class notes, M. Rodwell, copyrighted 2012
One-Port Oscillator Analysis: Parallel Admittance
|||| i.e. , ||||
requiresn oscillatio then ,0 If
0)( if Oscillates
0)(1
0)/1(
1212
1
21
2
21
21
RRGG
G
GG
LCsGGsL
sLGGsCV
class notes, M. Rodwell, copyrighted 2012
Stability: A Paradox
(????) |||| i.e. , ||||
requiresn oscillatio then ,0 If :Parallel
1212
1
RRGG
G
(???) |||| i.e. , ||||
requiresn oscillatio then ,0 If :Series
1212
1
GGRR
R
parallel.or series isnetwork theif lcannot tel We???Which
networks. parallel and series
betweenn distinctio no is thereelements, reactive theinclude weUnless
.*time*or with *frequency*
eitherith behavior w calculatecannot weand frequency,with
variationno hasnetwork theelements, reactive theinclude weUnless
stable. iscircuit above r theask whethe tosmeaningles isIt
class notes, M. Rodwell, copyrighted 2012
A Mixed Resonant Network: What Criterion ?
0/1/1
/1/1 :So
0
0
/1/1
/1/1
1
2
2
1
1
2
sLGsL
sLsLsCG
V
V
sLGsL
sLsLsCG
0)||(1
01
0
011
0111
0/1/1/1/1
21
22
21
21
12
12
12
21
12
1
2
2112
1
3
21
2
12
1
2
2
12
RR
LCRs
RR
LRRCs
GG
LCGs
GG
GLG
GG
Cs
LCGsLGGCsGG
LCLGsLGLGLCsLGLGs
sLGLCssLG
sLsLsLGsLsCG
0)||(
if Oscillates
21
21
RR
LRRC
2/1
2
21
Frequencyn Oscillatio
LCR
RRn
class notes, M. Rodwell, copyrighted 2012
A Mixed Resonant Network (2)
CGLR nn and
:elements Q-high assume Now
21
0/1 2
12 LCsRLCRs
0/ if Oscillates
)(
12
2/1
RLCR
LCn
class notes, M. Rodwell, copyrighted 2012
Impedance Point of View
CjGLjLRYY
CjGjY
LjLRjZjY
RLjjZ
RLCRLC
020
22
01activeload
020load
0
0
22
010active0active
0
100active
0
12
2/1
0
/1/
admittance Total
)(
:frequency at admittance Load
/1/)(/1)(
:frequency at admittance device Active
)(
:frequency at impedance device Active
0/ if Oscillates ,)(
before. ascriterion same theis This
.0/Re need n,oscillatioFor 2
22
011 GLRGGGYY activeloadactiveload
class notes, M. Rodwell, copyrighted 2012
Impedance Point of View
0)( if Oscillates
0)(by definedfrequency n Oscillatio
)()(
impedance Total
)(
:frequency at Load
)(
:frequency at device Active
load
load
loadload
loadload0load
0
0active
0
RR
XX
XXjRRZ
jXRjZ
jXRjZ
active
active
activeactivetotal
activeactive
class notes, M. Rodwell, copyrighted 2012
Admittance Point of View
0)( if Oscillates
0)(by definedfrequency n Oscillatio
)()(
admittance Total
)(
:frequency at Load
)(
:frequency at device Active
load
load
loadload
loadload0load
0
0active
0
GG
BB
BBjGGY
jGGjG
jBGjY
active
active
activeactivetotal
activeactive
class notes, M. Rodwell, copyrighted 2012
Equivalence of Impedance and Admittance Methods
paradox.stability theregarding comments theagain torefer Please
).(! followy necessaril toseemnot does thisQ,-high *not* are impedances theIf
0 implies 0then
Q,-high are impedances theif :nobservatioKey
negative. is then ,1/ i.e. Q,high are impedances theif So,
02
then , and , If
But
11
222222
2222
activeloadactiveload
total
XR
total
activeload
loadactive
loadload
loadload
activeactive
activeactive
loadactive
loadactivetotal
GGRR
GRXQ
X
R
X
R
XR
R
XRR
RG
RRRR
XXX
XR
jXR
XR
jXR
ZZYYY
class notes, M. Rodwell, copyrighted 2012
Simple Negative-Resistance Oscillator
etc. , model order toin drawn bemust circuit aldifferenti Full
shown. is modelcircuit -half simplified-Over
gdC
class notes, M. Rodwell, copyrighted 2012
Common-Base Colpitts Oscillator
21
1
2
21
1
1
2
21
1
11
2
21
1
121
1
2121
1
21
211
21
1
1
20
)(1
)/(1
)/(
(2)
model-T BJT simplified (1)
:Assume
tedious.is analysis General
CC
gC
CC
C
Cj
g
CC
gC
V
Vg
V
I
CC
C
Cj
g
CC
C
CCj
g
CC
C
CjCjg
CCC
gCjCj
Cj
V
V
Cr
mmmem
c
m
m
mm
e
e
econductanc
Negative
ignore) will(we
component inductive small
class notes, M. Rodwell, copyrighted 2012
Common-Base Colpitts Oscillator
21
11
CC
gCG m
21
11
CC
gCG m
21
11
CC
gCG m
2
21
1
21
1
2
21
1
21
isr transistoby the provided
econductanc negative overall The
. transformseries-parallel a then and
parallel-series aby analyzed becan
and ,, involvingnetwork The
CC
Cg
CC
CgG
CC
CgG
rCC
mmneg
mp
e
2
21
1
CC
CgG mp
21
21
CC
CCCeq
negG
class notes, M. Rodwell, copyrighted 2012
Common-Base Colpitts Oscillator
2
21
1
21
1
CC
Cg
CC
CgG mmneg
21
21
CC
CCCeq
ingunderstandfirst for Good
e.approximatextremely wasAnalysis
class notes, M. Rodwell, copyrighted 2012
Common-Collector Colpitts Oscillator
Colpitts
collector-common in the results
collector the toground theMoving
analysis. in theabritrary is
node ground theofLocation
emitter. or the base the
eitherat criterion admittance
impedance/ apply thecan We
y.differentl
connectedhowever *is* load The
class notes, M. Rodwell, copyrighted 2012
Common-Emitter Colpitts Oscillator
commentsSimilar
class notes, M. Rodwell, copyrighted 2012
Clapp Oscillator
crystal. quartz
resonant) (series aby replaced are and if oscillator Pierce
thebecomes right) the(toion configuratemitter -common The
frequencyn oscillatio samechangednot hasr transistothe
topresentednetwork impedance then theunchanged, is If
)/1( have now We
. and n combinatio series with theReplace
/1with
,oscillator Colpitts theStart with
2
1
31
32
1
LC
B
CjLjjB
CL
LjjB
tune
ootune
otune
class notes, M. Rodwell, copyrighted 2012
Hartley Oscillator
elements bias e with thesassociated resonance parasiticfor Watch
blocking. DC ofaddition requiring bias, DCr transistoecircuit th-short inductors The
. and inductors through isFeeback
form. emitter)collector,(base, -commonin aboveshown isnetwork signal-small AC The
21 LL