eclipse 100 user course - .::fanarco::. • index · pdf filematerial balance model...

Tuesday, September 14, 1999

Eclipse 100 User Course



Introduction

Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 3

Purpose

Build and execute simulationmodels using basic Eclipse

facilities

Introduction to simulation andthe Eclipse software family

File naming conventions andstructure

Data file syntaxPrincipal Eclipse keywords

History matchingPrediction

Discuss one section of thedata file at a time

Build a model from scratch



Mass in - Mass out = Accumulationor

Flow in - Flow out = Rate of accumulation

MaterialBalanceModel

ReservoirSimulation

Model

What is Reservoir Simulation?


Model and Reservoir Relationship


ReservoirSimulation

Quick and cheap assessment ofproduction scenarios

Wide range of recovery techniques

Required by law in many countries

Recognised by banks and fundingbodies

Accurate geology and petrophysics

Why Reservoir Simulation?


Why Eclipse?

Eclipse

The"standard"black oilsimulator

Can modelalmost anyreservoirsituation

Reliable,accurate,

easy to use

Integratedwith

geologicaland mapping

packages

Extensivesupportservices

Strongproduct

development


Eclipse Features

Basic Features ("Eclipse 100")Free format input1, 2 or 3-phase simulationDirectional KrEndpoint ScalingCP / BC GeometryNon-Neighbour ConnectionsAnalytical and Numeric AquifersDual Porosity, Dual PermeabilityPc & Kr HysteresisVertical EquilibriumMobile Fluid CorrectionFine Grid EquilibrationMolecular DiffusionAPI & Tracer TrackingVertical, Horizontal & DeviatedWellsCrossflow & Commingling in WellsExtensive Surface Facility ModellingAutomatic Drill Queue & WorkoverIMPES & Implicit Formulations

Extensions ("Eclipse 200")Local Grid Refinement & CoarseningWellbore FrictionMulti-Segment WellsFlux Boundary OptionSurface NetworksGas Lift OptimisationGas Field OperationsPolymer FloodEnvironmental TracersSolvent ModelPolymer InjectionFoam InjectionReservoir CouplingCoal Bed Methane OptionParallel LGRsShared Memory Parallel OptionGI Pseudo-Compositional Model


How Eclipse Works

GRID, EDITSections

Calculate PoreVolumes,Transmissibilities,Depths and NNCs.

PROPS, REGIONS,SOLUTION Sections

Initialise, calculateinitial saturations,pressures and fluidsin place

Kr

SwF

VF

, µP

SCHEDULE Section

Define wells andsurface facilities.Advance throughtime by materialbalance for eachcell with wells assinks or sources

Flo

w R

ate

Time

OWC

GOC


Static Reservoir Description


PVT and Rock Data


Initialization Data

Pressure

Depth

GOC

OWCFree Water Level

Datum


Well Data


Reservoir Simulation with Eclipse

Practical Steps Caution!Decide a clear objective Keep the model simpleSelect the area of interest Keep the model simpleCollect and review data Keep the model simpleBuild the model Assumptions must be

defendable and physicallyvalidConstruct small-scale models(e.g. 2D, single well) to understand reservoirprocesses

Match fluid in placeConduct SensitivityValidate modelMake prediction runs


How to Use the Manuals

Eclipse 100

TechnicalAppendices

Eclipse 100

Reference Manual

New Developments

Introduction

Data File Overview

Alphabetical keyword list

Index

Technical descriptions by topic

Example data sets

Development history



File Structure and Organisation


Input / Output Structure

PVTi

PSEUDO

SCAL

Text Editor

FloViz

GRID

GRAF

FloGrid

SCHEDULE

VFPi

Eclipse


Output Files

Eclipse

SAVE FileFLUX FileRFT File

Short Output

Main Output

DebugOutput

Grid File

Init File

Spec File

SummaryFile

Restart File

RSM File

Printer OtherPrograms

At each report step

GRAF


Output Styles

Formatted

Unformatted

Unwanted files may bedeletedFiles are relatively smallfiles are not portableLast file lost on crashLimited to 9999 reports

One fileUnlimited number ofreportsLast report lost on crash

One fileUnlimited number ofreportsReadableEasily transferred betweenplatformsRelatively large in sizeLast report lost on crash

ReadableEasily transferred betweenplatformsRelatively large in sizeLast file lost on crashLimited to 9999 reports

Unified Multiple


Output Filenames

EXAMPLE.DBG

EXAMPLE.LOG

EXAMPLE.PRT

EXAMPLE.GRDEXAMPLE.FGR

EXAMPLE.INIEXAMPLE.FIN

EXAMPLE.SMSEXAMPLE.FSM

EXAMPLE.SAVEXAMPLE.FSV

EXAMPLE.RSM

EXAMPLE.RFTEXAMPLE.FRF

EXAMPLE.FLXEXAMPLE.FFX

Short Output

Debug Output

Print File

Grid GeometryFile

Initial File

SummarySpecification file

Save File

Run SummaryFile

RFT Output

Flux file

EX

AM

PLE

.DA

TA

ANSI

EXAMPLE.DBG

EXAMPLE.LOG

EXAMPLE.PRT

EXAMPLE.GRIDEXAMPLE.FGRID

EXAMPLE.INITEXAMPLE.FINIT

EXAMPLE.SMSPECEXAMPLE.FSMSPEC

EXAMPLE.SAVEEXAMPLE.FSAVE

EXAMPLE.RSM

EXAMPLE.RFTEXAMPLE.FRFT

EXAMPLE.FLUXEXAMPLE.FFLUX

UNIX


Output Filenames Continued

EXAMPLE.USYEXAMPLE.FUS

EXAMPLE.Snn, Tnn,Unn

EXAMPLE.Ann, Bnn,Cnn

EXAMPLE.Xnn,Ynn, Znn

EXAMPLE.Fnn, Gnn,Hnn

EXAMPLE.URSEXAMPLE.FUR

MultipleSummary Output

Unified SummaryOUtput

Multiple RestartOutput

Unified RestartOutput

EX

AM

PLE

.DA

TA

ANSI

EXAMPLE.UNSMRYEXAMPLE.FUNSMRY

EXAMPLE.SnnnnEXAMPLE.Annnn

EXAMPLE.XnnnnEXAMPLE.Fnnnn

EXAMPLE.UNRSTEXAMPLE.FUNRST

UNIX


Personal File Suffix and Case

é Go to your working directoryé Type @copyconfig (Unix) or $copycfg (PC) to copy CONFIG.ECL to

ECL.CFG in the current directory. Alternatively, copy it directlyfrom its location in the directory structure.

é Rename ECL.CFG to ECL.CFAé Open ECL.CFA in the text editor of your choiceé Remove any lines not relevant to the changes you need to makeé Comment out settings you wish to deactivate using a double dashé Activate new settings by either removing double dashes from lines

already in the file or by inserting your own.é Save and exit.é For example:

SECTION SYSTEMCASE UPPER--CASE LOWER--CASE BOTHSUFFIX UNIX--SUFFIX ANSI


Directory Structure

/ecl

/96a /97a /98a /macros

/data/source

/pseudo /eclipse/grid/e300/rtview/pvti /vfpi/weltest/graf

/tools


Utility Macros

/ecl /macros

@change_prefix @change_suffix @check_args@check_chip @check_motif @check_version@check_xserver @clan @clan100@colormap @convert @copyconfig@datacheck @datestamp @e300@e300_q @e500 @ecl2avs@eclipse @eclipse_batch @eclipse_rc@ecljobs @eclproject @[email protected] @edit @expand@extract @fill @flexstart@flogrid @floviz @frame@frame2 @geonet_setup @get_lsf_queues@gradient @graf @grid@grid_receive @gs @ipcfree@lmdiag @lmdown @lmhostid@lmreread @lmstat @lower@merge @office @pldebug@plot_zeh @plot_zeh_save @plot_zeh_small@postp @preview


Data File Structure

RU N SPEC CO M PU L SO RY--GEN ERA L MODEL CH A RA CT ER IST ICSGRID CO M PU L SO RY--GRID GEOMET RY A N D BA SIC ROCK PROPERT IESEDIT O PT IO N A L--M ODIFICA T ION OF T H E PROCESSED GRID SECT IONPRO PS CO M PU L SO RY--DA T A FOR PH A SE PV T PROPERT IES IN T A BU L A R FORM A N D OT H ER PV T DA T A--ROCK COMPRESSIBI L I T Y , REL A T IV E PERMEA BIL I T Y & CA PIL L A RY PRESSU RE T A BL ES.REGIO N S O PT IO N A L--SBDIV ISION OF T H E RESERV OIR A CCORDIN G T O COMMON PROPERT IES--A N D REPORT IN G REGION SSO L U T ION CO M PU L SO RY--I N I T IA L CON DIT ION S A RE SPECFIED H ERESU M M A RY O PT IO N A L--OU T PU T FOR L IN E PL OT S I S REQU EST ED H ERESCH EDU L E CO M PU L SO RY--WEL L S, COMPL ET ION S, RA T E DA T A , FL OW CORREL A T ION S, SU RFA CE FA CIL I T I ES--A N D SIMU L A T OR A DV A N CE, CON T ROL A N D T ERMIN A T ION A RE SET H ERE


Keyword SyntaxRUNSPEC Put Only RUNSPEC section keywords hereTABDIMS--1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8--ntsfun ntpvt nssfun nppvt ntfip nrpvt N/A ntendp 3 3 1* 1* 1* 20 1* 1* /

TABDIMS--1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8--ntsfun ntpvt nssfun nppvt ntfip nrpvt N/A ntendp 3 3 3* 20 2* /

TABDIMS--1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8--ntsfun ntpvt nssfun nppvt ntfip nrpvt N/A ntendp 2*3 3* 20 2* /

TABDIMS--1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8--ntsfun ntpvt nssfun nppvt ntfip nrpvt N/A ntendp 2*3 3* 20 /

GRID Put only GRID section keywords here

PROPS Put only PROPS section keywords hereSOLUTION Put only SOLUTION keywords hereSCHEDULE Put only SCHEDULE section keywords hereWELSPECS--Well Group I J BHP RefPhasePROD1 Group1 5 5 1* OIL / Quotes are generally not required around stringsPROD2 Group1 9 9 1* GAS /’INJ*’ Group1 1 1 1* WAT / Quotes are needed when wildcards are used/


Any Section Keywords

INCLUDE Incorporate data from other files into the Eclipse data file

COLUMNS Set the position of the first and last columns of the data file

DEBUG Request debugging information

NOECHO Suppress output of keyword contents to the PRT file

ECHO Enable output of keyword contents to the PRT file

EXTRAPMS Display the last VFP and / or PVT table extrapolation

OPTIONS Activate various special program options

MESSAGES Set print and stop limits for events of various severities

NOWARN Suppress all supplementary PRT file output

FORMFEED Set the formfeed character

LOAD Access a SAVE file for fast restarts.



RUNSPEC Section


Minimum RUNSPEC Section

--BEGINNING OF MINIMUM RUNSPEC SECTIONRUNSPEC

TITLETHIS IS THE MODEL NAME/

DIMENS--NX NYNZ--THIS IS THE NUMBER OF CELLS IN I, J AND K, IN THAT ORDER E.G. 20 5 10 /

FIELD UNITS MAY BE FIELD, METRIC OR LABOIL PHASES PRESENT MAY BE OILWATER WATER, GAS, DISGAS, VAPOIL

START START DATE OF THE SIMULATION, FOR INSTANCE1 JAN 1990 /


RUNSPEC Keywords

ACTDIMS LAB STARTAPI MEMORY TABDIMSAQUDIMS METRIC TEMPBRINE MISCIBLE TITLECART NINEPOIN TRACERSDIFFUSE NONNC UNIFINDIMENS NOPC9 UNIFOUTDISGAS NOSIM VAPOILDISKING NSTACK VEDUALPERM NUMRES VISCDDUALPORO NUPCOL VFPIDIMSENDSCALE OIL VFPPDIMSEQLDIMS PIMTDIMS WATEREQLOPTS RADIAL WELLDIMSFAULTDIM REGDIMS INSPECFIELD ROCKCOMP NMATRIXFMTIN RPTRUNSP PATHSFMTOUT RSSPEC GRAVDRMGAS SATOPTS LICENSESGRAVDR SAVE SCDPDIMSGRIDOPTS SMRYDIMS


Fast Restarts

LOAD--SAVE FILE SIMULATE FORMATTED/ OUTPUT--NAME OR CHECK UNFORMATTED SAVE FILE?-- DATA SAVE FILE?BASE T /

RESTART--FILE REPORT--NAME STEPBASE 11 /

SUMMARY--THE SUMMARY SECTION IS OPTIONALSCHEDULE…..…..…..--INCLUDE files containing additional wells, surface facilities--and simulation advance are often entered here

END



System Usage


The Unix Console


The vi Editor



GRID Section


Minimum GRID Section

Grid dimensions & cell depths DX or DXV, DY or DYV, DZ, TOPS

or COORD, ZCORN

Porosity PORO

Permeability PERMX, PERMY, PERMZ

or PERMR, PERMTHT, PERMZ

Net-to gross or net thickness NTG or DZNET (defaults to 1)

For each grid cell in the model


Data Reading Convention

Cell data isread I cyclingfastest, followed byJ then K


Radial Data Reading Convention

1, 1, 12, 1, 1

3, 1, 1

1, 2, 12, 2, 1

3, 2, 1

Z

1, 3, 11, 4, 1

2, 4, 1

2, 3, 1

3, 4, 1

3, 3, 1

θ

R

Cell data isread Rcyclingfastestfollowed by θthen Z.


DX

DZ

DY

TOPS is the upper face depth

Corner depthsspecified in

ZCORN

X, Y, Zspecified by

COORD

BC & CP Cell Definition


Sloping Model in BC Geometry

I or J

K

Directconnectiongenerated bydefault byEclipse


Sloping Model in CP Geometry

I or J

K

No interblock flow

No interblock flow


BC Geometry Example


CP Geometry Example


Grid Cell Property Definition

Cell propertiessuch as PORO,PERMX,PERMY,PERMZ, NTGare averagesdefined at thecentre


Grid Data Input

I or X

K or ZHorizontal permeability is 10, 5,100, 2000, 200, 2000, 100, 50,2000, 50 from top to bottom.The model is 20*1*10 in I, J, K,respectively.

EQUALS--Array Val I1 I2 J1 J2 K1 K2’PERMX’ 2000 /’PERMX’ 10 1 20 1 1 1 1 /’PERMX’ 5 1 20 1 1 2 2 /’PERMX’ 100 1 20 1 1 3 3 /’PERMX’ 200 1 20 1 1 5 5 /’PERMX’ 100 1 20 1 1 7 7 /’PERMX’ 50 1 20 1 1 8 8 /’PERMX’ 50 1 20 1 1 10 10 //


Copying, Adding & Multiplying

COPY--Source Destination’PERMX’ ’PERMY’ /’PERMX’ ’PERMZ’ //MULTIPLY--Array Value I1 I2 J1 J2 K1 K2’PERMZ’ 0.1 / No box limits set; defaults to previous open box/ This forward slash ends the MULTIPLY keyword--To divide, multiple by the reciprocalADD--Array Value I1 I2 J1 J2 K1 K2’PORO’ 0.1 // This forward slash ends the ADD keyword--To subtract, add the negative


Transmissibility Conventions

Ty311

Tx111 Tx

211

Tx121 Tx

221

Tx131 Tx

231

Ty111

Ty121

Ty211

Ty121

Ty311

Ty321

I

J

K=1


Cartesian Transmissibility in GRAF


OLDTRAN Definition

DX1 DX2

DZ1

DZ2

Kx1 and NTG1

KX2 and NTG2

A2=DY2.DZ2

(DX1+DX2)/2

T12

Depth D2

Depth D1

A1=DY1.DZ1


Uneven Cell sizes in BC Geometry

J

I

(1, 1, 1) (2, 1, 1) (3, 1, 1)

(1, 2, 1)

(2, 2, 1)

(3, 2, 1)

(1, 3, 1) (2, 3, 1) (3, 3, 1)

VOID


OLDTRANR Definition

DX1 DX2

DZ1

DZ2

Kx1 and NTG1

KX2 and NTG2

A2=DY2.DZ2

(DX1+DX2)/2

T12

Depth D2

Depth D1

A1=DY1.DZ1


NEWTRAN Definition

DX1

DX2

Ax12

θx1θx2

DZ1

DZ2

Kx2, NTG2

Kx1,NTG1


Radial Transmissibility Definition

R2

R1

P1

P2


Shale Modelling

Sand

Shale

Shale

Shale

Sand

Sand

Sand

SandK=1

SandK=3

SandK=5

SandK=7

SandK=1

SandK=2

SandK=3

SandK=4

GAP

GAP

GAP

K

Sand /Shale K=1

Sand /Shale K=2

Sand /Shale K=3

Sand K=4

Shale K=2

Shale K=4

Shale K=6

LithologyExplicitshales

Shalesdescribed

with NTG orDZNET

Shales asgaps

betweensand layers


Transmissibility Modification

FAULTS

--Name IX1 IX2 IY1 IY2 IZ1 IZ2 FACE

--Layers are from 1 to 10

FLT-1 2 4 1 1 1 10 Y /

FLT-1 4 4 2 3 1 10 X /

FLT-1 5 8 3 3 1 10 Y /

FLT-1 8 8 4 4 1 10 X /

FLT-2 10 10 1 5 1 10 X /

/

MULTFLT

--Name TMULT

’FLT-1’ 0.0 /

/

EQUALS

--Array Val. I1 I2 J1 J2 K1 K2

’MULTX’ 0.0 10 10 1 5 1 10 /

/Zig-zag fault FLT-1

Straight fault FLT-2


Source of NNCs

Faults

RadialModels

AnalyticalAquifers

LGRs &LGCs

ExplicitNNCs

NNCs

Dual Poro &Perm

Models

Pinchouts& erosionsurfaces

NumericalAquifers


Fault NNCs

I or J

K

Graf display of fault NNCs.Eclipse generates these by default.Direct connections not shown


Pinchout NNCs

MINPV5000 / Cell with PV<5000 are deactivatedPINCH--Threshold Gap-- Treatment0.1 ’GAP’ /NNCs generated by PINCH acrosssufficiently thin layers.DZ may be > 0.1

I or J

Direct connections (not shown) are created across this gap between layers

K

post-98a:Pinchout data can be specified on ar e g i o n a l b a s i s : P I N C H R E G ,PINCHNUM


LGR NNCs

Local GridRefinement

(LGR)

Global gridcells

Global/LGR cell"NNCs" as displayed

by Graf


Dual Porosity NNCs

User defines theupper NZ layers.These are treatedas matrix cells

Eclipse copies NZupper layers toanother NZ layersbelow. These aretreated as fracturecells

Matrix/FractureNNCsgeneratedbyEclipse

K

I or J


Aquifer NNCs

Aquifercells

Oil zone

Inactive cells

NNCs


NNCs in Radial Models

1, 4, 1 1, 1, 1

1,2,11, 3, 1

2, 2, 12, 3, 1

2, 1, 12, 4, 1

3, 2, 13, 3, 1

3, 1, 13, 4, 1

NNCs generated

between θ=0 and 360using

COORDSYS--K1K2 Complete? 1 1 COMP //


Radial Model Geometry

1, 4, 1 1, 1, 1

1,2,11, 3, 1

2, 2, 12, 3, 1

2, 1, 12, 4, 1

3, 2, 13, 3, 1

3, 1, 13, 4, 12*INRAD

2*OUTRAD

NR Cells inthe radialdirection


Output Controls

.GRID or .FGRID fileSimulation grid geometryoutput using GRIDFILESuppress using NOGGF

.INIT or .FINIT fileStatic reservoir properties

& characterisitics usingINIT

.PRT and .LOG file

Printed output usingRPTGRID

Confine to box usingBOUNDARY


Keyword Summary

Cartesian Geometry KeywordsRadial Geometry KeywordsGrid Cell Property Keywords for all GeometriesPinchout Control and Automatic Cell Deactivation KeywordsTransmissibility KeywordsTransmissibility assignment and modification keywordsFault KeywordsNumerical Aquifer KeywordsOperatorsDual Porosity / Permeability KeywordsFlux Boundary Option KeywordsThermal Option KeywordsVertical Equilibrium Option KeywordsMiscellaneous and Output Control Keywords



EDIT Section


Purpose of the EDIT Section

GR

ID S

ectio

n

ED

IT S

ectio

n

Pore Volumes

Transmissibilities

Cell Depths

Pore Volumes

Transmissibilities

Cell Depths


Keyword Summary

Cell centre depth assignment keywords

Cell transmissibility assignment and modification keywords

Diffusivity assignment keywords

Cell pore volume assignment and modification keywords

Operators

Miscellaneous keywords



PROPS Section - Fluid Properties


Purpose of Fluid Properties

1st stageseparator

2nd stageseparator

Stock tank gasStock tank oil

Vapour

Liquid

Reservoirconditions


Black Oil Overview

P

T

Bubble point curve: 1

00% liquid

Pc , Tc

25%

liqu

id

50% liquid

Dew

poi

nt c

urve

: 100

% v

apou

r

A - liquid

B - vapour

75% liq

uid

DD

BB

AA

EE

FFH

H

CC

GG


Black Oil vs CompositionalSimulation

Flow equation solution for eachcell subject to material balance

Black Oil

PVT data lookup fromsupplied tables

Compositional

Flow equation solution for eachcell subject to material balance

Iterative solution of cubicequation

of state for each componentin each cell

Iterative flash of componentmixture

to equilibrium conditions for eachcell

For every timestep


Oil EOS for the Black Oil Model

)(

)(

)(

)()(

)()(

)(

and

where

s

s

s

rr

ss

r

o

gs

o

goo

o

gsoo

V

VR

V

VVB

B

R

=

+=

+= ρρρ


Dead Oil Data Entry Using PVDO

PPb

Bo

µo

Rs

PVDO--Undersaturated oil--Pressure Bo µo2500 1.260 0.503000 1.257 0.553500 1.254 0.604000 1.251 0.654500 1.248 0.70/RSCONST--GOR Pb0.656 2500 /


Dead Oil Data Entry Using PVCDO

PVCDO--Undersaturated oil--P Bo Co µo Coµ2500 1.260 6E-6 0.5 1E-6/

RSCONST--GOR Pb 0.656 2500 /

PMAX4500 /

PPb

Rs

DP

DBo

DP

Dµo


Live Oil Data Entry Using PVTO

Pb atRs=0.77

Pb atRs=0.241

Bo

µo

PVTO--Rs Pb Bo µo0.13700 1214.70 1.17200 1.97000 /0.19500 1414.70 1.20000 1.55600 /0.24100 1614.70 1.22100 1.39700 /0.28800 1814.70 1.24200 1.28000 /0.37500 2214.70 1.27800 1.09500 /0.46500 2614.70 1.32000 0.96700 /0.55800 3014.70 1.36000 0.84800 /0.66100 3414.70 1.40200 0.76200 /0.77000 3814.70 1.44700 0.69100

4214.70 1.44050 0.69400 4614.70 1.43400 0.69700 /

/


Live Oil Data Entry Using PVCO

Pb @ Rs=0.375 Pb @ Rs=0.375

Bo

µo

PMAX6000/

PVCO--Pb Rs Bo Vo Co Coµ1214.70 0.13700 1.17200 1.97000 1E-5 01414.70 0.19500 1.20000 1.55600 1* 01614.70 0.24100 1.22100 1.39700 1* 01814.70 0.28800 1.24200 1.28000 1* 02214.70 0.37500 1.27800 1.09500 1* 02614.70 0.46500 1.32000 0.96700 1* 03014.70 0.55800 1.36000 0.84800 1* 03414.70 0.66100 1.40200 0.76200 1* 03814.70 0.77000 1.44700 0.69100 1* 0/


Gas EOS in the Black Oil Model

)(

)(

)(

)()(

)()(

)(

and

where

s

s

s

rr

ss

r

g

ov

g

ogg

g

ovgg

V

VR

V

VVB

B

R

=

+=

+= ρρρ


Dry Gas Data Entry Using PVZG

PVZG--Reference temperature150 /--Pressure Z Viscosity

Factor400 1.22 0.013001200 1.30 0.014002000 1.34 0.015002800 1.50 0.016003600 1.55 0.017004000 1.70 0.017504800 1.82 0.018505200 1.82 0.01900/


Dry Gas Data Entry Using PVDG

PVDG--P Bg µg

1214.70 13.9470 0.012401414.70 7.02800 0.012501614.70 4.65700 0.012801814.70 3.45300 0.013002214.70 2.24000 0.013902614.70 1.63800 0.014803014.70 1.28200 0.016103414.70 1.05200 0.017303814.70 0.89000 0.01870/RVCONST--Rv Pd0.0047 1100 /


Wet Gas Data Entry Using PVTG

PVTG--Pg Rv Bg µg30 0.000132 0.04234 0.01344

0 0.04231 0.01389 /undersaturated60 0.000124 0.02046 0.01420

0 0.02043 0.01450 /undersaturated90 0.000126 0.01328 0.01526

0 0.01325 0.01532 /undersaturated120 0.000135 0.00977 0.01660

0 0.00973 0.01634 /undersaturated150 0.000149 0.00773 0.01818

0 0.00769 0.01752 /undersaturated180 0.000163 0.006426 0.01994

0 0.006405 0.01883 /undersaturated210 0.000191 0.005541 0.02181

0 0.005553 0.02021 /undersaturated240 0.000225 0.004919 0.02370

0 0.004952 0.02163 /undersaturated270 0.000272 0.004471 0.02559

0 0.004511 0.02305 /undersaturated295 0.000354 0.004194 0.02714

0 0.004225 0.02423 /undersaturated310 0.000403 0.004031 0.02806

0 0.004081 0.02492 /undersaturated330 0.000469 0.003878 0.02925

0 0.003913 0.02583 /undersaturated530 0.000479 0.003868 0.02935

0 0.003903 0.02593 /undersaturated/


Water EOS in the Black Oil Model

)(

)(

)(

)(

where

s

r

s

r

w

ww

w

ww

V

VB

B

=

= ρρ


Reference Densities

w

ww

g

ovg

o

gsoo

B

B

R

B

R

s

r

ssgr

ss

r

)(

)(

)()

)(

)()(

)(

ρρ

ρρρ

ρρρ

=

+=

+=

Surface densities are specifiedusing either

DENSITY--Oil Water Gas--Dens Dens DensorGRAVITY--Oil Water Gas--API Specific Specific--Gravity Gravity Gravity

Vapour

Liquid

Reservoirconditions

1st stageseparator

2ndstage

separator

Stocktank gas

Stocktank oil


Black Oil model Phase Options

RUNSPEC Keywords

3Live oil with dissolved gas

Water OIL, GAS, DISGAS, WATER

3 WaterWet gas with vaporised oil

GAS, OIL, VAPOIL, WATER

3Live oil with dissolved gas

WaterWet gas with vaporised oil

OIL, GAS, DISGAS, VAPOIL, WATER

2 Dead oil Water OIL, WATER2 Water Dry gas GAS,WATER2 Dead oil Dry gas OIL, GAS1 Dead oil OIL 1 Water WATER1 Dry gas GAS

Phase Combination


Using Multiple PVT RegionsRUNSPEC--Specify table numbers and--dimensions in TABDIMSPROPSPVTW--2 water tablesPVDO--2 dead oil tablesGRAVITY--surface gravities for 1st--& second set of fluidsRSCONSTT--GOR for 1st & 2nd oilREGIONSEQUALS--Array Value I1 I2PVTNUM 2 /PVTNUM 1 1 10 //COPY’PVTNUM’ ’EQLNUM’ //

Oil described bythe first set ofPVT tables is

associated withcells havingPVTNUM=1

Oil described by thesecond set of PVTtables is associated

with cells havingPVTNUM=2


Using API TrackingRUNPSEC--Activate API trackingAPI----PROPS--As a minimum:---A full set of fluid PVT--tables is--required for the lowest andhighest--API gravities--Other PVT data as normal--SOLUTION--Specify initial oil API using--either--OILAPI (one value per--cell) or--APIVD (as a function of--depth)--Other SOLUTION data--as normal


Rock Compressibility

PP

V

V

whereP

V

VC

ilityCompressib

∂∂=

∂∂

∂∂−=

φφ11

1

Depth

Pressure(psia)

Fluid(hydrostatic)

pressure

Overburden(hydrostatic +rock) pressure

14.7

φ

Overburden pressure P

For reversible, non-hystereticcompressibility useROCK--Reference Compressibility--Pressure-- for multiple rock compressibilities:--1. Default:Use PVTNUM array;--2. use SATNUM array:-- pre-99a: set switch 43 of OPTIONS>0-- 99a: item 3 =’SATNUM’ in ROCKOPTS



PROPS Section - Saturation Functions andEndpoint Scaling


Purpose of Saturation Functions


Saturation Function Keyword Families

Family 1SWOF Krw, Krow, Pcow vs. Sw @ connate gasSGOF Krg, Kgog, Pcog vs. Sg @ connate waterSLGOF Krg, Kgog, Pcog vs. Sl @ connate water

Family 2SWFN Krw, Pcw vs Sw

In 3-phase or oil-water systems this is at connate gasSGFN Krg, Pcg vs. Sg

In 3-phase or oil-gas systems this is at connate waterSGWFN Krg, Krw and Pcwg vs Sg (99a)

SOF3 Kro, Krg vs SoSOF2 Kro vs SoSOF32D Kro vs Sw and Sg

Keywords from different families cannot be mixed in the same runFamily 1 cannot be used in miscible flood


3-Phase Relative Permeability

wrowgrogro HkHkk +=

wcowg

wcoww

SSS

SSH

−+−=

wcowg

gg

SSS

SH

−+=

STONE1 and STONE2 are alsoavailable. Use keywords STONE1 andSTONE2 respectively. WATER

OIL

GAS

Swco 1-So-Swco So

1-So

In the Eclipse default model, fractionsof mobile gas and water are:

For the three-phase oil rel. perm. use asimple mixing rule:


Significant Saturation Endpoints

SWLSWCR

SWU

krwkrow

Pcow

SOWCR

SGL

SGCR

krg

krog

Pcog

SOGCR

SGU


Effect of Endpoint Scaling


2pt & 3pt Endpoint Scaling

2 pt

3 pt

Unscaled Scaled

Krw at (1-SOWCR-SGL) changes

Krw at (1-SOWCR-SGL) fixed

Krow at (1-SWCR-SGL) changes

Krow at (1-SWCR-SGL) fixed


Effect of SCALELIM

SCALELIM =SWU-(1-SOWCR)

krw

Sw


Vertical Saturation Function Scaling

RUNSPECENDSCALE’NODIR’ ’REVERS’ /PROPSEQUALS--Array Value KRW 0.95 / KRWR 0.95 / KRG 0.95 / KRGR 0.95 / KRORW 0.95 / KRORG 0.95 //


Capillary Pressure Scaling

éVertical Pc scaling by a designated factor

Use the PCW, PCG keywords

éHorizontal Pc scaling

Use SWLPC, SGLPC

post-98a: PCW(G), SW(G)LPC ~Depth:

ENPCVD,ENSPCVD

éThe Leverett J Function Pc=UPctσ(φ/Κ)0.5

Use the JFUNC keyword in the GRID sectionto activate oil / water / gas J function scaling

éPressure dependence Pc α σ and σ=σ(P)

Use STOW, STOG for IFT vs. pressure


PROPS Section Output Control

RPTPROPS

--Controls output from PROPS section->PRT file

--Available mnemonics see E100 RM

--Pre-96a format with integer controls is still usable

INIT

--Saturation functions and PVT data is contained

--in the INIT file and can be loaded and displayed

--in Graf

FILLEPS

-- 99a: all saturation endpoints -> INIT file

-- By default, the values for the grid cells

-- using unscaled tabular values are undefined



REGIONS Section


Purpose of the REGIONS Section


REGIONS Section Keyword Types

Region definition keywords: XXXNUM e.g. PVTNUM

Reporting FIP regions FIPNUM

Additional reporting regions FIPXXXXX

Directional keywords: KRNUMX/X-/Y/Y-Z/Z-

Operators EQUALS, ADD, COPY, BOX

ENDBOX

Output Control RPTREGS, BOUNDARY

INIT, RPTSCHED

Exceptions FLUXNUM, RESVNUM,

NINENUM, PINCHNUM

in GRID Section



SOLUTION Section


Purpose of the SOLUTION Section

Water


Block Centre Equilibration

Pressure

Depth

GOC

OWC

FWL (Pcow=0)

TZ

TZDatum GAS ZONE:

Sg=SGMAX, i.e max. gas from saturation functionsSw=SWMIN, i.e. connate water, Swco from saturation functionsSo=1-SWMIN-SGMAX

OIL ZONE:Sg=SGMIN, usually zero, from saturation functionsSw=SWMIN, i.e. connate water, Swco, from saturation functionsSo=1-SWMIN-SGMIN, usually So=1-Swco

WATER ZONE:Sg=SGMIN, usually zero, from saturation functionsSw=SWMAX, i.e. max water, from saturation functionsSo=1-SWMAX-SGMIN, usually So=1-Swmax.

Reverse lookup ofPcow curves to find Sw

in TZ

Pcow=Po-Pw

Pcog=Pg-Po

Pcow

SwSwiSwi applied to cell centre


EQUIL Keyword Usageé In 3-phase and oil/water runs, EQUIL parameters are:

EQUIL--1 2 3 4 5 6--Datum Pressure OWC Pcow GOC Pcog--Depth @ Datum depth @ OWC Depth @ GOC

--7 8 9--Rs vs Depth Rv vs depth Accuracy--or Pb vs depth or Pd vs depth option--table index table index -10<=N<=10

é In gas-water runs, EQUIL parameters are:

EQUIL--1 2 3 4 5 6--Datum Pressure GOC Pcog Not Not--Depth @ Datum depth @ GOC Used Used

--7 8 9--Rs vs Depth Rv vs depth Accuracy--or Pb vs depth or Pd vs depth option--table index table index -10<=N<=10--doesn’t apply


OWC in Block Centre Equilibration

OIL ZONE:

Sg=SGMIN, usually zero, from saturationfunctions

Sw=SWMIN, i.e. connate water, Swco, fromsaturation functions

So=1-SWMIN-SGMIN, usually So=1-Swco

WATER ZONE:

Sg=SGMIN, usually zero, from saturationfunctions

Sw=SWMAX, i.e. max water, fromsaturation functions

So=1-SWMAX-SGMIN, usually So=1-Swmax.

OWC from block centre equilibration.Saturations for entire cells are assigned to

cell centres.

OWC

TZ

Cell centre

In centre blockequilibration the 9thItem of EQUIL = 0The default value is -5.


Level & Tilted Block Equilibration

i=1

i=2

i=3

i=2N-1

i=2N

OWC

TZ

NEQUIL(9)

0N

2

1

:

0

2

1

:

2

1

2

1

2

1

=>

=

<

=

∑

∑

∑

=

=

=

N

i

i

N

i

wi

N

i

ww

PV

SPV

NSw

Tilted

N

SN

S

Level

i

i

Block centre equilibration OWC

Water saturation is calculated in 2Nsub-cells during equilibration.In level block integration the averageis usedIn tilted block integration sub-cellsaturations are pore volume weighted.

Tilted or levelblock

integrationOWC

Level or tilted blockequilibration requirequiescenceRUNSPECEQLOPTS’QUIESC’ /


Mobile Fluid Correction

Sw=(1-SOWCR)

OWC

Sw

Depth

C

BA

DWater zone

Transition zone

Mobile fluid correction requiresRUNSPECEQLOPTS’MOBILE’ /

Sw=SWL

E


Effect of TZONE

Sw

SwcrSwco

Default behavour

Behavour with TZONE

To activate water "freezing"useTZONE--Oil Water Gas F T F /in the PROPS section


Matching Initial Water Saturation

Depth

Eclipse Initial Sw Observed Initial Sw

GOC

Free Water Level

AboveOWCSw=SWLfrom satfns

Depth

BelowOWCSw=SWUfrom satfns

Above OWC Swvaries smoothlyDefine Sw usingSWATINIT array inPROPS section

Below OWCSw=SWU fromsat fns

TZ Top


Enumeration

Phase Combination Enumeration Keywords

OIL, GAS, DISGAS, WATER PRESSURE, SWAT, SGAS, RS

OIL, GAS, DISGAS PRESSURE, SGAS, RS

OIL, WATER PRESSURE, SWAT

OIL, GAS PRESSURE, SGAS

GAS, OIL, VAPOIL PRESSURE, SGAS, RV

GAS, OIL, VAPOIL, WATER PRESSURE, SGAS, SWAT, RV

GAS, WATER PRESSURE, SGAS, SWAT

OIL, GAS, VAPOIL, WATER PRESSURE, SGAS, SWAT, RV

OIL PRESSURE

GAS PRESSURE, SGAS

WATER PRESSURE, SWAT

99a: BOX and ENDBOX can be used

Equilibration can NOT be mixed with Enumeration !!!


Initial Solution Ratios

Pb at Rs=0.77Pb atRs=0.241

Bo

µo

PVTO--Rs Pb Bo µo0.13700 1214.70 1.17200 1.97000 /0.19500 1414.70 1.20000 1.55600 /0.24100 1614.70 1.22100 1.39700 /0.28800 1814.70 1.24200 1.28000 /0.37500 2214.70 1.27800 1.09500 /0.46500 2614.70 1.32000 0.96700 /0.55800 3014.70 1.36000 0.84800 /0.66100 3414.70 1.40200 0.76200 /0.77000 3814.70 1.44700 0.69100 /

4214.70 1.44050 1* /4614.70 1.43400 0.69700 /

/

Depth

Pressure

GOC

Pg

PoPb

Pd


History Matching Restart Runs

Prediction PeriodHistory Period

Restart RunBase Run

Present day Time

Fieldproduction

rate


Multiple Restarts During Prediction

Time

Fieldproduction

rate

Prediction

Rest 1 Rest 2 Rest 3Base

Rejectedpredictionscenarios

History


How to Create a Full Restart

é Ensure a restart is written by Eclipse at thechosen date. Use RPTSCHED and/or RPTRST

é Check output dates in the PRT file

é Copy the base case to the restart data file

é In the restart replace equilibration and aquiferswith RESTART

é Insert SKIPREST in the SCHEDULe section.Alternatively, delete timestepping keywod up tothe restart date.

é Keep VFP tables

é Add more timestepping keywords


How to Create a Fast Restart

é Ensure a restart is written by Eclipse at thechosen date. Use RPTSCHED and/or RPTRST

é Check output dates in the PRT fileé Copy the base case to the restart data fileé In the restart delete everything up to the

SUMMARY or SCHEDULE keywordé Insert LOAD and RESTART keywordsé Insert optional SUMMARY sectioné Insert SKIPREST in the SCHEDULE section.

Alternatively, delete timestepping keyword up tothe restart date.

é Keep VFP tablesé Add more timestepping keywords


Output Controls

RPTSOL’SOIL’ ’EQUIL’ ’RESTART=2’ /

Tabular andprinted data in the

PRT file

Initial conditions inthe restart file



Aquifer Modelling


Aquifer Modeling Facilities

Grid Cell Aquifers

Numerical Aquifers

Analytical Aquifers:

Fetkovich

Carter-Tracy

Flux Aquifers


Grid Cell Aquifers

K=1

BOX--I1 I2 J1 J2 K1 K2 1 1 2 8 1 1 /EQUALS’MULTPV’ 10000 //ENDBOX

J

I

Grid aquifercells

Oil zone

Inactive cells


Numerical Aquifer Definition

K=1

GRIDAQUNUM--1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12--Aquifer I J K Area Length φ K Depth Initial PVT SAT--Id pressure table table 1 8 9 1 1E2 1E2 1 / 1 9 9 1 1E4 1E3 1 / 1 10 9 1 1E6 1E4 1 //AQUCON--1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11--Aquifer I1 I2 J1 J2 K1 K2 Face Trans Trans Connection--Id mult option option 1 1 1 2 8 1 1 ’I-’ //

J

I

Numericalaquifer cells

Oil zone

Inactive cells

NNCs to Oil Zone


Aquifer Instability

OWC

Hydrostatic pressuredifference (ρw-ρo)gh


Fetkovich Aquifers

( )aiiaiwwi hhgPPJQ −+−= (ραThe aquifer inflow is:

From material balance the aquiferpressure response is

( )aawta PPVCW −= 00

Integrating these gives

Define Fetkovich Aquifers withRUNSPECAQUDIMSSOLUTIONAQUFET--orAQUFETPAQUANCON

( )( )( )

∆−

∆−−−+−=

0

0exp1

wt

wtaiiaiai

VCtJ

VCtJ

hhgPPJQ ρα

T h e F e t k o v i c haquiferis best suitedfor a smaller aquiferwhich may approacha pseudo steady statecondition quickly


Carter-Tracy Aquifers

Influence

Function

a

twc

kc

rCT

1

20φµ=

The main parameters governingCarter-Tracy aquifer behaviour arethe time constant Tc , which is t/tD ,and the aquifer influx constant β.

202 rChc tθφβ =

The pressure drop at the aquiferboundary is

)(0 DDa

a tPQ

PPβ

=−

( ) ( )[ ]{ }tPittPibaQ iai −∆+−= α

and the average flow rate to cell ifrom time t to t+∆t is

A simplified approximation to a fullytransient model

To define Carter-Tracy aquifers useRUNSPECAQUDIMS

SOLUTIONAQUCTAQUTABAQUANCON


Flux Aquifers

iiaai mAFQ =

A constant flux aquifer haswater flow

To define a flux aquifer use

RUNSPECAQUDIMS

SOLUTIONAQUFLUXAQUANCON

SCHEDULEAQUFLUX


Output Controls

Summary Quantities AAQR, FAQR, FAQT, AAQT, AAQP

Print file Data RPTGRID, RPTSCHED, RPTSOL



SUMMARY Section


Purpose of the SUMMARY Section


Additional Keyword Parametersé FIELD quantities take no extra parameters e.g

FOPR Field Oil Production Rateé Region quantities associated with inter-region flow take pairs of region numbers e.g.

ROFT1 2 / Region Oil Flow Total between 1 and 2

é Other region quantities take a list of region numbers e.g.RWIP1 2 3 / Region Water In Place in regions 1, 2, 3.

é Group quantities take a list of group names e.g.GVPR’PLAT-A’ ’PLAT-B’ / Group Voidage Production Rate for PLAT-A and PLAT-B

é Well quantities take a list of well names e.g.WTHP’P11’ ’P21’ ’I20’ / Well Tubing Head Pressure for P11, P21, I20.

é Block quantities take a list of grid block I, J, K indices e.g.BGKR1 1 1 /1 2 1 // Block Gas relative permeability for (1,1,1) and (1,2,1)

é Connection quantities take a well name and grid block I, J, K indices e.g.COFR’P21’ 2 1 1 /’P21’ 2 1 2 /

/ Connection Oil Flow Rate for (2,1,1) and (2,1,2) in well P21


Other SUMMARY Section Keywords

Anisotropic relative permeabilityReservoir volumesOil recovery efficienciesOil recovery mechanismsAnalytic aquifer quanitiesBrine option quantitiesSimulator performance keywordsOutput controls



SCHEDULE Section - History Matching


Purpose of the SCHEDULE Section


History Matching vs. Prediction

Reservoir Description

Performance Prediction

Mathematical model

Recovery Mechanism

Computer Model

Sensitivity Analysis

History Match

Perfomancedepends on quality

of reservoirdescription

Interpreted geology,geophysics,

petrophysics, productionlogs, well tests, etc.


History Match Dataset Structure--VFP tables for pressure reporting VFPPROD, VFPINJ--Well & completion definition WELSPECS, COMPDAT, COMPRP

COMPVE--Measured Production and injection rates WCONHIST, WCONINJE, WCONINJ--Simulator control parameters TUNING, TUNINGL, NEXTSTEP--Output control RPTSCHED, RPTRST--Cell GOR &/or OGR increase rates DRSDT, DRVDT--Simulator advance to 1st rate change DATES--Comment separating periods of different flow rate--Manual workovers; PI modification COMPDAT, COMPRP, WELPI

WPIMULT--Shut-ins or opening wells WELOPEN--Modified production and injection rates WCONHIST, WCONINJE

WELTARG--Simulator control parameters TUNING, TUNINGL, NEXTSTEP--Output control modification RPTSCHED, RPTRST--Simulator advance to second rate change DATES--Comment separating periods of different flow rate--Workovers COMPDAT, COMPRP, WELPI

WPIMULT--Shut-ins or opening wells WELOPEN--Modified production and injection rates WCONHIST, WCONINJE

WELTARG--Simulator control parameters TUNING, TUNINGL, NEXTSTEP--Simulator advance to third rate change DATES--End of simulation, perhaps at present day END


VFP Curve Specification--Multidimensional table of BHP vs Flow (e.g. Qo), Water Fraction (e.g. WCT)--Gas Fraction (e.g. GOR), THP and ALQ-- These should NEVER be hand editedVFPPROD

1 7.00000E+03 ’LIQ’ ’WCT’ ’GOR’ /

2.00000E+03 5.00000E+03 1.00000E+04 1.70000E+04 3.00000E+04 /

2.00000E+02 5.00000E+02 1.00000E+03 /

0.00000E+00 2.00000E-01 4.00000E-01 7.00000E-01 9.00000E-01 /

7.70000E-01 1.00000E+00 1.50000E+00 /

0.00000E+00 5.00000E-01 /

1 1 1 1 8.82057E+02 7.76876E+02 1.30267E+03 2.18912E+03 4.20843E+03 / 2 1 1 1 1.25903E+03 1.16634E+03 1.55410E+03 2.53417E+03 4.27927E+03 /


VFP Table Usage


General Well Specification

WELSPECS--1 2 3 4 5 6--Well Group Wellhead Wellhead BHP Flowing--Name Name I location J location Datum Phase--7 8 9 10 11--Drainage Inflow Auto SHUT Xflo when Fluid--Radius Equation or STOP Flowing? PVT-- table--12 13--Fluid FIP--Density calc Region NO. for calculating reservoir fluid volume--notes: 5. 1*/-v =centre depth of the cell containing the upper-most connection-- 7. 0=P-equivalent radius; -v=output well’s potential flow rate-- 8. STD/NO-standard; R-G/YES=Russel-Goodrich; P-P=pseudo P-- GPP=generalised pseudo-P (post-98a)--E.G. Record of data for well P21 P21 G 8 1 1* OIL

-1 /--Record of data for well I20 I20 G 20 1 1* WAT

-1 //


Flow in Gas Wells

2000 3500

PQ α)(PmP →2PQ α

P/µz

P (psia)


Specifying Completions withCOMPDAT

COMPDAT--1 2 3 4 5--Well I J K K--Name Upper Lower ’P*’ 1* 1* 1 10

--6 7 8 9 10--Open/ Saturation Connection Wellbore Effective--Shut Table Factor Internal Kh-- Diameter OPEN 1* 1* 0.583 /

--11 12 13 14--Skin D Penetration Pressure Equivalent--Factor Factor Direction Radius

--E.G. Record of data for well I20 I20 1* 1* 1 5 OPEN 1* 1* 0.583 //


Partial Penetration (diffuse flow)

To compensate the effect of patial penetration, use keyword COMPRP tospecify data for re-scaling satuations at well connections


Partial Penetration (VE & DiffuseFlow)

Sw=1.0

Sw=1-Sor

Sw=Swc

OWC Htot

Ho

Hw

DXDY

Only clean oil is produced

COMPVE: specify well connection depth data for VEnon-VE : automatically convert the data into saturation table endpoints as ifusing COMPRP


Historical Flow Rate: WCONHISTWCONHIST--1 2 3 4 5--Well Open/ Control Observed Observed--Name Shut Mode Oil Rate Water Rate P1 OPEN ORAT 3000 / P21 OPEN ORA 2000 //--6 7 8 9 10--Observed VFP ALQ Observed Observed--Gas Rate Table THP BHP--Notes:--1. Well control modes: O(W,G,L)RAT, RESV--2. Phase rates: not treated as upper limits

--3. BHP limit: automatically set to atmospheric pressure

WHISTCTL-- 1 2-- over riding end run when HM well-- control mode changed to BHP control?-- O(W,G,L)RAT, RESV, NONE ’YES’/’NO’


Well Injection: WCONINJE

WCONINJE--1 2 3 4 5--Well Injected Open or Control Surface--Name Phase Shut Mode Flow Rate I20 WAT OPEN RATE 8000 //--6 7 8 9 10--Reservoir BHP THP VFP Rs or--Flow Rate Target Target Table Rv----Notes:--1. Control Modes: RATE, RESV, BHP, THP, GRUP--2. Rate/Pressure: target/limit


TUNING, TUNINGL and NEXTSTEP

TUNING--Mnemonics represent Timestepping and convergence criteria--Record 1 contains timestepping controls--These are quite frequently set to non-default values--TSINIT TSMAXZ TSMINZ TSMCHP TSFMAX--TSFMIN TSFCNV TFDIFF THRUPT /--99a: item 10: max time step following a well modification--Record 2 contains time truncation and convergence controls--These should be altered only in extreme cases--TRGTTE TRGCNV TRGMBE TRGLCV XXXTTE--XXXCNVXXXMBE XXXLCV XXXWFL TRGFIP--TRGSFT/--Record 3 contains iteration controls--These seldom need adjustment--NEWTMX NEWTMN LITMAX LITMIN MXWSIT--MXWPIT DDPLIM DDSLIM TRGDPR XXXDPR /


Output Control

SCHEDULERPTSCHED’RESTART=2’ /TSTEP10*180 / Outputs MODEL.X0001 to MODEL.X0010--inclusive at 180 day intervals

RPTRST’BASIC=3’ ’FREQ=2’ /TSTEP10*180 / Outputs MODEL.X0011, MODEL.X0013,--MODEL.X0015, MODEL.X0017, MODEL.X0019--at 360 day intervals.


Effect of DRSDT

B

DRSDT=0DRSDT=∞

A


Simulation Advance & Termination

DATES1 JAN 1998 / Advance to 12:00 am on 1/1/981 JUN 1998 / Advance to 12:00 am on 1/6/98/TSTEP1 / Advance to 12:00 pm on 2/6/98

TSTEP0.2 / Advance by 0.2 days

END Conclude simulation


Productivity Index Assignment

Pw Pw

Pc, cellpressure

P* averagereservoirpressure

rd re

Physical Model Eclipse Model

Pw, well BHPrd, re drainage radii


Measures of Pressure

WBP

WBP4WBP9

WBP4

WBP4

WBP4

WBP9

WBP9WBP9

I

J


Manual Workovers

--Open and shut wells at known times WELOPEN--Alter completion properties COMPDAT--Alter partial completions COMPRP, COMPVE--Alter well rate and pressure targets WELTARG-- WCONHIST--Modify Well PI WELPI, WPIMULT--Change cell transmissibility "MULT" family



SCHEDULE Section - Prediction


Prediction Dataset Structure

--VFP tables for THP control VFPPROD, VFPINJ--Well and completion definition, inc. infill wells WELSPECS, COMPDAT, COMPRP, COMPVE--Production well targets WCONPROD, WELDRAW--Injection Well Targets WCONINJ, WCONINJE--Activate new wells as necessary QDRILL, WDRILTIM, WELSOMIN--Well PI Specification WELPI, WPIMULT--Automatic workover specification WCUTBACK, WORKLIM, WORKTHP,--Auto. work over specification contd. COMPLUMP, WPLUG--Place wells on pump or gas lift WLIFT--Periodic testing of shut wells WTEST--Time taken to perform automatic workovers WORKLIM--Well and completion economic limits CECON, WECON, WECONINJ--Tolerance for economic limits and targets WLIMTOL--Group hierarchical structure GRUPTREE--Distribute production amongst wells GCONPROD, GUIDERAT, WGRUPCON--Distribute amongst wells contd. PRIORITY, WELPRI--Distribute injection mongst wells GCONINJE, GUIDERAT, WGRUPCON--Distribute injection amongst wells contd. PRIORITY, WELPRI, WINJMULT--Satellite production and injection GSATPROD, GSATINJE--Group and field economic limits GECON--Simulator control parameters TUNING, TUNINGL, NEXTSTEP--Output control RPTSCHED, RPTRST--Simulator advance and termination DATES, TSTEP, END


Well Rate Targets: WCONPROD

WCONPROD--1 2 3 4 5--Well Open/ Control Oil Water--Name Shut Mode Rate Rate P1 OPEN ORAT 3000 1*--control modes:O(W,G,L)RAT,RESV,BHP,THPGRUP

--6 7 8 9 10--Gas Liquid Reservoir BHP THP--Rate Rate Volume Limit Limit-- Rate 1* 1* 1* 2500 /--11 12--VFP ALQ--Table

--Record of data for well P21 P21 OPEN ORAT 2000 1* 1* 1* 1* 2500 //


Effect of WCONPROD

WCONPROD-Well Open/ Control Qo Qw Qg Ql Qresv BHP THP-Name Shut Mode P1 OPEN ORAT 4000 2000 1* 1* 1* 3000 /


Economic Limit Definition

Economic Limits can be applied to:éOil production rate Lower limitéGas production rate Lower limitéWater cut Upper limitéGas-oil ratio Upper limitéWater-gas ratio Upper limitThe tests can be applied to:éField/ group production GECONéWell production WECONé Individual connections (ratios only) CECON


Limit Actions

Action Field/ Well Connect-Group ection

Do Nothing? Yes Yes NoStop run? Yes Yes NoShut in ifrate limit broken? Yes Yes N/AOpen another well ifrate limit broken? Yes Yes N/AWorkover worstcompletion/well onexceeding a ratio? Yes Yes YesApply 2dary water cutlimit on shut-in? No Yes No


Automatic Workovers--Economic Limits--Producer economic limits WECON--Injector economic limits WECONINJ--Connection economic limits CECON--Single well workover keywords:---Group connections together COMPLUMP--Plugging back a well WPLUG--Time taken for automatic workover WORKLIM--Workover procedure if a well dies under THP control WORKTHP--Change VFP table and / or ALQ (retube and /or lift or pump) WLIFT--Periodic well test WTEST--Pressure-dependent injectivity multiplier WINJMULT--New well activation keywords:---Set up drilling queue QDRILL--Set drilling duration WRILTIM--Minimum cell oil saturation for automatic opening WELSOMIN--Cycle wells on and off e.g. as in WAG processes WCYCLE--Cutbacks--Cut back producers and injectors WCUTBACK--Calculate oil rate from last month’s average GOR WGROPEN


Well Economic Limits

WECON--1 2 3 4 5--Well Minimum Minimum Maximum Maximum--Name Oil Gas Water GOR-- Rate Rate Cut ’P*’ 1000 1* 0.5 1*--6 7 8 9 10--Maximum Workover End Follow- Economic limits--WGR Procedure Run? On well apply to rates or-- name potentials? 1* CON NO //--11 12 13--Secondary Workover Maximum--Water cut proc. for Gas-liquid--limit 2ndary limit Ratio


Connection Economic Limits

CECON--1 2 3 4 5--Well I J K1 K2--Name

--6 7 8--Maximum Maximum Maximum--WCT GOR WGR


Plug-backs

WPLUG-- 1 2 3-- Well Length closed Length closed-- name from top from bottom-- on plug-back on plug-back--new item 4 from 98a-- 4-- plug-back from the top/bottom of-- the WELL or the worst offending COMPletion?-- pre-98a: WELL


Workovers Using WLIFT

WLIFT--1 2 3 4 5--Well Min Phase New New--Name Rate VFP-- Table ALQ

--6 7 8 9--New Max New Max--Efficiency WCT THP GLR--Factor Limit


Testing Wells Using WTESTWTEST--1 2 3--Well Test Closure--Name Interval reason--Closure reasons:--P-physical: fail to perate at BHP/THP--E-ecomomic: W(C)ECON--G- Group of FIELD limit: GECON, GCON???--D- THP design limit:WTHPMAX--post 98a: C-Connection while the well still open

--4 5--Max Startup--Tests time


Cutting Back Wells: WCUTBACKWCUTBACK--1 2 3 4 5--Well Max Max Max Maximum--Name WCT GOR GLR WGR--6 7 8 9 10--Cut-back Phase to BP for BP for Min--Factor Cut back cut back revs-cut-back WCT--11 12 13--Minimum Minimum Minimum--GOR GLR WGR--post 98a:WBHGLR--Well limits on bottom hole GLR--BHGLR: ratio of free gas flow to liquid flow-- at bottom hole conditions--cut-back: same as WCUTBACK--economic limit: same as WECON


Group Production Control

Well

Field

Group


Group Hierarchy: GRUPTREE

GRUPTREE--1 2--Son Father


The GCONPROD Keyword

GCONPROD--1 2 3 4 5--Group Control Oil Rate Water Rate Gas Rate--Name Mode Target Target Target FIELD ORAT 5000 1* 1*--6 7 8 9 10--Liquid rate Workover Higher level Guide Guide rate--Target Procedure Control? Rate Phase 1* CON //--11 12 13--Proc. on exceeding Proc. on exceeding Proc. on exceeding--Water rate limit Gas rate limit Liquid rate limit


The GCONINJE Keyword

GCONINJE--1 2 3 4 5--Group Phase Control Surface Reservoir--Name Mode Injection Volume-- Injection-- Target Target FIELD WAT VREP 1* 1*

--6 7 8 9 10--Re-injection Voidage Higher Guide Guide--Fraction Replacement Control? Rate Phase-- Fraction 1* 1 //


Priority Control

PRIORITY Calculate well priority numbers--1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9--Calc Interval A B C D E F G H

WELPRI Set priority number if not calculated from PRIORITY--1 2--Well Name Priority Number

GCONPRI Set group targets under priority control--1 2 3 4 5--Group Oil rate Proc. on Water rate Proc. on--Name Limit Exceeding oil Limit Exceeding water-- Rate limit Rate limit

---6 7 8 9 10 11--Gas rate Proc. on Liq. Proc. on Resv Balancing.--Limit Exceeding gas Rate limit Exceeding liq. Rate Fraction--- Rate limit Rate Limit Limit Limit

GRUPTARG Re-set group production rate target or limit under priority control--1 2 3--Group Target New

--Name Definition Target


Group Economic Limits: GECON

GECON--1 2 3 4 5--Group Min Min Max Max--Name Oil rate Gas rate WCT GOR FIELD 600 //--6 7 8 9--Max Workover End Max--WGR Procedure Run? Open wells



Convergence


Convergence Problem Report

@--WARNING AT TIME 0.0 DAYS ( 1-JAN-1997): @ LINEAR EQUATIONS NOT FULLY CONVERGED - RUN MAY GO FASTER @ IF YOU INCREASE LITMAX (= 25 - TUNING KEYWORD)

@--PROBLEM AT TIME 0.0 DAYS ( 1-JAN-1997): @ NON-LINEAR EQUATION CONVERGENCE FAILURE @ ITERATION LIMIT REACHED - BUT TIME STEP @ ACCEPTED BECAUSE IT IS TOO SMALL TO CHOP.

STEP 1 TIME= 2.40 HOURS ( +2.40 HOURS CHOP 12 ITS) (1-JAN-1997) PAV= 333.8 BARSA WCT=0.051 GOR= 644.15 SM3/SM3 WGR= 0.0001 SM3/SM3

PR.RATE PR.TOTAL IN.RATE IN.TOTAL MAX SATURN CHANGE MAX TIME TRNC ERR

OIL 6000. 600. 0. 0. -0.780( 3, 1, 20) -0.780( 3, 1, 20) WAT 321. 32. 0. 0. 0.580( 6, 1, 19) 0.580( 6, 1, 19) GAS 3864881. 386488. 0. 0. 0.780( 2, 1, 21) 0.780( 2, 1, 21)

MAX DP = -315.55( 1, 1, 24) MAX DRS=********( 1, 1, 24)

@--WARNING AT TIME 0.1 DAYS ( 1-JAN-1997): @ LINEAR EQUATIONS NOT FULLY CONVERGED - RUN MAY GO FASTER @ IF YOU INCREASE LITMAX (= 25 - TUNING KEYWORD)


Common Causes of Problems

é Data Erroré PVT tablesé VFP curvesé Saturation functionsé Special Characters & missing values

é Model designé Grid geometry

é Small PV cells next to large PV cellsé Dual poro Fracture cell PV << Matrix cell PV

é LGRsé LGR smaller than drainage radiusé Initial contacts outside LGRé Innermost cells in radial LGR too small

é Program defects



Exercises


Single Well Coning Model


Sector Model RUNSPEC Section

Fetkovich aquifer providesedge drive at I=20 and J=5

faces. Uppermost andlowermost model faces

are no-flowboundaries

K

I

J

1 2 3

4 5

6 7

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

1 2 3 4 5

K=1 to 10

ZX plane atY=0 and YZplane at X=0 areno-flowboundaries insidethe reservoir.


Basic Sector Model Layer Data

Layer Thickness Horizontal Permeability(ft) (mD)

1 32 102 22 53 20 1004 4 20005 32 2006 4 20007 26 1008 26 509 4 200010 28 50

φ = 25% throughout the reservoirKv/Kh=0.04 everywhere


Sector Model XZ Section at Y=0

X (ft)

Z (ft)


Sector Model YZ Section at X=0

Y (ft)

Z (ft)


Sector Model PROPS & REGIONS


Sector Model Initialisation


Sector Model History Match


Sector Model Recovery Optimisation

eclipse 100 user course - .::fanarco::. • index · pdf filematerial balance model...

Documents