计算机通信网 computer networks - ustcstaff.ustc.edu.cn/~network/mmc_kejian/_pub_mmc... · web...

2019年11月24日

《多媒体通信》

多媒体网络未来趋势分析

{ynh,cxh}@ustc.edu.cn

专题内容

多媒体网络未来趋势分析 Augmented reality

Ubiquitous Computing

Internet of Things

多媒体网络中的信息组织与搜索方法的变迁 Google PageRank多媒体检索WEBSemantic WEB

信息发布方法与计算架构的变迁 P2P、CDN、EC、MEC

Data Centric Network Information Centric Network

软件定义网络与网络功能虚拟化 SDN(Software Defined Network)

NFV(Network Function Virtualization)

2


从虚拟现实(VR)到增强现实(AR)

Augmented Reality (AR)

Augmented Reality (AR) is a variation of Virtual Environments (VE), or Virtual Reality as it is more commonly called. VE technologies completely immerse a user inside a synthetic environment. While immersed, the user cannot see the real world around him. In contrast, AR allows the user to see the real world, with virtual objects superimposed upon or composited with the real world. Therefore, AR supplements reality, rather than completely replacing it. Ideally, it would appear to the user that the virtual and real objects coexisted in the same space.This figure shows an example of what this might look like. It shows a real desk with a real phone. Inside this room are also a virtual lamp and two virtual chairs. Note that the objects are combined in 3-D, so that the virtual lamp covers the real table, and the real table covers parts of the two virtual chairs.

3

R. Azuma, A Survey of Augmented Reality Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, pp. 355–385, August 1997.


AR的应用

目前在医疗，军事和游戏等领域已经有被使用的实例：互联网：将现有互联网信息附加显示在现实信息中游戏娱乐：结合于现实的游戏，让玩家感受更真实医疗：辅助精确的定位手术部位军事：通过方位识别，获取所在地的相关地理信息等古迹复原：在文化古迹的遗址上进行虚拟原貌恢复工业：工业设备的相关信息显示，比如宽度，属性等电视：在电视画面上显示辅助信息旅游：对正在观看的风景上显示说明信息建设：将建设规划效果叠加在真实场景，更加直观

人们对增强现实的研究是从1990年代初期开始，当时需要昂贵的硬件设备。初期主要实现方式采用HMD(Head Mounted Display)。随着个人电脑的性能不断改进，2007年左右AR的概念开始逐渐的在专门的研究者之外流传开来。现在小型照相设备的高解析度化，以及各种Sensor的发展，移动设备上也可以实现增强现实。HMD设备的进化，越来越接近实用。

4


AR案例

5

增强现实的实用例 - Future For The Past荷兰首都的考古学博物馆Allard Pierson Museum，将iMac作为窗口的增强现实系统MovableScreen，用来展示古罗马的遗迹。

增强现实的实用例 - The Eye of Judgment由索尼公司开发的，结合电视和Trading Card的增强现实型PS3游戏。将Trading Card作为标志图片，识别后显示相应游戏脚色CG。

手机上的增强现实实用例 - 空间透视手机空间透视手机根据现在地和手机朝向，采用3D立体的方式显示路标和观光景点等信息，由日本KDDI公司主导开发。

增强现实的实用例 - 古代都市"飞鸟"东京大学大学院情报学环池内研究所正在开发的项目"虚拟飞鸟京"，是一个采用增强现实技术的遗址复原项目。


Web1.0Web2.0Web3.0

所谓Web3.0，是以3D互联网技术为基础，以在线虚

拟现实世界为代表性产品的第三代互联网，从“虚拟性”维度上对第二代互联网进行了新的拓展。因此数字化、交互化和虚拟化是Web3.0的三大特征。

6

所谓虚拟化，指在Web3.0时代，网众以“沉浸”(immersion)

的方式融入虚拟环境中，以自然的方式与彼此、以及虚拟的环境进行交互。在以三维互联网为基础的环境下，个人以虚拟化身（avatar）的方式沉浸到虚拟现实世界中所有的网络行为、语义在虚拟现实的虚拟空间范围内发生。


3D Presence multiparty videoconferencing

concept

The goal of the European FP7 3D Presence project is

develop a multiparty, high-end 3D videoconferencing

concept that transmits the feeling of physical presence in

real time to multiple, remote locations.

7


小结与思考：Augment Reality

real world

不同类型媒体信息的获取、查询

virtual objects

与Internet结合后virtual信息的管理

virtual与real的结合

8


专题内容



Internet of Things






9


泛在计算(Ubiquitous Computing)

普适计算(Pervasive Computing), Mark Weiser 1988

10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Weiser


计算与环境的和谐

泛在计算，或称为普适计算（Pervasive Computing），或环境智能(ambient intelligence)，最早由前Xerox PARC首席科学家Mark Weiser在20世纪80年代后期提出。在1991年一篇开创性的论文中Weiser写道：“The most profound technologies are

those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric of

everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it”，他认为这也是计算机技术的发展趋势。泛在计算强调计算和环境融为一体，而计算机本身则从人们的视线里消失。在泛在计算环境中，人们能够在任何时间、任何地点、以任何方式进行信息的获取与处理，而这个过程是在计算设备的帮助下高度自动化完成的。在计算机技术发展经历过大型机时代（多人一机），PC时代

（一人一机）之后，泛在计算在未来的一人多机时代将成为占主导地位的计算模式

11


泛在计算的精髓

Weiser outlined a set of principles describing ubiquitous

computing:

The purpose of a computer is to help you do something else.

计算的目的就是为人民服务？

The best computer is a quiet, invisible servant.

计算为人所用而不知？

The more you can do by intuition the smarter you are; the

computer should extend your unconscious.

人凭直觉、无意识地使用计算？

Technology should create calm.

减少计算机使用上的复杂性乃至将计算机隐藏起来，既为人们提供计算能力又不打扰他们？

12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Weiser


理解泛在计算：文字在消灭文盲后所有人都使用文字

Mark Weiser：

文字可能是最早的信息技术。既是一个信息存储的技术，也是一个信息传播的技术。这种技术为什么很牛呢？它是如此的易于使用，你使用它，但你意识不到你在使用它。因此，它很火，到处部署文字。确实，这个世界到处部署文字。

基于硅的信息技术，还远没有达到象文字的境界。但大家不能没有理想嘛，找到了差距，就要反思，就要看现在的“基于硅的信息技术”和“文字”这类技术有多少差距。

13


理解泛在计算：BYOD: Bring Your Own Device

14《思科自带设备：在不损害 IT 网络的情况下自由选择设备》2012 年 5 月 21 日

BYOD指携带自己的设备办公，这些设备包括个人电脑、手机、平板等在机场、酒店、咖啡厅等，登录公司邮箱、在线办公系统，不受时间、地点、设备、人员、网络环境的限制，BYOD向人们展现了一个美好的未来办公场景。


理解泛在计算：SSO (Single Sign On)

15

新浪微博、腾讯微博、QQ空间、人人网、Facebook和Dropbox已经提供了Single Sign-On（SSO）的授权方式。


the father of ubiquitous computing

Mark D. Weiser (July 23, 1952 – April 27, 1999) was

a chief scientist at Xerox PARC in the United States.

Weiser is widely considered to be the father of ubiquitous

computing, a term he coined in 1988.

In 1999, Weiser was diagnosed with stomach cancer

and given 18 months to live. Weiser died six weeks later,

on April 27, 1999.

16


Xerox PARC(Palo Alto Research Center Incorporated)

Xerox PARC has been the inventor and incubator of many elements of modern computing :Laser printers,Computer-generated bitmap graphicsThe Graphical user interface, featuring windows and icons,

operated with a mouseThe WYSIWYG text editor InterPress, a resolution-independent graphical page-

description language and the precursor to PostScriptEthernet as a local-area computer networkFully formed object-oriented programming in the Smalltalk

programming language and integrated development environment.

17


the father of ubiquitous computing

Weiser entered New College of Florida in 1970, but did

not remain at that institution to graduate. He studied

Computer and Communication Science at the University

of Michigan, receiving an M.A. in 1977 and a Ph.D. in

1979. He was known to comment that he bypassed the

Bachelor's degree on the way to his Ph.D. He then spent

eight years teaching computer science at the University of

Maryland, College Park.

18


小结与思考：泛在计算

Xerox PARC(Palo Alto Research Center)

The Major Trends in Computing Mainframe(one computer, many people)

PC(one person, one computer)

Ubiquitous Computing(one person, many people)

Mark Weiser is the father of ubiquitous computing The purpose of a computer is to help you do something else.

The best computer is a quiet, invisible servant.

The more you can do by intuition the smarter you are; the computer

should extend your unconscious.

Technology should create calm.

泛在计算背后的问题自由获取不同来源信息自由利用多种媒体类型的信息

19


专题内容



Internet of Things






20


Hype Cycle for Emerging Technologies,

2018

21


Top 10 Strategic Technology Trends For

2020

22https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/gartner-top-10-strategic-technology-trends-for-2020/

Trend No 1. Hyperautomation

Trend No. 2: Multiexperience

Trend No. 3: Democratization

Trend No. 4: Human augmentation

Trend No. 5: Transparency and traceability

Trend No. 6: The empowered edge

Trend No. 7: The distributed cloud

Trend No. 8: Autonomous things

Trend No. 9: Practical blockchain

Trend No. 10: AI security


ITU对IoT的定义IoT: A new dimension

A new dimension has been added to the world of information and

communication technologies (ICTs): from anytime, any place

connectivity for anyone, we willnow have connectivity for

anything.

23ITU Internet Report 2005: The Internet of Thingshttp://www.itu.int/osg/spu/publications/internetofthings/InternetofThings_summary.pdf


The IoT characteristics

Required characteristicsReliable

Secure

Scalable

Interoperable

Consistent

Pervasive

Efficient

Coherent

Role for network – Integrate all kinds of objects

24

Challenges – readable, recognizable, locatable, addressable and/or controllable via the Internet


IoT蓝图

25

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things


应用示例Array of Things (Smart Chigaco)

26

在芝加哥密西根大道（预计2018年安装500个数据采集盒），安置感测器的路灯，这些新路灯除了用照明，以及造型妆点城市以外，感测器透过雕刻的孔洞，收集城市中的数据。路灯金属雕刻的孔隙除了造型以外，让安装在灯柱中

的感测器能够收集天气数据，像是气温、降雨量、风向、风力，城市中的数据空气品质、亮度、声音大小，往来的人次则透过人群的移动电话通话量计算。

https://arrayofthings.github.io/


我们正从今天的“物联网”(IoT)走入“万物互联”(IoE:internet of Everything)

的时代，所有的东西将会获得语境感知，增强的处理能力和更好的感应能力。将人和信息加入到互联网中，你将会得到一个集合十亿甚至万亿连接的网络。这些连接创造了前所未有的机会并且赋予沉默的东西声音。思科将万物

互联（IoE）定义为将人，程序，数据和事物结合一起使得网络连接变

得更加相关，更有价值。万物网将信息转化为行动，给企业，个人和国家创造新的功能，并带来更加丰富的体验和前所未有的经济发展机遇。

万物互联（Internet of Everything）如何将世界变得更好

27https://www.cisco.com/c/zh_cn/about/social-media/internet-of-everything/ioe-infographic.html

就这个概念而言，万物互联（IoE）的其中一个重要方面（也是不同于物联网IoT的一个方面）是“网络效应”。随着越来越多的事物，人，数据和互联网联系起来，互联网的力量（实质上是网络的网络）正呈指数增长。这个观点（也就是 “梅特卡夫定律”) 由科技先驱和3Com公司的创始人罗伯特•梅特卡夫提出。罗伯特•

梅特卡夫认为，网络的价值与联网的用户数的平方呈正比。从本质上讲，网络的力量大于部分之和，使得万物互联，令人难以置信的强大。


IoTIoE

互联网

物联网

万物互联

28

http://www.ecconsortium.org/Uploads/file/20161212/沈自所边缘智能%20创领未来.pdf


小结：信息组织与管理难度增加

AR：Real信息与Vitual信息的关联？

Ubiquitous Computing：不同类型数据的获取和利用

IoT：不同类型数据的获取和利用

IoE：？

数字化音视频数字化各类型Sensor信息的数字化

信息处理单个维度冗余的去除多种维度的冗余去除

信息管理用怎样的结构存储信息（怎么找到信息）

29


专题内容



Internet of Things






30


Internet Evolution

31

Pre-

internet

Internet

of

CONTENT

Internet

of

SERVICES

Internet

of

PEOPLE

+ smartnetworks

+ smartIT platforms& services

+ smartphones &applications

+ smartdevices,objects,tags

“SOCIAL

MEDIA”“WEB 2.0”“WWW”

“HUMAN

TO

HUMAN”

• Fixed &

mobile

telephony

• SMS

• e-mail

• Information

• Entertainme

nt

•…

• e-

productivity

• e-commerce

•…

• Skype

• Facebook

• YouTube

•…

• Identification,

tracking, monitoring,

metering, …

• Semantically

structured and shared

data…

•…

“MACHINE

TO

MACHINE”

+ smartdata &ambientcontext

Internet

of

THINGS


信息组织与管理难度增加

IoT、移动互联网、大数据？

数字化音视频数字化各类型Sensor信息的数字化

信息处理单个维度冗余的去除多种维度的冗余去除

信息管理用怎样的结构存储信息（怎么找到信息）

32


信息检索帮助解决信息过载的问题

33

对于一个关键字，当今的搜索引擎会返回数百万个结果。用户不可能浏览所有的结果，相关研究表明，一般不会超过前三页。一个好的排序算法相当重要

用户查询

相关结果

IR系统


PageRank

Page等 (1998)提出：网页的重要性取决于指向它的链接

Sergey Brin Larry Page

The PageRank Citation Ranking: Bringing Order to the Web.

Page, Lawrence and Brin, Sergey and Motwani, Rajeev and Winograd, Terry (1999)

Technical Report. Stanford InfoLab.

http://ilpubs.stanford.edu:8090/422/

Scholar.google 被引用次数：9939, Retrieved: 2016.12.11


PageRank

网页的重要性取决于指向它的链接

Page A = 0.15

Page B = 0.2775

Page C = 0.15

Page A = 1

Page B = 1

Page C = 1

Page A = 1.4592

Page B = 0.7702

Page C = 0.7702

Page A = 1.425

Page B = 1

Page C = 0.575

PageRank的计算过程建模：Web图邻接矩阵A概率转移矩阵P

求解：根据概率转移矩阵计算稳态概率a

元素ai是一个0和1之间的数：即页面i的PageRank


多媒体信息检索感知鸿沟\语义鸿沟

感知鸿沟(Sensory Gap)

真实世界的物体和从该物体场景对应的图像中提取的描述信息之间的鸿沟

语义鸿沟(Sematic Gap)

人们从视觉数据中所能提取到的信息和某个用户在特定情况下对相同数据的描述缺乏一致性

Saliency and Similarity Detection for Image Scene Analysis清华大学博士论文《图像内容的显著性与相似性研究》，程明明，2012


小结：IR

Information OverheadInformation Retrieval

Text IR

Google PageRank / 其他方法

Multimedia IR

[hot]Content Based：特征提取相关性计算

37


专题内容

多媒体网络未来趋势分析 Augmented reality Ubiquitous Computing Internet of Things

多媒体网络中的信息组织与搜索方法的变迁 Google PageRank多媒体检索 WEBSemantic WEB

Semantic WEB的思路 Semantic WEB的框架





38


Tim Berners-Lee, 1999

‘ I have a dream for the Web become capable of

analyzing all the data on the Web – the content, links, and

transactions between people and computers. A ‘Semantic

Web’, which should make this possible, has yet to emerge,

but when it does, the day-to-day mechanisms of trade,

bureaucracy and our daily lives will be handled by

machines talking to machines. The ‘intelligent agents’

people have touted for ages will finally materialize. ’


WebSemantic Web资源有清晰的定义，概念间关系有清晰的定义

40语义网实现的基本思路？


Semantic Web concepts：The rough structure of data integration

Map the various data onto an abstract data

representation

make the data independent of its internal representation…

Merge the resulting representations

Start making queries on the whole!

queries not possible on the individual data sets


Semantic Web concepts：从一本书的信息谈起(dataset “A”)

42

ID Author Title Publisher Year

ISBN 780165501 id_xyz 《明朝那些事儿》 id_qpr 2008

ID Name Homepage

id_xyz 石悦 http://t.sina.com.cn/dangnianmingyue

ID Publisher’s name City

id_qpr 中国海关出版社北京


Semantic Web concepts：1st: export your data as a set of relations

http://…isbn/780165501

石悦 http://t.sina.com.cn/dangnianmingyue

《明朝那些事儿》

2008

北京

中国海关出版社

a:namea:homepage

a:author

暂不考虑此关系图在计算机中如何表示


Semantic Web concepts：同一本书的另一版 (dataset “F”)

44

ID Author Title Publisher Year

ISBN 9787801656087 id_xyz 《明朝那些事兒（繁體版）》

id_qpr 2009

ID Name Homepage

id_xyz 當年明月 http://blog.sina.com.cn/dangnianmingyue

ID Publisher’s name City

id_qpr 中国友谊出版公司北京

本页信息仅做示例说明非真实数据


Semantic Web concepts：2nd: export your second set of data

http://…isbn/780165501

石悦

當年明月

《明朝那些事兒（繁體版）》

f:姓名

f:译本

f:作者

http://…isbn/9787801656087

f:姓名


Semantic Web concepts：3rd: start merging your data

http://…isbn/780165501

石悦

當年明月


f:姓名

f:译本

f:作者

http://…isbn/9787801656087

f:姓名

http://…isbn/780165501

石悦http://t.sina.com.cn/dangnian

mingyue


2008

北京


a:name

a:homepage

a:author


Semantic Web concepts：3rd: start merging your data

石悦

當年明月


f:原著

f:姓名

f:译本

f:作者

http://…isbn/9787801656087

f:姓名


mingyue


2008

北京


a:name

a:homepage

a:author

http://…isbn/780165501


Semantic Web concepts：Start making queries…

User of data “F” can now ask queries like:

“查找《明朝那些事兒（繁體版）》的原著”


This information is not in the dataset “F”…

…but can be retrieved by merging with dataset “A”!


Semantic Web concepts：However, more can be achieved…

We “feel” that a:author and f:作者 should be the same

But an automatic merge doest not know that!

Let us add some extra information to the merged data: a:author same as f:作者 both identify a “Person”

a term that a community may have already defined:a “Person” is uniquely identified by his/her name and, say, homepage

it can be used as a “category” for certain type of resources


Semantic Web concepts：3rd revisited: use the extra knowledge

當年明月

《明朝那些事兒（繁體版）》f:原著

f:nom

f:译本

f:auteur

http://…isbn/9787801656087

f:姓名


mingyue


2008

北京


a:name

a:homepage

a:author

http://… isbn/780165501

http://…foaf/Person

r:type

r:type


Semantic Web concepts：Start making richer queries!

User of dataset “F” can now query:

“查找《明朝那些事兒（繁體版）》原作者信息”

http://t.sina.com.cn/dangnianmingyue

http://weibo.com/dangnianmingyue

http://blog.sina.com.cn/dangnianmingyue

The information is not in datasets “F” or “A”…

…but was made available by:

merging datasets “A” and datasets “F”

adding three simple extra statements as an extra “glue”


Semantic Web concepts：It could become even more powerful

We could add extra knowledge to the merged datasets

e.g., a full classification of various types of library data

geographical information

etc.

This is where ontologies, extra rules, etc, come in

ontologies/rule sets can be relatively simple and small, or

huge, or anything in between…

Even more powerful queries can be asked as a result


Semantic Web concepts：What did we do?

Data in various formats

Data represented in abstract format

Applications

Map,Expose,…

ManipulateQuery…


小结：语义网的基本思路

The Semantic Web provides technologies to make such

integration possible!

Applications

Data represented in abstract format


55


专题内容



Semantic WEB的思路 Semantic WEB的框架





56


Architecture of the Semantic Web: Semantic

Web Stack

Machine-processable,

global Web standards:

Assigning unambiguous

names (URI)

Expressing and linking data,

including metadata (RDF)

Capturing ontologies (OWL)

Query, rules, transformations,

deployment, application

spaces (in progress) logic,

proofs, trust

57http://www.w3.org/2007/Talks/0130-sb-W3CTechSemWeb/

资源及资源间关系的描述A simple RDF example

Resource Description Framework (RDF)是W3C组织推荐使用的用来描述资源及其之间关系的语言规范

書名为“明朝那些事兒（繁體版）” 是繁体版本，译自“明朝那些事儿” .

http://…isbn/2020386682


http://…isbn/000651409X

分类：Ontologies (本体论、实用分类系统)

Web Ontology Language (OWL)

Data integration needs agreements on

Terms: “translator”, “author”

categories used: “Person”, “literature”

relationships among those: “an author is also a Person…”

OWL is “languages” to define such vocabularies

59

owl:equivalentClassa:Novel f:小说

owl:equivalentPropertya:author f:作者

:email rdf:type owl:InverseFunctionalProperty. <A> :email "mailto:[email protected]". :email "mailto:[email protected]".

<A> owl:sameAs .

规则与推理Rule Interchange Format (RIF)

Express: “buy a novel with over 500 pages if it costs

less than €20”

60

p:Novel

?

x

?

n

:€

?

z?z<20

?n>500

p:buys ?

xme

{ ?x rdf:type p:Novel;

p:page_number ?n;p:price [

p:currency :€;rdf:value ?z

].?n > "500"^^xsd:integer.?z < "20.0"^^xsd:double.

}=> { <me> p:buys ?x }


Architecture of the Semantic Web: Same

with what we learned


Data represented in RDF with extra knowledge (RDFS, SKOS, RIF, OWL,…)

Applications

RDB RDF,GRDL, RDFa,…

SPARQL,

Inferences…


小结：语义网的框架

框架中的标准资源的描述：RDF、OWL

用户查询的推理：SPARQL、RIF

语义网关键技术Resource Description Framework (RDF)是基础

Ontologies (本体论、实用分类系统)是核心Web Ontology Language (OWL)

规则和自动推理

62语义网体现了从面向网络到面向资源查询的转变，是网络上信息组织思想的变革


专题内容



Internet of Things






63


P2P: Peer to Peer file shareing

64

client-server model

Proxy-client model

P2P model

A P2P network example: BitTorrent


Example: Architecture of P2P video delivery

system

65


Cloud Computing

66

Software as a Service (SaaS)

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)


CDN: content delivery network

67

A content delivery network or content distribution network (CDN) is a

geographically distributed network of proxy servers and their data centers. The goal

is to distribute service spatially relative to end-users to provide high availability and

high performance.


一起读一份IDC的白皮书

68

We are fast approaching a new era of the Data Age. From autonomous cars to

humanoid robots and from intelligent personal assistants to smart home

devices, the world around us is undergoing a fundamental change,

transforming the way we live, work, and play.


数据使用的三个时代

69IDC White Paper © 2017 IDC. www.idc.comData Age 2025: The Evolution of Data to Life-Critical Don’t Focus on Big Data; Focus on the Data That’s Big

IDC categorizes the creation and use of compute data broadly into three main eras


Where Data is Created

70IDC White Paper © 2017 IDC. www.idc.comData Age 2025: The Evolution of Data to Life-Critical Don’t Focus on Big Data; Focus on the Data That’s Big

In percentage of total data creation, endpoints have given considerable ground since 2012

and are expected to continue doing so. Over the past decade, endpoint growth came from

PCs, smart phones, and other consumer devices. Although endpoint growth continues, the

largest component of this future growth will be in embedded devices such as security

cameras, smart meters, chip cards, and vending machines, which produce data in small

signals. In the meantime, Big Data analytics, cloud applications, and real-time data

requirements are pushing faster growth in core and edge platforms.


Edge computing

71

Edge computing is a method of optimizing cloud computing systems by

performing data processing at the edge of the network, near the source of the data.

This reduces the communications bandwidth needed between sensors and the

central datacenter by performing analytics and knowledge generation at or near the

source of the data. This approach requires leveraging resources that may not be

continuously connected to a network such as laptops, smartphones, tablets and

sensors.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_computing

Edge computing covers a wide range of

technologies including wireless sensor networks,

mobile data acquisition, mobile signature analysis,

cooperative distributed peer-to-peer ad hoc

networking and processing also classifiable as

local cloud/fog computing and grid/mesh

computing, dew computing, mobile edge

computing, cloudlet, distributed data storage and

retrieval, autonomic self-healing networks, remote

cloud services, augmented reality, and more.


边缘计算

72Picture source: http://www.cnblogs.com/wt869054461/p/6594749.html Retrieved: 20171126

边缘计算，是指利用靠近数据源的边缘地带来完成的运算程序。运算可以在大型运算设备内完成，也可以在中、小型运算设备、本地端网络内完成。而用于边缘运算的设备既可以是智能手机这样的移动设备，也可以是PC、智能家居等家用终端，甚至可以是ATM机、摄像头等市政终端。


Applications suitable for edge computing

73

the edge computing platform makes it possible to implement new and attractive

applications that require real-time responses along with regional M2M/big data

transactions. Typical applications that have the former requirement include ITS or

AR and those that have the latter requirement include smart buildings/houses and

city management.

NTT Press Release: Announcing the “Edge computing” concept and the “Edge accelerated Web platform”

http://www.ntt.co.jp/news2014/1401e/140123a.html Retrieved: 20171126


云计算雾计算边缘计算What is Edge Computing?

74

While the cloud refers to computing powered by large, distributed groups of

servers, the edge refers to compute on the edge of the network, closer to or at the

data source itself. And, while edge computing exclusively refers to compute at the

ingress of the network, fog computing is inclusive of computing anywhere along

the continuum, from cloud to the edge.

https://www.pubnub.com/blog/moving-the-cloud-to-the-edge-computing/


讨论：技术的轮回？

75

https://www.pubnub.com/blog/moving-the-cloud-to-the-edge-computing/

We’ve seen centralized mainframe servers of the 1960s and 70s evolve into a

distributed client-server web architecture beginning in the 80s. Come the early

2000s, we saw a return to a more centralized architecture with the advent of

the mobile-cloud web architecture. Now a balance back towards a more

distributed architecture – in edge computing and the streaming web – is fast

approaching.


ECC: 边缘计算产业联盟（Edge Computing Consortium）

2016年11月30日，华为宣布与六家联盟发起单位成立边缘计算产业联盟，并参加在京举行的首届边缘计算产业峰会。

边缘计算产业联盟（Edge Computing Consortium，ECC）在会上正式成立，由华为技术有限公司、中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所、中国信息通信研究院、英特尔公司、ARM和软通动力信息技术（集团）有限公司六家单位共同发起组建。

大会上边缘计算产业联盟发布《边缘计算产业白皮书》，首次提出“OICT”理念，旨在搭建边缘计算产业合作平台，推动OT (Operation Technology) 与ICT (Information and Communication Technology)产业的开放协作。

76


ECC定义的边缘计算参考架构

77《边缘计算产业联盟白皮书》，参考架构1.0http://www.ecconsortium.org/Uploads/file/20161208/1481181867831374.pdf


ETSI定义的边缘计算Mobile edge system reference architecture

78Mobile Edge Computing (MEC); Framework and Reference Architecture Disclaimer, ETSI GS MEC 003 V1.1.1 (2016-03)

Mobile Edge Computing: A Survey on Architecture and Computation Offloading

IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS & TUTORIALS, VOL. 19, NO. 3, THIRD QUARTER 2017

• reference points regarding the mobile edge platform functionality (Mp);

• management reference points (Mm); and

• reference points connecting to external entities (Mx).

customer facing service (CFS)

lifecycle management (LCM)


MEC: Mobile Edge Computing Multi-

access Edge Computing

ETSI has initiated Mobile Edge Computing (MEC)

standardization to promote and accelerate the

advancement of edge-cloud computing in mobile

networks, by launching the MEC Industry Specification

Group (ISG) in December 2014.

Since September 2016, ETSI ISG has dropped the

‘Mobile’ out of MEC and renamed it as Multi-access Edge

Computing in order to broaden its applicability into

heterogeneous networks including WiFi and fixed access

technologies.

79On Multi-Access Edge Computing: A Survey of the Emerging 5G Network Edge Cloud Architecture and Orchestration



MEC的支撑技术

80

MEC relies on cloud computing and virtualization technologies including VMs and

containers. However, a complete cellular system that offers MEC services counts

on NFV, SDN and network slicing attributes that allow flexibility and multi-

tenancy support.

On Multi-Access Edge Computing: A Survey of the Emerging 5G Network Edge Cloud Architecture and Orchestration



MEC的部署方式？

81

baseband unit (BBU)

remote radio heads (RRHs)

user equipments (UEs)

cloud radio access network (C-RAN)

heterogeneous C-RANs (H-CRANs)

high power nodes (HPNs)

collaboration radio signal processing (CRSP)

cooperative radio resource management (CRRM)

fog-computing-based RAN (F-RAN)

device-to-device (D2D)

fog-computing-based access point(F-AP)

fog-computing-based UE(F-UE)

Fog-Computing-Based Radio Access Networks: Issues and Challenges, IEEE Network • July/August 2016

4种可能的传输模式：• D2D and relay mode

• local distributed

coordination mode

• global C-RAN mode

• HPN mode


小结：Center? Edge？

P2P: Peer to Peer

CDN: content delivery network

Cloud Computing

Edge Computing

ECC(Edge Computing Consortium)

ETSI

Mobile Edge Computing (MEC)

Multi-access Edge Computing

82


专题内容



Internet of Things






83


语义网的目标 vs 用户目标

语义网设计目标每个资源有清晰的定义（如软件、文件、人、地点）

概念之间的关系有清晰的定义（如软件产生文件，文件的版本，文件的主题，人所在地点）

用户关心什么？Users are interested in WHAT content – not WHERE it is or

WHO has it

Data is addressed by NAME OR CONTENT – rather than by

location or IP address

84

Content Centric Networking (CCN)


面向信息的网络/面向内容的网络Information-Centric Networking(ICN)

Given that users are interested in named content and not in

node endpoints, is there a clean architectural approach to

address the relevant requirements? All encompassing instead of add-ons to specific domains

Provide an enhanced P2P/CDN-like paradigm within the network

Information-Centric Networking (ICN) targets general

infrastructure that provides in-network caching so that

content is distributed in a scalable, cost-efficient & secure

manner Receiver-driven model – subscribe/get objects of interest

Support for location transparency, mobility & intermittent connectivity

Needs also to be able to support interactivity (e.g. voice) and nodeoriented

services (e.g. telnet)

85

IEEE ISCC 2011 KeynoteInformation-Centric Networking:Overview, Current State and Key ChallengesProf. George Pavlouhttp://www.ee.ucl.ac.uk/~gpavlou/


另一种翻译：信息中心网络

互联网应用由最初主机间文件和资源共享发展为普适的信息分发和服务提供( 在区别以主机为中心思想时，信息、内容和数据含义相同) 。分发和获取数据已成为互联网主要应用需求，体系结构与应用需求间的矛盾日趋尖锐: 网络围绕着主机而用户却对信息感兴趣，设计和需求不一致导致应用低效；P2P 和CDN 受底层及自身限制，只解决部分问题；信息安全依赖于主机与信道安全，难以保障信息自身安全。

ICN 采用革新式设计，以信息高效分发和获取为目标，通过信息名操作信息，在设计之初考虑可扩展、安全、移动及多接入点等需求，从而实现网络由“机器互联”到“信息互联”的转变。

86信息中心网络体系结构研究综述，《电子学报》，2016年第8期


ICN中处理的对象：Data Information Objects

Relationship between information object, its

representations and copies of the latter – all these share the

same ID

87

IEEE ISCC 2011 KeynoteInformation-Centric Networking:Overview, Current State and Key ChallengesProf. George Pavlouhttp://www.ee.ucl.ac.uk/~gpavlou/


ICN网络的基本构成部分

88

ICN 网络核心包含五

个功能模块：命名机制、通信模式、路由转发、网内缓存及传输控制。命名机制关注名字结构与功能。通信模式为通信发起和交互的过程。路由转发负责信息检索和转发。网内缓存基于名字缓存信息。传输控制负责网络传输性能。

信息中心网络体系结构研究综述，《电子学报》，2016年低8期


ICN中需要解决的基本问题

命名 ICN 对信息命名提出新要求：全局唯一，每个信息有区别于其他信

息的全局可见的名字；持续性，当位置、提供者、时间等外在属性变化时名字不变。

扁平化命名：无语义的比特串层次化命名：采用类似URI、用户可理解的层次结构

路由 ICN 采用名字路由，在内容路由器根据内容名寻址内容。由于内容

及其副本名字相同，名字路由需解决：如何维持到每个内容( 副本) 的路由信息，及给定内容名如何找到最优( 近) 内容。名字路由可分两类：基于名字的直接路由和基于名字解析的间接路由。

缓存名字路由为网内缓存提供支持。路由器根据报文中的信息名判断其

是否存在缓存，及决定是否需要缓存内容。根据缓存位置，网内缓存分为：路径无关缓存( Off-path caching) 和路径相关缓存( On-path caching) 。

89信息中心网络体系结构研究综述，《电子学报》，2016年低8期


ICN有关的知名项目Key Projects for ICN

欧洲UCB DONA - Data-Oriented Network Architecture

4WARD/SAIL NetInf - Network of Information

PSIRP/PURSUIT PubSub - Publish Subscribe Routing

Xerox PARC CCN - Content-Centric Networking

COMET CMP - Content Mediation Plane

美国NDN: Named Data Networking

CCNx: Content-Centric Networking

90Information-Centric Networking:Overview, Current State and Key Challenges, IEEE ISCC 2011 Keynote, http://www.ee.ucl.ac.uk/~gpavlou/

“A Survey of Information-Centric Networking Research,” IEEE Commun. Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 16, no. 2, Feb. 2014, pp. 1024–49.


不同ICN项目的异同


• 不同ICN方案中，各功能模块异同如表所示。

• 各模块及其方法如同ICN

设计空间的一张“地图”，每种ICN 均可找到其对

应坐标。也可根据“地图”上未被标识的坐标，按照功能需求设计新ICN 体系结构。


ICN 与其他未来网络技术

网络功能虚拟化技术 ( Network Functions Virtualisation，NFV) NFV 将网络硬件设施与网络功能解耦，通过虚拟化技术在统一标准的高

性能设备上实现专有设备的功能，使网络功能不再依赖专用硬件。由于NFV 针对网络基础设施，而ICN 仍处于“实验室”阶段，很少人关注二者关系。

软件定义网络 ( Software Defined Network，SDN) SDN 将网络设备的控制平面( Control Plane) 与数据平面( Data Plane) 物

理分离，由统一的控制软件计算路由，并向设备下发转发任务，以灵活管理网络。ICN 与SDN 从不同维度研究未来网络，SDN 为ICN提供基础网络框架。 ICN 查询/转发分离符合SDN 的特点，有助于二者结合。但SDN 未考虑网络主体为内容的情况，如何实现ICN 成为研究点

物联网 ( Internet of Things， IoT) IoT 通过传感器实现物与物、人与物、物与Internet间的互联。 IoT 面临

多方面挑战，如地址扩展、异构网络通信、设备移动和能量消耗及通信安全等。ICN 中设备无需持续连接网络，提高设备移动性，减少能量消耗。 ICN 采用内容安全模型，避免不同设备间安全协议设计的复杂性。相反， IoT 可能成为ICN“杀手级”应用，推动ICN 发展。 ICN 中，IoT 不关注如何连通物，而是如何发现物及其产生的信息。



小结：ICN

Information-Centric Networking (ICN)

Data Information Objects

ICN 网络核心包含五个功能模块：命名机制、通信模式、路由转发、网内缓存及传输控制。

ICN 与其他未来网络技术NFV

SDN

IoT

93信息中心网络体系结构研究综述，《电子学报》，2016年低8期信息中心网络发展研究综述，《计算机学报》，2015年第3期G. Xylomenos et al., “A Survey of Information-Centric Networking Research,” IEEE Commun. Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 16, no. 2, Feb. 2014, pp. 1024–49.


专题内容






Routing vs. forwarding

网络控制和底层硬件分离


94


网络层的核心问题：路由

95

可考虑的因素路程最短

速度最快

最容易走

路由算法静态路由

动态路由 A

B

利用拓扑学以及其他相关的数学工具，可以解决如何寻路的问题


路由器如何转发数据？路由表 Route Table 示例

96

E0: 10.1.5.1

NETWORK NEXT HOP

10.1.1.0 directly connected


10.1.3.0 10.1.2.2

10.1.4.0 10.1.2.2

10.1.5.0 10.1.2.2

10.1.6.0 10.1.2.2

10.1.7.0 10.1.2.2

NETWORK NEXT HOP




10.1.5.0 10.1.4.2

10.1.6.0 10.1.4.2

10.1.7.0 10.1.4.2

NETWORK NEXT HOP

10.1.1.0 10.1.4.1

10.1.2.0 10.1.4.1

10.1.3.0 10.1.4.2




10.1.7.0 10.1.6.2

NETWORK NEXT HOP

10.1.1.0 10.1.6.1

10.1.2.0 10.1.6.1

10.1.3.0 10.1.6.1

10.1.4.0 10.1.6.1

10.1.5.0 10.1.6.1



S0: 10.1.2.1

E0: 10.1.1.1

S0: 10.1.2.2 S1: 10.1.4.1

E0: 10.1.3.1 S0: 10.1.4.2S1: 10.1.6.1

S0: 10.1.6.2E0: 10.1.7.1

路由表可由管理员手工配置（静态路由表），也可通过路由协议和路由算法动态建立和维护（动态路由表）


动态路由表的自动生成

97

H1 H2 H3 H4R1

192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2 192.168.2.1 192.168.2.2192.168.1.254 192.168.2.254

192.168.1.0 192.168.2.0

缺省网关192.168.2.254

H5 H6

192.168.3.1 192.168.3.2

192.168.3.0

缺省网关192.168.3.254

直接

直接

路径

1192.168.2.0

1192.168.1.0

跳数目标网络号

R1路由表

R2

192.168.2.253

192.168.3.254

直接

直接

路径

1192.168.3.0

1192.168.2.0

跳数目标网络号

R2路由表

缺省网关192.168.1.254

192.168.3.0 192.168.2.253 2

192.168.1.0 192.168.2.254 2


关键概念回顾：路由/交换Routing vs. forwarding

Routing (algorithm):

A successive exchange of connectivity information

between routers. Each router builds its own routing table

based on collected information.

Forwarding (process):

A switch- or router-local process which forwards packets

towards the destination using the information given in the

local routing table.

98

交换机？路由器？路由交换机？


专题内容






Routing vs. forwarding

网络控制和底层硬件分离


99


互联网负载爆炸式的增长

QoS难以保证缺乏全局信息，只能“best-effort”

如何支持新的应用通过添加新协议扩展功能，使路由/交换设备会变得越来

越臃肿，实现新的协议也更加困难

如何对现代大规模网络实施高效管理无法实时获取网络状态全局统计信息

100

• 传统最短路径路由策略只会选择12的路径

• 134的路径适合最时延要求不敏感的大带宽业务如文件传输


SDN的理念：网络开放与敏捷创新

美国Stanford大学的OpenFlow项目推动了SDN发展

核心理念：希望网络设备重演计算机的开放之路

101


如何解决现有网络的问题？网络控制和底层硬件分离

底层交换设备将只参与数据包转发，而路径选择交由SDN控制器完成，从而将控制平面和数据层面分离

开来，即网络控制和底层硬件分离，实现对整个网络的集中控制，能够颠覆性改变网络的使用功能、其传输方式和设计运作。

102


软件定义网络 SDN

Software Defined Network

SDN是一种新型的网络架构，其核心理念是使网络

软件化并充分开放，从而使得网络能够像软件一样便捷、灵活，以此提高网络的创新能力。

103

SDN 的基本网络要素包括：逻辑上集中的SDN 控制器，负责维护全局网络视图，并且向上层应用提供用于实现网络服务的可编程接口(通常也称为“ 北向接口”);控制应用程序，运行在控制器之上，通过控制器提供的全局网络视图，把整个网络定义成为一个逻辑的交换机，同时，网络人员能够灵活地编写多种网络应用，如路由、多播、安全、接入控制、带宽管理、流量工程、服务质量等;转发抽象，转发抽象通常称为“ 南向接口”，SDN 控制器通过利用SDN提供的转发平面的网络抽象来构建全局网络视图。

软件定义网络：正在进行的网络变革http://www.qycn.com/news/15255.html

基于 OpenFlow 的SDN 技术，《软件学报》：2013-03-29


A SDN Example

104Relationship of SDN and NFV, October 2015

https://www.opennetworking.org/images/stories/downloads/sdn-resources/technical-reports/onf2015.310_Architectural_comparison.08-2.pdf

Note – In SDN documentation, color is generally used to distinguish domains, be they

administrative, customer-provider, technology, or otherwise bounded. Especially for

administrative and business domains, the interface is generally characterized by an

SLA, information hiding, policy enforcement, and name/address space isolation.

{ynh,cxh}@ustc.edu.cn105ONF TR-521: SDN Architecture, 2016

https://www.opennetworking.org/images/stories/downloads/sdn-resources/technical-reports/TR-521_SDN_Architecture_issue_1.1.pdf

ONF SDN architecture reference


SDN实例：OpenFlow

斯坦福大学的Nick McKeown等人于2008年提出了OpenFlow协议，这是第一个能系统地实现SDN设想并且可以被实际部署的网络协议。

106

在OpenFlow协议中，底层交换设备只需要根据内部的流表对输入的数据报文进行查表转发，而表的更新则是由一个独立运行的SDN控制器来完成。

OpenFlow协议在逻辑上位于数据平面和控制平面之间，就是它们之间的安全通道。

基于 OpenFlow 的SDN 技术，《软件学报》：2013-03-29


流表是OpenFlow协议核心数据结构

107

流表的数据结构

一种面向多样化网络业务融合的SDN网络架构http://articles.e-works.net.cn/NetWork/Article106710_1.htm


SDN案例

谷歌公司于2011年底在其数据中心内部部署了世界上最大的基于OpenFlow协议的SDN广域网。利用SDN

的管理方式，Google公司对内提供了流量工程(TE)服务，将其内部网络线路利用率从之前的最高水准30%-

40%提升到了95%。

108

•使用非最短路的包转发机制，将应用的优先级纳入资源分配的考虑中；•当连接或交换机出现故障，动态地重新分配带宽，快速收敛；•在较高的层次上指定规则，例如Gmail 的流量不经过……

http://www.tuicool.com/articles/raIV3i


SDN发展势头

109

http://itec.hust.edu.cn/~heixj/phd_net13fall/note/lecture4_Introduction_SDN.pdf

• 2008年，斯坦福大学的Nick McKeown等人于提出了OpenFlow协议• 2011年， Facebook、Google、微软、Verizon、德国电信、Yahoo发起成立了开放网络基

金会(Open Networking Foundation，ONF)，旨在推进实现基于OpenFlow的SDN网络。• 2012年底，AT&T、英国电信(BT)、德国电信、Orange、意大利电信、西班牙电信公司和

Verizon联合发起成立了网络功能虚拟化产业联盟(Network Functions Virtualisation，NFV)，旨在将SDN的理念引入电信业。

• 2013年4月9日，思科和IBM联合微软、Big Switch、博科、思杰、戴尔、爱立信、富士通、英特尔、瞻博网络、微软、NEC、惠普、红帽和VMware等发起成立了OpenDaylight。


ONF

Open Networking Foundation

110

ONF TR-521: SDN Architecture, 2016

https://www.opennetworking.org/images/stories/downloads/sdn-resources/technical-reports/TR-521_SDN_Architecture_issue_1.1.pdf

A-CPIs: applications-

controller plane

interfaces

D-CPIs: data-

controller plane

interfaces

basic model of SDN


Open Daylight SDN计划

111

OpenDaylight已经达成的一致意见是使用思科控制器作为基本代码库启动这个计划


SDN未来？

112

• 面向校园网的部署：部署网络新协议和新算法的创新平台，并实现了基本的网络管理和安全控制功能。

• 面向数据中心的部署：数据流量大，交换机层次管理结构复杂，服务器和虚拟机需要快速配置和数据迁移。

• 面向网络管理的应用：数据流由控制器作出转发决定，易于实现网络管理，尤其是流量管理、负载平衡、动态路由等功能。

• 面向安全控制的应用：流管理功能很容易进行扩展，从而实现数据流的安全控制机制。


思考：Programmable Networks

113The Road to SDN: An Intellectual History of Programmable Networks

ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review

Volume 44 Issue 2, April 2014


专题内容

多媒体网络未来趋势分析 Augmented reality、Ubiquitous Computing、Internet of Things


信息发布方法与计算架构的变迁 P2P、CDN、EC、MEC Data Centric Network Information Centric Network


NFV(Network Function Virtualization)Virtual NetworkNFV(Network Function Virtualization)SDN与FNV的融合

114


虚拟化技术Virtualization Technology

虚拟化是一个广义的术语，在计算机方面通常是指计算元件在虚拟的基础上而不是真实的基础上运行。虚拟化技术可以扩大硬件的容量，简化软件的重新配置过程。 CPU的虚拟化技术可以单CPU模拟多CPU并行

虚拟机(Virtual machine)可像真实机器一样运行程序的软件

虚拟内存，将不相邻的物理存储区虚拟成统一连续的内存地址

存储虚拟化，将实体存储空间分隔成不同的逻辑存储空间

网络虚拟化，将不同网络的硬件和软件资源结合成虚拟整体

I/O虚拟化，如USB接口上的虚拟串口

网卡虚拟化，如一张物理网卡上虚拟N个网络接口

VLAN，将局域网设备从逻辑上划分成一个个网段

115


Virtual Network

116Virtual Network Embedding: A Survey

IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS & TUTORIALS, VOL. 15, NO. 4, FOURTH QUARTER 2013

Future Internet business model


物理网络到虚拟网络的映射Virtual Network Embedding (VNE)

117

Two virtual networks mapped onto one substrate network

Virtual Network Embedding: A Survey

IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS & TUTORIALS, VOL. 15, NO. 4, FOURTH QUARTER 2013


虚拟化技术应用示例虚拟的4G EPC系统部署示意图

118http://tech.c114.net/175/a852509.html

图中vEPC系统由4个虚拟网元组成(2个P/SGW

，1个MME，1个HSS)

，分别部署在4个数据中心中。

EPC: Evolved Packet Core

MME: Mobility Management Entity

SGW: Serving Gateway

PGW: Packet Data Network Gateway

HSS: Home Subscriber Server


虚拟化：从有线网络到无线网络

119Software Defined Networking Enabled Wireless Network Virtualization: Challenges and Solutions

IEEE Network • September/October 2017


虚拟化：从有线网络到无线网络Vitual Network Network Slicing

120

5G时代，移动网络

需要服务各种类型和需求的设备。这是不是意味着我们需要为每一个服务建设一个专用网络了？例如，一个服务5G手机，一个服务5G大规模物联网，一个服务5G任务

关键的物联网。其实不需要，因为我们可以通过网络切片技术在一个独立的物理网络上切分出多个逻辑的网络，这是一个非常节省成本的做法！

http://www.sdnlab.com/18122.html Retrieved: 20171103

https://www.netmanias.com/en/?m=view&id=blog&no=8325


小结：Virtual Network

Virtual Network

Virtual Network Embedding (VNE)

虚拟网络映射问题描述

中移动的C-RAN

Heterogeneous Cloud RAN

虚拟的4G EPC

Vitual Network Network Slicing

5G network slicing

121


专题内容





NFV(Network Function Virtualization)Virtual NetworkNFV(Network Function Virtualization)SDN与FNV的融合

122



网络功能虚拟化利用虚拟化技术，将网络节点阶层的功能，分割成几个功能区块，分别以软件方式实作，不再局限于硬件架构。

NFV简单理解就是把电信设备从目前的专用平台迁移到通用的X86服务器上。当前电信网络使用的各种设备，均是基于私有平台部署的，各种网元都是一个个封闭的盒子，各种盒子间硬件资源无法互用，每个设备扩容必须增加硬件，缩容后硬件资源闲置，耗时长，弹性差，成本高；在NFV方法中，各种网元变成了独立的应用，可以灵活部署在基于标准的服务器、存储、交换机构建的统一平台上，这样软硬件解耦，每个应用可以通过快速增加减少虚拟资源来达到快速缩扩容的目的，大大提升网络的弹性（见图1）。

123


2012年十家运营商联合发布NFV白皮书Vision for Network Functions Virtualisation

124http://portal.etsi.org/NFV/NFV_White_Paper.pdf

October 22-24, 2012 at the “SDN and OpenFlow World Congress”, Darmstadt-Germany.

2012年10月在ETSI由13个运营商成立了NFV-ISG


NFV定义的技术架构

125

NFV Architecture Framework ETSI GS NFV 002 V1.1.1(2013-10)

http://docbox.etsi.org/ISG/NFV/Open/Published/

运营支撑层

虚拟网络层

基础设施层

NFV Infrastructure (NFVI)

• Hardware and virtualised resource, and Virtualisation Layer

Virtualised Infratructure Manager

Orchestrator

Service, VNF and Infrastructure Description

Operations and Business Support System (OSS/BSS)

Virtualised Network Function (VNF)

Element Management System (EMS)

业务网络域管理编排域


基于NFV的业务网络部署示意图

126

按照NFV的技术原理，一个业务网络可以分解为一组VNF和VNFL（VNFL：VNF Link

），表示为VNF-FG（VNF Forwarding Graph），然后每个VNF可以分解为一组VNFC

（VNF Componet）和内部连接图，每个VNFC映射为一个VM；对于每个VNFL，对应着一个IP连接，需要分配一定的链路资源（流量，QoS，路由等参数）。通过这样的编排流程，一个业务网络可以通过自顶向下分解，直到可分配的资源，然后对应VM

等资源由NFVI来分配，对应VNFL资源需要同承载网网管系统交互，由IP承载网来分配。

通过这样的编排流程，一个业务网络可以通过自顶向下分解，直到可分配的资源，然后对应VM等资源由NFVI来分配，对应VNFL资源需要同承载

网网管系统交互，由IP承载网来分配。

NFVI-PoP: NFV Infrastructure Point of PresenceNFV Architecture Framework ETSI GS NFV 002 V1.1.1(2013-10)

http://docbox.etsi.org/ISG/NFV/Open/Published/


NFV Standardization Activities

127Network Function Virtualization: State-of-the-Art and Research Challenges

IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS & TUTORIALS, VOL. 18, NO. 1, FIRST QUARTER 2016


Collaborative NFV Projects




小结：NFV

(Network Function Virtualization)

It is clear that NFV, together with the closely related and complementary fields of SDN and cloud computing may be big parts of future telecommunication service provision.

We have noted that many current NFV solutions, especially from the industry, have been mainly about pooling vendor specific resources hosted in a cloud rather than real support for flexibility, inter-operability, integrated management, orchestration and service automation all of which are core requirements for NFV.

It is expected that such implementations will continue to increase before NFV gets completely standardized.




专题内容





NFV(Network Function Virtualization)Virtual NetworkNFV(Network Function Virtualization)SDN与NFV的融合

130


When the resource is a VNF

E.g. Gold and Violet as NFV domains

131

In figure, the Gold and Violet SDN controllers are similar to the Blue SDN controller in

orchestrating, interconnecting and provisioning resource instances. The Gold domain,

however, illustrates a VNF instance comprised of two VNFC instances. If only the composite

VNF is exposed to the Gold SDN controller, then some other entity is responsible for

interconnecting the VNFCIs. That other entity may also be an SDN controller (not shown).

Relationship of SDN and NFV, October 2015



5G network slices running on a common

underlying multi-vendor and multi-access network

132Network Slicing for 5G with SDN/NFV: Concepts, Architectures, and Challenges

IEEE Communications Magazine • May 2017


Virtualization

InPs and tenants as virtualization actors



Infrastructure provider (InP)


Orchestration

ONF SDN network slicing architecture



Slice Resource Groups


多层结构(级联)的SDN

135Network Slicing for 5G with SDN/NFV: Concepts, Architectures, and Challenges, IEEE Communications Magazine • May 2017

ONF TR-518, “Relationship of SDN and NFV,” Oct. 2015

SDN controllers

may be both

servers and clients

to an NFV domain.


SDN控制器集成到NFV中

136Network Slicing for 5G with SDN/NFV: Concepts, Architectures, and Challenges, IEEE Communications Magazine • May 2017

ETSI GS NFV-EVE 005, “Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV); Ecosystem; Report on SDN Usage in NFV Architectural Framework,” v. 1.1.1, Dec. 2015.

Both VIMs and WIMs act as SDN applications, delegating the tasks related to the

management of networking resources to their underlying ICs. Although in this example

the Ics are deployed on the NFVI, it would be possible to integrate them into their

corresponding VIMs

VIM: Virtualized infrastructure

manager

WIM: WAN infrastructure

manager

VNFM: VNF manager

NMS: Network Management

System

NFVI: Network Functions

Virtualization Infrastructure

IC: Infrastructure SDN

controller

TC: Tenant SDN controller


小结：SDN与NFV的融合

SDN控制器管理VNF

InPs and tenants as virtualization actors

级联的SDN控制器用于网络切片

SDN控制器集成到NFV中

137

[1] Relationship of SDN and NFV, October 2015


[2] Network Slicing for 5G with SDN/NFV: Concepts, Architectures, and Challenges, IEEE Communications Magazine • May 2017

[3] ONF TR-518, “Relationship of SDN and NFV,” Oct. 2015

[4] ETSI GS NFV-EVE 005, “Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV); Ecosystem; Report on SDN Usage in NFV Architectural Framework,” v. 1.1.1, Dec. 2015.


专题内容



Internet of Things






138

信息处理技术

网络技术

计算架构

计算机通信网 computer networks - ustcstaff.ustc.edu.cn/~network/mmc_kejian/_pub_mmc... · web...

Documents