ecology powerpoint
TRANSCRIPT
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EcologyUNIT 3
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What is Ecology?
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Ecologyu The study of the interactions
among living things, and between living things and their surroundings.
u Ecology is a science of relationships
u Ecology comes from the Greek word oikos, which means “house”.
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Interdependence u The mutual reliance
between two or more groups.
u This relationship is key for the survival of the organism.
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What Do We Mean By Environment?
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The environment is made up of two factors:
1. Biotic factorsu All living organisms inhabiting
the Earth
u Examples:u Plants u Animals u Fungi u Bacteria
u Each plays a particular role in the ecosystem.
2. Abiotic factorsu Nonliving parts of the
environment
u Examples:u Temperature
u Soilu Light
u Moisture
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The balance of these abiotic and biotic factors determines which living things can survive in a particular environment.
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In the Caribbean Sea, scientist found that coral reefs located near salt water marshes have more fish than reefs farther out at sea level.
Key Biotic Factoru Mangrove Trees
u Provides food and shelter for newly hatched fish, protecting them from predators.
u After the fish mature, they swim to the reefs near the salt water marshes.
Key Abiotic Factors u Oxygen levels in the mud &
Salinity u Low levels of oxygen in the
mud affect the growth of mangrove trees.
u Changing levels of salinity, due to tidal changes also affect the growth of mangrove trees.
u No mangrove trees= no food and shelter for newly hatched fish.
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Biodiversityu The assortment, or variety, of living
things in an ecosystem.
u An area with a high level of biodiversity, such as a rain forest, has a large assortment of different species living near one another.
u The amount of biodiversity depends on many factors.u For example, temperature.
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Keystone Species u A species that plays a critical
role in maintaining the structure of an ecological community and whose impact on the community is greater than expected.
u Example: u The extinction of wolves at
Yellowstone led to the disappearance of beavers at Yellowstone.
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Keystone u A keystone holds up an archway.
u Pennsylvania's nickname is "The Keystone State" u Pennsylvania has held a key
position in the economic, social, and political development of the United States.
u Keystone species holds together a dynamic ecosystem.
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What are the Levels of
Organization?
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Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Organism
Biome
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1. Biosphereu Life supporting portions of
Earth composed of air, land, fresh water, and salt water.
u The highest level of organization
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2. Biome u Large group of ecosystems
that share the same climate and have similar types of communities
u These climates determines what types of plants live there.
u The types of plants determine the type of animal that live there.
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3. Ecosystemu Populations in a
community and the abiotic factors with which they interact.
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4. Communityu Several interacting
populations that inhabit a common environment and are interdependent.
u Example;u Elephant, Giraffe, and
Zebra
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5. Populationu A group of organisms of one
species living in the same place at the same time that interbreed
u Produce fertile offspring
u Compete with each other for resources (food, mates, shelter, etc.)
u Herd of Caribou
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6. Organism u Any unicellular or
multicellular form exhibiting all of the characteristics of life, an individual.
u The lowest level of organization
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Nicheu Each species interacts with
its environment in a different way.
u All of the physical, chemical, and biological factors that a species needs to survive, stay healthy, and reproduce.
u You can think of a Nice as: How a species lives within its habitat.
Habitatu The place in which an
organism lives out its life.u You can think of a Habitat
as: Where the species lives.
Habitat vs. Niche
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There Are Two Types of Niches:
Fundamentalu Area of NO
competition or limiting factors
Realizedu Area because of
competition or limiting factors
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Types of Biomes
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Polar Regions u The polar region is the
coldest biome on earth. u Dominated by ice caps. u Very few organisms live in
the polar regions. u Polar bears
u Seals u Walruses
u Whales
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Taiga (Boreal Forest) u World’s largest biome. u Plants:
u Pinesu Sprucesu Firs u Shrubs u Mosses u Ferns
u Animals: u Deer u Bears u Foxesu Birds
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Tundra u Tundra is a very cold biome.
u So cold the ground is always FROZEN!
u Small plants grow in the tundra
u Animals: u Reindeer u Grizzly Bear
u Brown Bearsu Artic Fox
u Birds
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Temperate Forest u Temperatures are mild in winter and summer. u Humans often settle here
u Plants: u Flowering Trees
u Animals:u Deeru Wolves
u Birds
u Squirrels
u Rabbit
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Temperate Grasslands u Known for having rich organic soil.
u Plants: u Different types of grasses
u Flowering plants
u Small trees
u Animals u American Bison
u Foxes
u Praire dogs
u Jackrabbits
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Savanna u Type of grassland
u Plants:u Different types of grasses
u Trees
u Small flowering plants
u Animals u Gazelles
u Lions
u Cheetahs
u Elephants u Giraffes
u Zebras
u Rhinos
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Tropical Rainforest u The tropical rainforest has extreme
biodiversity.
u Animals: u Monkeys
u Toucans
u Parrots
u Many different Reptiles
u Amphibians
u Insects
u Many different Plants!
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Desertu The desert is a barren biome.
u Plants:u Cactus u Yucca
u Small Shrubs
u Animals:u Snakesu Lizards u Desert foxes
u Jackrabbits u Camels
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Ecosystems
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Freshwater Ecosystem u Include:
u Lakes u Ponds
u Some wetlands
u Plants and algae are important here. u Form the base of the food
chain.
u Provide oxygen and food for animals that live in Freshwater.
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Marine Ecosystem u The largest ecosystem on Earth. u Have water with a higher salt
content than freshwater.
u Seawater is salty because salts and other minerals are deposited in it.
u There are a few different types of Marine Ecosystems:u Salt water marshes and
lagoons
u Coral reefs
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All organisms must have a source of energy in order to survive. However not all organisms get their energy by eating other organisms...
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Energy in Ecosystems
1. Producers
Autotrophs
2. Consumers
Heterotrophs
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1. Produceru They get their own energy from
nonliving resources, meaning they make their own food.
u Producers are also called autotrophs. u “auto” means self
u “troph” means nourishment
u Bottom of the food chain
u All ecosystems depend on producers, because they provide the basis for ecosystem’s energy.
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So, how do producers make
their own energy?
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Photosynthesis u Most producers on Earth use
sunlight as their energy source.
u Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities (energy transformation).
u Photosynthesis in plants begins when energy from the Sun hits chloroplast and is absorbed.
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Photosynthesis Reaction Organic
molecule
*Producers/Autotrophs
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So, how do other organisms get their
energy?
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2. Consumersu Organisms that get their
energy by eating other living or once living resources, such as plants or animals.
u Consumers are also called heterotrophs. u Hetero means different
u Consumers are categorized by what they eat.
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Cellular Respiration Reaction
Organic molecule *Consumers/Heterotrophs
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Law of Conservation of Mass
uStates that matter cannot be created or destroyed.
uIt can however, be converted into another form.
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Consumers are Categorized by What
They Eat:
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1. Herbivores
uObtain energy by eating only plants
For example: uAfrican Buffalo
eat plants.
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2. Carnivores
uEat only animals.
For example: uLions eat
others animals.
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3. Omnivores
uEat both plants and animals.
For example:uBears eat fish
and berries.
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4. Decomposersu Breaks down dead
organic matter.
For example:u Earthworms consume
dead plants and decomposes them-reduces them to simpler forms of matter.
u “Nature’s recyclers”
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Food Chainsu Is a sequence of how
energy transfers from one organism to another in a biological ecosystem.
u All food chains begin with a producers.
u A simple food chain could start with grass, which is eaten by rabbits. Then the rabbits are eaten by foxes.
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How do food chains work?
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Food Chainsu The first organism in a food chain is
a producer.
u A second organism will eat the producer.
u A third organism will feed on the second organism.
u A fourth organism will feed on the third organism.
first secondthird fourth
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Food Chains u If a rabbit eats the grass,
and then a fox eats a rabbit….
u What do the arrows show?
u Flow of ENERGY!
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Food Webu Is a natural interconnection
between food chains.
u Food webs are essential for the survival for organisms because placing your diet solely on one energy source can create issues if that food source drastically decreases.
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Food Web u The arrows still show
energy transfer.
u A predator from one food chain may be linked to the prey of another food chain