ecology revision class - institute of education · 2020-02-28 · ecology ecology is the study of...

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BIOLOGY

HIGHER

WESLEY HAMMOND

6thYearBiology

HigherLevelWesleyHammond

Unit 1:

Ecology

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What do you need to know about UNIT 1?

• Unit 1 is worth at least 25% of the Biology paper (can be worth up to 32.5%).

• Two short questions (10%) in Section A will be asked from scientific method, food and ecology.

• One long question (15%) in Section C will be asked from scientific method,

food and ecology.

• An experiment question (7.5%) can also be sometimes asked in Section B of paper.

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Ecology

Thistopichasbeenaskedeveryyearsince2004.Itisworthbetween15%to27.5%inyourLeavingCertificate.

History of topic

2004 80 marks

2005 60 marks

2006 110 marks

2007 80 marks

2008 95 marks

2009 80 marks

2010 80marks

2011 80 marks

2012 80 marks

2013 110 marks

2014 80 marks

2015 80 marks

2016 86 marks 2017 110marks

2018 80marks2019 60marks

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Ecology

Ecologyisthestudyofinteractionsbetweenlivingthingsandtheirenvironment.Biosphere:

• PartoftheplanetcontaininglivingorganismsExample: Deepintheoceansandhighinthemountains.

Ecosystem:

• Groupoforganismsthatinteractwiththeirenvironment.Example:Woodlands,grasslands,bogs,lakes,hedgerows,desert.

(Youwillneedtoknowoneecosystemindetail)

Habitat:

• Aplacewhereaplantoranimallives.

Population:

• AllthemembersofthesamespecieslivinginanareaExample:populationofrabbitsinafield.

Community:

• AllthedifferentpopulationslivinginanareaExample:populationofbacteria,fungi,plantsandanimalsinafield.

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Environmentalfactorsaffectingorganisms:

• Abioticfactorsrelatetononlivingfactors

• Bioticfactorsrelatetolivingfactors

• Climaticfactorsrefertoweatheroveralongperiodoftime(rainfall,

temperature)

• Edaphicfactorsrelatetothesoil(soilpH,soiltype,soiltemperatureand

soilmoisture).

Effectsofabioticfactors(non-livingfactors)

• Altitude=Highaltitudesarecoolerandplantsandanimalscannot

survive.

• Aspect=Southfacingslopesarewarmerandreceivemorelightwhichallowsmoreplantstogrow.

• Steepness=Steepslopescannotholdwaterwhichmakesitharderforplantsandanimalstoexist.

• Lightintensity=themorelightavailablethemoreplantswillgrow.

• Airtemperature=inwarmerclimateswithhighertemperatures,moreplantswillbepresent.

• Windspeed=plantsexposedtohighwindswillnotgrowwellandmay

eventuallydie.

• SoilpH:plantswillgrowbetteratcertainpHvalues.Ifthesoilistooacidicorbasictheplantmaydie.

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Effectsofbioticfactors(livingfactors)Competition:Competitionoccurswhenorganismsstruggleandfightforaresourcethatisinshortsupply.Predation:Predationisthecatching,killingandeatingofanotherorganism.Food:themorefoodthatisavailabletoaplantoranimal,thelargerthenumberoforganismsthatwillsurvive.Parasitism:parasitescauseharmtoanorganismandcankillthehost.Humans:humanscancausealotofdamagetonaturalenvironments.

Energyflow

NOTE:Thesunistheprimarysourceofenergyflow.

• Feedingallowsenergytoflowfromoneorganismtoanotherinahabitat.

Producers:Producersareorganismsthatcarryoutphotosynthesistomaketheirownfood.

Examples:sycamoretrees,ivy

PrimaryproducerPrimaryconsumerSecondaryconsumerTertiaryconsumer

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Consumers:Consumersareorganismsthattakeinfoodfromotherorganisms.

• Primaryconsumer:feedonproducers

Example: Herbivoresfeednlyonplants(deer)

Decomposers–feedondeadmatter(bacteriaandfungi)

Detritusfeeders(mussels,earthworms)

• Secondaryconsumer:animalsthatfeedonprimaryconsumers

Example: Carnivores(onlyeatmeat) Scavengers(feedonanimalskilledbyother)

• Tertiaryconsumers:feedonsecondaryconsumers

NOTE:Thesearenormallythetopconsumers.

Whatareomnivores?

• Organismsthatfeedonbothplantsandanimals.Example:Badgers,humans,bear.

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Foodchain

Afoodchainisasequenceoforganismsinwhicheachoneiseatenbythenextorganisminthefoodchain.Atrophiclevelisafeedingstageinthefoodchain.

Examplesofagrazingfoodchain:Grass Rabbit Fox

Whataffectsthelengthofafoodchain?

• Theamountofenergypassingfromonetrophicleveltothenexttrophicleveldecreaseswhichlimitsthelengthofafoodchain.

• Only10%ofenergyfromeachstageispassedontonexttrophiclevel.

• Other90%isusedbyorganismsforenergyorlostbyheat.

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Foodweb:Foodwebconsistsoftwoormorefoodchainsthatareinterlinked.Examples:Producer:Leaves

Primaryconsumer:Snail,earthworm,greenfly,rabbit,mouse,caterpillar

Secondaryconsumer:Stoat,ladybird,hedgehog

Tertiaryconsumer:fox.

Pyramidofnumbers

• Apyramidofnumbersrepresentstheorganismnumberateachtrophiclevelinafoodchain.

• Numberoforganismsateachtrophicleveldecreasesasyoumoveupthefoodchain,andthesizeoftheindividualincreases.

Note:Bodysizeoforganismstendtoincreaseasyoumoveuppyramidbecauselargeranimalstendtoeatsmallerones.

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Example of normal pyramid: Example of inverted pyramid: Example of parasitic pyramids:

Limitationsofpyramidofnumbers:

• Theydonottakeintoaccountthesizeoftheorganisms.

• Sometimesthepyramidcannotbedrawntoscaleduetothenumbersbeingsobig(millionsofbacteriamayliveononeashtree).

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Whatisaniche?

• Thenicheistheroleanorganismplaysinitscommunity.

Example:whatiteatsandhowitinteractswithdifferentorganismsinthesurroundingenvironment.Ifmorethanonespecieshasthesamenichetheycannotsurviveforlongduetocompetition(forspace,food,mates).NOTE:swallowsandthrushespreventcompetitionbyhavingdifferentniches.Swallow:feedsonaerialinsects

Thrushes:feedsongroundinsects

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Note:Ifanorganismisintroducedintoavacantnicheithasabetterchanceofsurvivalasthereislesscompetition.Whymightanorganismstillnotsurvivewhenintroducedintoavacantniche?

• Itmaynotbeabletoadapttonewhabitat.

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Pollution/Conservation/Wastemanagement

Impactsofhumansonecosystems:Humansaffectecosystemsinthreeways:

• Pollution

• Conservation

• Wastemanagement

Pollution:Pollutionisaharmfuladditiontotheenvironment.

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Sourcesofpollution:

• Electricitygeneration

• Transport

• Farmwastes

Whatarepollutants?

• Pollutantsaresubstancesthatcausepollution.

Threetypesofpollution:(onlyneedtoknowonetype)

• Agricultural/domestic/industrialpollution.

• Agriculturalpollution(slurry,fertilisers,pesticides,silagerun-off).

Effectsofagriculturalpollution:

• Slurry(animalswastematerial)entersriversorlakesduringheavyrainfallwhichcausesalgaltogrow.

• Whenalgaedieandbreakdown,oxygenisabsorbedandthereforethelevelinoxygeninwaterfalls.

• Waterplantsandanimalsdieduetolackofoxygen.

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NOTE:Theadditionofnutrientstofreshwateriscalledeutrophication.

Solvingtheseproblems:• Storingslurryinleakprooftanks.

• Spreadtheslurryinthedrysummertimeasthereislesschanceofitbeingwashedintostreams.

Conservation:Conservationisthemanagementofourenvironment,whichwillpreventthedeathandextinctionoforganisms.NOTE:Thepresentrateofextinctionisfasternowthaneverbefore. Quagga

Benefitsofconservation:

• Preventsorganismsbecomingextinct

• Maintainsawiderangeoflivingthings.

• Organismsmaybeusefulinnature.

• Maintainsabalanceinnature.

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NOTE:NaturereservesandZoosareusedtopreventextinctionsandprotectorganisms.

ExampleofconservationinFisheries

Problemswiththefishingindustry:

• Overfishinghasreducedthenumberinfishstocks.

• Theuseofsmallfishmeshinnetsresultsinsmallfishbeingcaughtandkilled.

Solutionstotheseproblems:

• Sizeofmeshinthenetsshouldbemadelargersosmallfishcanescape.Thisallowssmallfishtoescapeandmaintainthenumbersofthepopulation.

• Usefishquotastoensureonlycertainamountoffisharecaught.

WasteManagementAgriculture:

• Slurry(animalswastematerial)entersriversorlakesduringheavyrainfallwhichcausesalgaltogrow.

• Whenalgaedieandbreakdown,oxygenisabsorbedandthereforethelevelinoxygeninwaterfalls.

• Waterplantsandanimalsdieduetolackofoxygen.

Solvingtheseproblems:• Storingslurryinleakprooftanks.

• Spreadtheslurryinthedrysummertimeasthereislesschanceofitbeingwashedintostreams.

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Wastemanagementinfish:• Wastematerialssuchasfishheads,tails,andintestinesaredilutedby

water.

• Thesesubstancesarehighlyalkalineandareneutralisedbyaddingacid.Usedtocreatefertiliser.

Wastemanagementinforestry:• Wastematerialsfromtopsoftrees,smallbranches,rootsandsawdust

areprocessedtoformwoodproducts(MDF)

Problemswithwastedisposal

• Wastesmaycontainmicroorganismsthatcausediseases.

• Nutrientsfromagriculturalwastereleasedintowatercancauseplantsandanimalstodie.

• Wasteinlandfillsitescanbeunslightlyandsmell(attractrats)

• Incineratorscancausepoisonousgasestobereleased.

NOTE:Heatfromincineratorscanbeusedtoproduceelectricity.

Controlofwasteproduction:

• Reduce• Reuse• Recycle

Roleofmicro-organismsinwastemanagement:

• Landfillsitesshouldbecoveredinsoilasbacteriaandfungiarepresentwhichwillbreakdownsomeofthematerial.

• Insecondarystageofsewagetreatmentbacteriaandfungiareusedtobreakdownorganicmatter.

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FactorsaffectingPopulations

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Apopulationisalltheorganismsofsamespecieslivinginanarea.HowarePopulationscontrolled?

• Predation• Competition• Parasitism• Symbiosis

Competition

Competitionoccurswhenorganismsstruggleandfightforaresourcethatisinshortsupply.Examples:Twomaleblackbirdscompetingforafemale.Whatresourcesmightanimalscompetefor?

• Food• Shelter• Mates• Space

Whatresourcesmightplantscompetefor?

• Food• Space• Water• Light

Intra-specificcompetitionTakesplacebetweenthesamespeciesExample:tworobinsfightingforterritoryInter-specificcompetitionTakesplacebetweendifferentspeciesExample:blackbirdandthrushcompetingforfood.

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Typesofcompetition

Contestcompetition

• Thisiswherethereisaphysicalcontestbetweentwoindividualorganismsandonlyonebenefits(onlyonegetstheresource).Examples:Twomaledeerfightingforterritoryandfemalemates.

Scramblecompetition

• Allofthecompetingindividualsgetsomeoftheresourcebutnoneoftheorganismsgetenoughresourcetosurvive.

Examples:plantseedlingscompetingforlightandspace.Ifsomearenotremovedtheywillnotgetenoughlight,waterandspaceandmaydie. NOTE:Howtoavoidcompetition?

• Thebutterflyandcaterpillarwhicharethesamespeciesavoidcompetitionastheyhavedifferentmouthparts.Butterflyfeedonnectarwhilecaterpillarsfeedonleaves.

Predation

Predationisthecatching,killingandeatingofanotherorganism.Apredatorisanorganismisanorganismthatcatches,killsandeatsanotherorganism(foxes)Thepreyistheorganismthatiseatenbythepredator(rabbits).

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Predator–Preyrelationships:

Example: Predator:Fox Prey:rabbit

• Asthepopulationofpreyincreases,thenumberofpredatorswillrise(morefoodavailable).

• Aspredatorspopulationbeginstoincrease,thepopulationofpreydecrease.

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Factorsthataffectpredator-preypopulations:

• Availabilityoffood:ifpreynumbersarelarge,thiscancauseanincreaseinthenumbersofpredators.

• Disease:cancausepopulationnumbersdecreasedramatically.

• Migrationofpredators:predatorsmayhavetomoveareaifthepreyspopulationisreallysmallwhichmakesiteasierforthepreypopulationstoincrease.

Whatisanadaption?

• Isafeaturethathelpsanorganismtosurviveandreproduce.

AdaptationsofpredatorsandpreyPredators:

• Foxescanrunfastandhavegoodsenseofsmelltocatchprey.

• Owlshavegreateyesighttocatchtheirpreyatnight(nocturnal)whichallowsthemtoavoidothercompetition.

• Hawkshaveexcellenteyesighttolocateprey.

• Ladybirdshaveastrongjawtokillandeataphids.

Prey

• Micecanrunfastandhidetoavoidbeingeaten.

• Frogsarecamouflagedtoavoidattackbyitspredators.

• Ladybirdshaveabrightredcolour,indicatingthattheytasteverybad.

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Adaptionsofplants:

• Nettleshaveastingtoprotectthemfrompredators.

• Brightcolourflowersisusedtoattractinsectsforpollination.

Factorsthataffecthumanpopulations:

• War–increasethedeathrate

• Famine–increasethedeathrate

• Contraception-reducesthebirthrate

• Disease–increasesthedeathrate.

Parasitism:

• Occurswhenoneorganismobtainsitsfoodfromalivehostcausingit

harm.Typesofparasites:

1) Endoparasites:liveontheinsideofthehost’sbodycausingharm(liverflukeinsheep,tapeworminthehumansmallintestines).

2) Exoparasites:liveontheoutsideofthehost’sbody(fleasonadog,greenflyonarosebush).

Whatistheroleofparasitesinnature?

• Theycontrolpopulationsoftheorganismthattheyfeedon.Howdoparasitesdifferfromotherpredators?

• Theyaresmallerthannormalpredators.• Theycanattackthehostinsidethebody.

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Symbiosis:

• Whentwodifferentorganismsliveincloseassociationwitheachotherandatleastonebenefits.

• Mutualismisanotherformofsymbiosiswherebothbenefits.Examplesofsymbiosis:

• Symbioticbacteriainthehumanlargeintestines.TheyproducevitaminBandKforthehuman(host)andtheygetfoodandshelterfromthehost.

• Nitrogenfixingbacteriaconvertnitrogengasintonitratesfortheplantinthesoil.Thebacteriagetfoodandshelterlivinginroots.

Nitrogenfixingbacteria

Nitrates protectionandshelterClover

Aquaticenvironments

Factorsthataffectaquaticenvironments:

• Light: Plantsareonlyfoundtowardssurfaceofwater.

• Currents: Plantscanbecarriedawayunlessattachedtorocks.

• Saltcontent: saltconcentrationaffectswhatorganismsliveinwater.

• Waveaction:Cancausedamagetoplantsoranimals.

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TheNutrientCycles

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Nutrientrecycling

• Nutrientrecyclingallowselementslikecarbonandnitrogentobeexchangedbetweenlivingandnon-livingpartsofanecosystem

• Alsoacceptedinmarkingscheme(allowsnutrientstobereused)

TheCarbonCycle

Whatisthefunctionofthecarboncycle?

• Socarboncanbeconvertedtocarboninlivingthings(carbohydrates)

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Processesinvolvedinthecarboncycle:

• Photosynthesis• Respiration• Decomposition• Combustion

Functionoflivingorganismsinthecarboncycle:Bacteriaandfungi:theirroleasdecomposershelpreturncarbonbackintotheatmosphere.Animals:returncarbonbackintotheatmospherebytheprocessofrespiration.Plants:absorbcarbonfromtheatmospherebyaprocesscalledphotosynthesis.

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TheNitrogenCycle

Whatisthefunctionofthenitrogencycle?

• Itconvertsnitrogenintoformsthatlivingthingscanuse.• Livingthingsusenitrogenfortheformationofprotein,RNA,DNA.

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Bacteriainvolvedinthenitrogencycle:

• Bacteriaofdecay

• Nitrogenfixingbacteria

• Nitrifyingbacteria

• Denitrifyingbacteria

Whatbacteriaareinvolvedinthenitrogencycle?

Nitrogenfixation:

• Usingnitrogenfixingbacteria(anaerobicbacteriawholiveonrootsoflegumesofclover),theyconvertnitrogengasintonitrates.

Decomposition:

• Bacteriaofdecaybreakdowndeadorganismsandreleasenitrogenintheformofammoniaintothesoil.

Nitrification:

• Usingnitrifyingbacteriaammoniaisconvertedintonitritesandnitrates(thesebacteriaarechemosyntheticinthattheymaketheirownfoodusingchemicalreactions)

Denitrification:

• Usingdenitrifyingbacteria(anaerobicbacteria)thenitratesareconvertedbackintonitrogengas.

NOTE:WhatiscommontobothCarbonandNitrogencycle?

• Bacteriainvolved/excretion/deathanddecay/nutrition.

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Experiment

Section

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StudyofaGrasslandecosystemAhabitatsurveyshouldincludethefollowingkeyparts:

1) Mapofhabitat

2) Abioticandbioticfactorsaffectingthelivingorganisms.

3) Calculatethepopulationsofbothplantsandanimalsinthathabitat.

4) Presenttheinformationgatheredusingchartsandtables.

Whatdoyouusetoidentifyplantsandanimals?

• Anidentificationkey.Youmustidentifyfiveanimalsinyoursurvey:

• Snail• Ladybird• Spider• Blackbird• Earthworm

Youmustidentifyfiveplantsinyoursurvey:

• Ivy• Nettles• Buttercup• Daisy• Bluebells

Tocreateasimplekeytoidentifyfivefauna(typeofanimals)

AnimalCanfly CannotflyBlackfeathers RedandblackShellNoShell (blackbirds) (ladybirds)(snail)

8legs Segmented (spider) (earthworm)

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Tocreateasimplekeytoidentifyfiveflora(typeofplants)

Plant

ColouredFlowers Flowerslackingcolour Sting Nosting (nettle)(ivy)Blueflower whiteflowerYellowflower(bluebells)(daisy)(buttercup)Equipmentusedtocollectanimals:

Pooter---Sucktheorganismintojar(collectsinsectsandspiders)

Sweepnet:Sweepoverlonggrass(collectsinsects)

Planktonnet:pulledthroughwaterwithajarattachedtocollectplankton.

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Beatingtray:Placedunderabushwhichisshaken(collectsinsects,beetles,worms)Pitfalltrap:Placedinsoilfor24hours(collectssnails,slugsandworms)

Tullgrenfunnel:Heatfromthelightcausetheinsectstomovedownfromthesoilandlitterandintothepot(collectsinsects)

Mammaltrap:Smallanimalsenterandbecometrapped(collectsmice)

Cryptozoic trap: Placed on top of soil and returned to a few days later. Animals that like moist and dark conditions will gather on the cryptozoic traps.

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What is the difference between a quantitative survey and a qualitative survey?

• A quantitative survey tells you the numbers of organisms present.

• A qualitative survey tells you if an organism is absent or present. NOTE:quantitative surveys provide more information.

Quantitativesurveyforplants:

TocalculatePercentageCoverofplantsinagrasslandarea:(amountofgroundcoveredbyanyspecies)

1) Aquadratisasquaremadeofmetalorwoodandhassidesof0.5

metre.

2) Aquadratisplacedrandomlyinyourhabitat.Thisiscarriedoutbythrowingapenciloveryourshoulderandplacingthequadratwheretheobjectlands.

3) Thiswasrepeated10times.

4) Ineachquadrat,wecountedthetimeseachplanttouchesanintersectionpointofeachsmallsquareandrecordedourresultsonatable.

5) Wethenusedtheformula:Numberoftouches x100Numberofsquares1

6) Agraphwasdrawnwiththeresults.

NOTE:

• Thissurveyusesanobjectiveestimateasaperson’sindividualjudgementsarenotused.

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QuantitativeSurveyforplants:

TocalculatePercentagefrequencyofplantsinagrasslandarea:(chanceoffindinganamedspecieswithonethrow)

1) Aquadratisasquaremadeofmetalorwoodandhassidesof0.5

metre.

2) Aquadratisplacedrandomlyinyourhabitat.Thisiscarriedoutbythrowingapenciloveryourshoulderandplacingthequadratwheretheobjectlands.

3) Aquadratwasthrown10times.

4) Thepresenceorabsenceofaspeciesisrecordedforeachquadratandwerepresentedinatable.

5) Graphyourresults.

6) Ifaspeciesispresentinthreequadratsoutoften,theirfrequencyis3/10X100/1=30%

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TocarryoutaQuantitativesurveyofanimalsusingtheCapture–recapturemethod

(estimatethenumberofmice)

1) Inahabitat,captureanumberofmice(usedamammaltrap).

2) Markeachorganismusingamarkermakingsurenottoharmtheanimals(e.gmakingthemmorevisibletopredators).

3) Releaseeachorganismintheareaitwascaptured.

4) Onasecondvisit(somedayslater)asimilarnumberofanimalswerecaughtandthemicethatweremarkedwererecorded.

5) Thetotalofnumberofanimalswerecalculatedusingtheformula:Number=C1stXC2nd

M2ndC1st=numbercaughtandmarkedon1stvisitC2nd=numbercaughton2ndvisitM2nd=numbermarkedon2ndvisitfromfirstvisit

6) Graphyourresults.NOTE:markedanimalsmustbegiventimetomixwiththeunmarkedanimals.

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Example:Estimatethenumberofwildharesinagrasslandarea.50haresweretrapped.Atagwasplacedonitsfuranditwasreleased.Afewdayslater50moreharesweretrapped,ofwhich20hadalreadybeentagged.Afewdayslater50moreharesweretrappedand10hadtheirearstagged.

i) Calculatethenumberofharesinthisgrassland:ii) Calculatethemeanpopulationsizeofharesingrassland:

i) Comparefiestandsecondvisit:

Numberofhares=50x50=125

20

Comparefirstandthirdvisit:Numberofhares:50x50=250 10

ii) Meanpopulation:125+250=187.5hares

2

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Toinvestigatethreeabioticfactors(non-living)inahedgerow.

Aspect

• Aspectcanbeidentifiedusingacompass.

NOTE:aspectaffectslightintensityandtemperature(botharehigheronsouthfacingslopes).

Airtemperature

• Airtemperatureistakenusingathermometer.WindSpeedanddirection

• Canbemeasuredusingananemometerandawindgauge.SoilpH

• RecordedusingapHmeteroruniversalindicator.

Lightintensity

• CanbemeasuredusingalightmeterWhatpossiblesourcesoferrormayoccurinyourhabitatsurvey?Accidentaldiscovery:

• Arareanimalmayormaynotbeseenwhichisnotverycommontothehabitat.

Sizeofsamplearea:

• Ifthesampleareaistoosmalltheremightnotbeafairreflectionontheorganismsthatarepresentinthatarea.

• Thelargerthesamplesizethemoreaccuratetheresults(e.gthrowing100quadratsratherthanjust10).

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Humanerror:

• Humansmayidentifyanorganismincorrectly(Solution–useakey).

• Ifhumansarerequiredtogiveestimationonsomething,therejudgementmaynotbeaccurate.

Changingseasons:

• Certainorganismsmaybepresentinspringandsummer.However,ifyouarecarryingoutthehabitatsurveyinthewintermanyorganismsmaynotbepresent.

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DoyouKnow TickDefineecology Definebiosphere Defineecosystemandnameoneexample Definehabitat,population,community Defineabioticfactorandgivethreeexamples Definebioticfactorandgivethreeexamples Defineclimaticfactorsandgivethreeexamples Defineedaphicfactorsandgivethreeexamples Listthreefactorsimpactingonaquaticenvironment Statetheprimarysourceofenergy Defineproducers,primaryconsumers,secondaryconsumers,tertiaryconsumersandnotetheretropiclevelinfoodchain

Defineherbivore,carnivoreandomnivore Defineflora,faunaanddecomposers Definefoodchain,foodwebandtrophiclevels Drawafoodchainwithfourtrophiclevels Drawafoodwebwiththreefoodchains Explainthereasonwhyfoodchainshaveonly4or5trophiclevels Defineaniche Describethechancesofanorganismsurvivingifintroducedintoavacantniche

Definethetermpyramidofnumbers Drawanormalandinvertedpyramidofnumbers Toidentifyexamplesoforganismsincertainstagesinpyramidofnumbers

Statealimitationofusingpyramidofnumbers Statefactorsthatcontrolpopulationnumbers Definecompetition,intra-specificcompetition,interspecificcompetition,contestcompetitionandscramblecompetitiongivinganexampleforeach

Toknowanexampleofhowoneorganismhasanadaptivetechniquestosurvivecompetition

Definepredation,prey Stateadaptionsoftwotypesofpredators Stateadaptionsoftwotypesofprey Defineparasitism,endoparasiteandexoparasites Definesymbiosisandknowtwoexamplesofsymbiosisrelationships Drawagraphtorepresenthowpredator-preyrelationshipsaffecttheirpopulations.

Statethreefactorsthatimpactpredatorpreyinteractions Listfourfactorsthataffecthumanpopulations Definepollutionandpollutant Nameatypeofagriculturalpollution Defineconservation Statetwobenefitsofconservation Statetwoproblemswithfishingindustry

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Listtwomethodsofconservationinfishingindustry Forwastemanagementstateoneeffectofslurryonenvironment Listtwomethodsofcontrollingthereleaseofslurry Statethreeproblemsassociatedwithwastedisposal Statetheroleofmicroorganismsinlandfillsitesandsewagetreatment

Statethreemethodsofcontrollingwasteproduction Definenutrientrecycling Todrawordescribethecarboncycle Statetheroleoforganisms(bacteria,fungi,plantsandanimals)inthecarboncycle

Statethefunctionofthenitrogencycle Todrawordescribethenitrogencycle Definenitrogenfixation,nitrificationanddenitrification Namethebacteriainvolvedinthenitrogencycle Statetheroleoforganisms(bacteria,fungi,plantsandanimals)inthenitrogencycle

Nameoneecosystem Statethefunctionofakey Defineaqualitativestudyandquantitativesurvey Nametwopossiblesourcesoferrorinecosystemstudyandstatehowtheymightbeprevented

Toinvestigatethreeabioticfactorsinecosystem Toknowinfluenceofthreeabioticfactors Defineadaptation Stateoneadaptionofbothananimalandaplantandthebenefitofthisadaptation

Namefivefaunainanamedecosystem Todrawakeytohelpidentifythesefivefauna Namefiveflorainanamedecosystem Todrawakeytohelpidentifythesefiveflora Listtheequipmentusedtosurveyorganismsandexplainhowtheywork

Tocarryoutaquantitativesurveyofplants(Quadratsurvey-%cover)

Tocarryoutaquantitativesurveyofanimals(Capture-recapturemethod))

Statehowyoupresentresultsfromsuchsurveys

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ExamQuestionsExamPaper2019,Question10:

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ExamPaper2018,Question2:

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ExamPaper2018,Question

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Solutions2017,Question2:

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ExamPaper2016,Queestion10:

Solutions2016,Question2:______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Solutions2016,Question10:

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ExamPaper2013Question2:

Solutions2013Question2:

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ExamPaper2013Question15

i) Nameonebirdfromthestudyandnameitsparasite:

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

ii) Explainthetermectoparasite:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

iii) Suggestonenegativeeffectonbirdsorchicksoflivinginparasiteinfestednests:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

iv) Apartfromaneffectonparasitenumbers,suggestareasonfortheuseofthefilterfibresinnestbuilding:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

v) Stateonebenefittoaplantofgivingoffstrongsmells:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

vi) Suggestwhatmightbetrappedinusedcigarettes:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

vii) Suggesthowthescientistsmighthavemeasuredtheamountofcigarettefilterfibresinonenest:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

viii) Thescientistsputunusedcigarettefiltersbesidebird’snests.Suggestareasonforthis:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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ix) Thenestscontainingunusedfiltersshowedanormalparasiteload.Suggestonereasonforthisobservation:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

b)

i) Drawalargediagramtoillustratethemainfeaturesofthenitrogencycle:

ii) Outlinetwobiologicalsimilaritiesbetweenthenitrogencycleandthecarboncycle:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

iii) Suggestwhycontinualmonitoringoftheenvironmentisvaluable:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

iv) Inthecaseofeachofthefollowingpairsofterms,distinguishbetweenthemembersofeachpairbywritingasentenceabouteachterm:1) Contestcompetitionandscramblecompetition:

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2) Edaphicandaquatic:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3) Climateandweather:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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c)

ii)Giveanexplanationofthegraphthatyouhavedrawnforthepreyspecies:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________iii)Doyouthinkthatpopulationgraphsforahostspeciesanditsmainparasitewouldshowsimilarfluctuations.Explainyouranswer:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________iv)Suggestaroleforparasitesintheoverallschemeofnature:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________v)

1) Nametwopredators:_____________________________________________________________________________________

2) Giveoneadaptivetechniqueinthecaseofeachpredator:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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a) i) Distinguishbetweenafoodchainandafoodweb:

Includeaclearreferencetoeachinyouranswer:_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

ii) Whatdoecologistsmeanbyapyramidofnumbers:

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

b)

i) Suggestareasonforattemptingtoestablishanexoticspeciesinanew

country:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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ii) Suggesttworeasonswhythegreatmajorityofattemptedintroductionshavebeenunsuccessful:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

iii) Useyourknowledgeofthelifecycleoffloweringplantstosuggesthowanexoticplantmayescapefromcapacity:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

iv) Useyourknowledgethatyouhavegainedinyourstudiesofecologytosuggesthowtheintroductionofanexoticspeciesmay:1) impactnegativelyonanexistingcommunity:

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2) impactpositivelyonanexistingcommunity:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

v) Ithasbeenstatedthatanexoticspecieshasagoodchanceof

becomingestablishedinanewenvironmentifthereisavacantniche.1) Explainthetermnicheinthiscontext:

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2) Doyouagreewiththeaboveanswer:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3) Explainyouranswer:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

c) Nametheecosystemwhichyouinvestigatedduringyourstudyofecology:_____________________________________________________________________________________i) Explaintheterms:

1) Flora:________________________________________________________________________

2) Fauna:________________________________________________________________________

ii) Nameoneanimalfromyourecosystemanddescribehowyou

carriedoutaquantitativestudyofthatanimal:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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iii) Suggestonewayinwhichmarkingananimalmightendangerit:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

iv) Ecosystemsaresubjecttochanges,bothnaturalandartificial.Mentiononeofeachtypeofchangeasitappliestoyournamedecosystem:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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Exampaper2008Question7:

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Solutions2008Question7


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ecology revision class - institute of education · 2020-02-28 · ecology ecology is the study of...

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