economic challenges in the mediterranean unlocking the...
TRANSCRIPT
PAM 10TH PLENARY SESSIONTirana Albania 18-19 February 2016
Economic Challenges in the Mediterranean Unlocking the Potential for Sustainable Development
An Overview fromYour United Nations Regional Commissions
(ECA ESCWA UNECE)
Ms Virginia Cram-Martos Director Economic Cooperation and Trade
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
United Nations Economic Work and the SDGs
Goal 2 End hunger food security nutrition sustainable agriculture
Goal 8 SustainableEconomic Growth
Goal 12 Sustainable consumption and production patterns
Goal 9 Resilient infrastructure industrialization and innovation
Goal 17 Means of implementation and revitalize global partnership
Goal 3 Healthy Lives
Unlocking the Potential for Sustainable Development
Building Upon Global MegaTrends
28 Billion Mobile Broadband Subscriptions
150 Billion Worldwide App Downloads
9300 ExaByte Worldwide Data Creation
$17900 Billion Worldwide eCommerce Transactions
Megatrend 1 ndash Global connectedness
Huawei Global Connectivity Index 2015
Megatrend 1 ndash Global connectedness
Megatrend 2 Center of economic gravity
bull Over half of merchandise exports from developing economies are sent to other developing economies
Merchandise Exports (2013)
bull Developing economiesrsquo exports to least-developed countries (LDCs) in 2013 grew by 8 per cent compared with 10 per cent in 2012
bull Developed economiesrsquo exports to LDCs grew by 3 per cent following stagnation the previous year
Merchandise Exports to
LDCs (2013)
bull Since 2000 exports of commercial services from least-developed countries (LDCs) have grown by 14 per cent per year on average a much higher growth rate than in other economies (9 per cent on average)
Commercial Services (2013)
Source World Trade Development (2013) httpswwwwtoorgenglishres_estatis_eits2014_eits14_highlights1_epdf
Megatrend 2 Center of Economic Gravity
1990 Low and Middle Income Countries = 20 of GDP2013 Low and Middle Income Countries = 40 of GDP
1995 World Imports
2013 World Imports
Megatrend 3 Technological change and its adoption
-
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Per 100 inhabitants
Mobile Phone Subscription (Per 100 habitants)
Developed Developing World
Megatrend 3 Technological change and its adoption
IEA (2014) Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2014 OECDIEA Paris
Solar PV generation and projection by region
Megatrend 4 Urbanization and Demographic Trends
Megatrend 5 The Impact of Human Activity ndash Climate Change
Of the 15 hottest years since record keeping began 130 years ago
14 occurred between 2000 and 2015
Unlocking the Potential
Looking at Where We Areamp
What We Can Build Upon
Note - due to poor data availability Andorra Monaco Palestine and Syria are not included
000
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
GDPcapita (USD)
Time (year)
PAM Members GDP per capita
All PAM Members
EU PAM Members
Non-EU PAM Members
GDP Per Capita Median Income and Equality
Steady Decreasing or Increasing
In the Same or Different Directions
Note - Due to poor data availability Andorra Monaco and Palestine are not included
0
20000000
40000000
60000000
80000000
100000000
120000000
140000000
PAM Members Youth Population (lt15)
All PAMMembers
EU PAMMembers
Non-EU PAMMembers
0
10000000
20000000
30000000
40000000
50000000
60000000
20042005200620072008200920102011201220132014
PAM Members Senior Population (gt65)
All PAMMembers
EU PAMMembers
Non-EU PAMMembers
Demographic Trends and OpportunitiesMore Youth who need jobs
AND More Elderly who need services
The Economic Impact ofUncertainty Instability and Conflict
Is Enlarging
The Example of Tourism
Tourism revenues in Algeria Egypt and Tunisia plunged more than 40 between 2010 and 2013 after political upheaval and attacks on tourists
Today we do not have statistics yet but it is sure that tourism is suffering in even more countries of the region including France and Turkey
Observations and a Questionndash Investors require higher returns for higher risk and the number
of investments with returns high enough to offset the risks is dramatically shrinking in many countries
ndash With greater stability comes greater growth witness recent improvements in the Egyptian economy due to a relative ldquopolitical stabilizationrdquo - but will medium to long-term investors see these changes as being reliable and sustainable
What can Parliamentarians and the International Community do to
Reduce conflict
Provide laquostabilityraquo insurance to investors
Increase investment in post-conflict areas by compensating investorsfor the difference between actual returns and returns adjusted for risk
Further Challenges Calling for Innovation-Driven Growth
bull Deficits that remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull Some countries especially in North Africa and West Asia suffer from
ndash Volatile commodity-based resource base
ndash Low economic diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
ndash Persistent inflation
bull High unemployment especially among youth
bull Growth which does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Promoting Innovation and Competitiveness
Innovation enables stronger economic growth with less ecological impact
=gt Sustainable Development Goal 9 (and others)
BUT innovation needs a nurturing eco-system =gt policy support for it to emerge
Innovation and Competitiveness Policies
Exchanges of Experience
Good Practices amp Policy Recommendations
Policy Advice amp Capacity Building
A few examples of ongoing issuesactivities
-The Euro-Med process
-The WTO system resolving the status of Arab countries
- The Pan African FTA
- FTAs with the USA Turkey EFTA
- Negotiations between GCC and China GCC and India
- Arab economic integration from PAFTA to ACU
Observation these processes are too slow and one result has been the erosion of market advantages for regional goods within the region
Conclusion Integration within the region and with other regions should be accelerated to maximize gains
20
There is a Wide Range of Ongoing Regional Economic Integration Initiatives and Processes
There are many existing regional and bilateral trade agreements ndash With limited impact on intra-regional trade
21Source World Bank (2008)
Intra-Arab (and intra-regional trade generally) remains limited
22
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Public Regulation Quality Index
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
EGYPTE
MAROC
MAURITANIE
SOUDAN
TUNISIE
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
MAURITANIE
EGYPTE
SOUDAN
MAROC
TUNISIE
State Efficiency Index
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
40
39
37
36
30
11
Thellip
Mhellip
Ehellip
Ahellip
Mhellip
Shellip
Corruption Perception Index
Source Transparency International
UNECE Trade 3 Priorities
Simplifying and harmonizing regulations
Facilitating trade flows
Implementing standards-based agricultural
trade
United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UNCEFACT)
Outputs
bull Over 40 Global Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business Recommendations and a wide range of International Standards
Objectives
o Simple transparent and effective processes for global business
o Efficient and automated exchange of information
Means
o Public Private Sector Partnership ndash over 200 experts from government and business
o Meet virtually every week plus two Forums per yearGlobal Remit
TRADE FACILITATION RECOMMENDATIONS STANDARDS AND TOOLS
Ou
treach
and
Sup
po
rt
Policy Recs
UNCEFACT
UNECE
Standards
UNCEFACT
Guidelines Briefs Case
Studies Many wpartners
Single Window
Est No Recommendation
2004 33 Single Window Recommendation
2011 34 Data Simplification and Standardization for International Trade
2011 35 Establishing a legal framework for international trade Single Window
2016 36 Interoperability of Single Window Systems
37hellip Interoperability of Systems within a Single Window Environment
Current topics
bull Revision of Recommendation 1 on UN Layout Key for Trade Documents
bull Electronic Management and Exchange of Fishery Information (FLUX)
bull Track and Trace for Animals and Fish
bull MultiModal Transport Reference Data Model
Agricultural Quality Standards
More than 100 international
agricultural quality
standards
Fresh Fruit and
Vegetables
Seed potatoes
Meat
Dry and Dried
Produce
Why Agricultural Quality Standards
bull To provide a common trading language
bull To create market transparency and facilitate fair
international trade
bull To guide producers improve and ensure the level of product
quality
bull To increase profitability of the sector
(Profitability depends on trading volume and price which are
influenced by quality)
bull To protect consumersrsquo interests
UNECE STANDARDS ensure consistent
quality and
help establish lasting trade relations
UNECErsquos Agri Standards In Use Worldwide
UNECE standards are used globally on a voluntary basis to make trading
easier
UNECE standards can be incorporated into national legislation
As an export requirement to ensure produce quality levels or as a requirement
for the domestic export and import markets
UNECE Standards are reflected in EU legislation
EU standards are fully harmonized with UNECE standards
eg10 product specific EU standards amp optional use for other products
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization
More than 15 recommendations on standardization and
regulatory cooperation
Regulatorycooperation
RiskManagement in RegulatoryFrameworks
Education on standards-
related issues
Marketsurveillance
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
Studies on Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade
Completed Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Follow-up ongoing
Ongoing Albania and Moldova
Plans Turkmenistan and the Customs Union
First Analytical FrameworkTrade Facilitation and transport
Prepare for
export
Transport Import
SHIPBUY PAY
Receive
payment
Commercial Procedures
Transport Procedures
Regulatory Procedures
Financial Procedures
Second Analytical FrameworkStandardisation and Technical Regulation
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
United Nations Economic Work and the SDGs
Goal 2 End hunger food security nutrition sustainable agriculture
Goal 8 SustainableEconomic Growth
Goal 12 Sustainable consumption and production patterns
Goal 9 Resilient infrastructure industrialization and innovation
Goal 17 Means of implementation and revitalize global partnership
Goal 3 Healthy Lives
Unlocking the Potential for Sustainable Development
Building Upon Global MegaTrends
28 Billion Mobile Broadband Subscriptions
150 Billion Worldwide App Downloads
9300 ExaByte Worldwide Data Creation
$17900 Billion Worldwide eCommerce Transactions
Megatrend 1 ndash Global connectedness
Huawei Global Connectivity Index 2015
Megatrend 1 ndash Global connectedness
Megatrend 2 Center of economic gravity
bull Over half of merchandise exports from developing economies are sent to other developing economies
Merchandise Exports (2013)
bull Developing economiesrsquo exports to least-developed countries (LDCs) in 2013 grew by 8 per cent compared with 10 per cent in 2012
bull Developed economiesrsquo exports to LDCs grew by 3 per cent following stagnation the previous year
Merchandise Exports to
LDCs (2013)
bull Since 2000 exports of commercial services from least-developed countries (LDCs) have grown by 14 per cent per year on average a much higher growth rate than in other economies (9 per cent on average)
Commercial Services (2013)
Source World Trade Development (2013) httpswwwwtoorgenglishres_estatis_eits2014_eits14_highlights1_epdf
Megatrend 2 Center of Economic Gravity
1990 Low and Middle Income Countries = 20 of GDP2013 Low and Middle Income Countries = 40 of GDP
1995 World Imports
2013 World Imports
Megatrend 3 Technological change and its adoption
-
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Per 100 inhabitants
Mobile Phone Subscription (Per 100 habitants)
Developed Developing World
Megatrend 3 Technological change and its adoption
IEA (2014) Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2014 OECDIEA Paris
Solar PV generation and projection by region
Megatrend 4 Urbanization and Demographic Trends
Megatrend 5 The Impact of Human Activity ndash Climate Change
Of the 15 hottest years since record keeping began 130 years ago
14 occurred between 2000 and 2015
Unlocking the Potential
Looking at Where We Areamp
What We Can Build Upon
Note - due to poor data availability Andorra Monaco Palestine and Syria are not included
000
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
GDPcapita (USD)
Time (year)
PAM Members GDP per capita
All PAM Members
EU PAM Members
Non-EU PAM Members
GDP Per Capita Median Income and Equality
Steady Decreasing or Increasing
In the Same or Different Directions
Note - Due to poor data availability Andorra Monaco and Palestine are not included
0
20000000
40000000
60000000
80000000
100000000
120000000
140000000
PAM Members Youth Population (lt15)
All PAMMembers
EU PAMMembers
Non-EU PAMMembers
0
10000000
20000000
30000000
40000000
50000000
60000000
20042005200620072008200920102011201220132014
PAM Members Senior Population (gt65)
All PAMMembers
EU PAMMembers
Non-EU PAMMembers
Demographic Trends and OpportunitiesMore Youth who need jobs
AND More Elderly who need services
The Economic Impact ofUncertainty Instability and Conflict
Is Enlarging
The Example of Tourism
Tourism revenues in Algeria Egypt and Tunisia plunged more than 40 between 2010 and 2013 after political upheaval and attacks on tourists
Today we do not have statistics yet but it is sure that tourism is suffering in even more countries of the region including France and Turkey
Observations and a Questionndash Investors require higher returns for higher risk and the number
of investments with returns high enough to offset the risks is dramatically shrinking in many countries
ndash With greater stability comes greater growth witness recent improvements in the Egyptian economy due to a relative ldquopolitical stabilizationrdquo - but will medium to long-term investors see these changes as being reliable and sustainable
What can Parliamentarians and the International Community do to
Reduce conflict
Provide laquostabilityraquo insurance to investors
Increase investment in post-conflict areas by compensating investorsfor the difference between actual returns and returns adjusted for risk
Further Challenges Calling for Innovation-Driven Growth
bull Deficits that remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull Some countries especially in North Africa and West Asia suffer from
ndash Volatile commodity-based resource base
ndash Low economic diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
ndash Persistent inflation
bull High unemployment especially among youth
bull Growth which does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Promoting Innovation and Competitiveness
Innovation enables stronger economic growth with less ecological impact
=gt Sustainable Development Goal 9 (and others)
BUT innovation needs a nurturing eco-system =gt policy support for it to emerge
Innovation and Competitiveness Policies
Exchanges of Experience
Good Practices amp Policy Recommendations
Policy Advice amp Capacity Building
A few examples of ongoing issuesactivities
-The Euro-Med process
-The WTO system resolving the status of Arab countries
- The Pan African FTA
- FTAs with the USA Turkey EFTA
- Negotiations between GCC and China GCC and India
- Arab economic integration from PAFTA to ACU
Observation these processes are too slow and one result has been the erosion of market advantages for regional goods within the region
Conclusion Integration within the region and with other regions should be accelerated to maximize gains
20
There is a Wide Range of Ongoing Regional Economic Integration Initiatives and Processes
There are many existing regional and bilateral trade agreements ndash With limited impact on intra-regional trade
21Source World Bank (2008)
Intra-Arab (and intra-regional trade generally) remains limited
22
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Public Regulation Quality Index
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
EGYPTE
MAROC
MAURITANIE
SOUDAN
TUNISIE
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
MAURITANIE
EGYPTE
SOUDAN
MAROC
TUNISIE
State Efficiency Index
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
40
39
37
36
30
11
Thellip
Mhellip
Ehellip
Ahellip
Mhellip
Shellip
Corruption Perception Index
Source Transparency International
UNECE Trade 3 Priorities
Simplifying and harmonizing regulations
Facilitating trade flows
Implementing standards-based agricultural
trade
United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UNCEFACT)
Outputs
bull Over 40 Global Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business Recommendations and a wide range of International Standards
Objectives
o Simple transparent and effective processes for global business
o Efficient and automated exchange of information
Means
o Public Private Sector Partnership ndash over 200 experts from government and business
o Meet virtually every week plus two Forums per yearGlobal Remit
TRADE FACILITATION RECOMMENDATIONS STANDARDS AND TOOLS
Ou
treach
and
Sup
po
rt
Policy Recs
UNCEFACT
UNECE
Standards
UNCEFACT
Guidelines Briefs Case
Studies Many wpartners
Single Window
Est No Recommendation
2004 33 Single Window Recommendation
2011 34 Data Simplification and Standardization for International Trade
2011 35 Establishing a legal framework for international trade Single Window
2016 36 Interoperability of Single Window Systems
37hellip Interoperability of Systems within a Single Window Environment
Current topics
bull Revision of Recommendation 1 on UN Layout Key for Trade Documents
bull Electronic Management and Exchange of Fishery Information (FLUX)
bull Track and Trace for Animals and Fish
bull MultiModal Transport Reference Data Model
Agricultural Quality Standards
More than 100 international
agricultural quality
standards
Fresh Fruit and
Vegetables
Seed potatoes
Meat
Dry and Dried
Produce
Why Agricultural Quality Standards
bull To provide a common trading language
bull To create market transparency and facilitate fair
international trade
bull To guide producers improve and ensure the level of product
quality
bull To increase profitability of the sector
(Profitability depends on trading volume and price which are
influenced by quality)
bull To protect consumersrsquo interests
UNECE STANDARDS ensure consistent
quality and
help establish lasting trade relations
UNECErsquos Agri Standards In Use Worldwide
UNECE standards are used globally on a voluntary basis to make trading
easier
UNECE standards can be incorporated into national legislation
As an export requirement to ensure produce quality levels or as a requirement
for the domestic export and import markets
UNECE Standards are reflected in EU legislation
EU standards are fully harmonized with UNECE standards
eg10 product specific EU standards amp optional use for other products
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization
More than 15 recommendations on standardization and
regulatory cooperation
Regulatorycooperation
RiskManagement in RegulatoryFrameworks
Education on standards-
related issues
Marketsurveillance
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
Studies on Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade
Completed Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Follow-up ongoing
Ongoing Albania and Moldova
Plans Turkmenistan and the Customs Union
First Analytical FrameworkTrade Facilitation and transport
Prepare for
export
Transport Import
SHIPBUY PAY
Receive
payment
Commercial Procedures
Transport Procedures
Regulatory Procedures
Financial Procedures
Second Analytical FrameworkStandardisation and Technical Regulation
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
Unlocking the Potential for Sustainable Development
Building Upon Global MegaTrends
28 Billion Mobile Broadband Subscriptions
150 Billion Worldwide App Downloads
9300 ExaByte Worldwide Data Creation
$17900 Billion Worldwide eCommerce Transactions
Megatrend 1 ndash Global connectedness
Huawei Global Connectivity Index 2015
Megatrend 1 ndash Global connectedness
Megatrend 2 Center of economic gravity
bull Over half of merchandise exports from developing economies are sent to other developing economies
Merchandise Exports (2013)
bull Developing economiesrsquo exports to least-developed countries (LDCs) in 2013 grew by 8 per cent compared with 10 per cent in 2012
bull Developed economiesrsquo exports to LDCs grew by 3 per cent following stagnation the previous year
Merchandise Exports to
LDCs (2013)
bull Since 2000 exports of commercial services from least-developed countries (LDCs) have grown by 14 per cent per year on average a much higher growth rate than in other economies (9 per cent on average)
Commercial Services (2013)
Source World Trade Development (2013) httpswwwwtoorgenglishres_estatis_eits2014_eits14_highlights1_epdf
Megatrend 2 Center of Economic Gravity
1990 Low and Middle Income Countries = 20 of GDP2013 Low and Middle Income Countries = 40 of GDP
1995 World Imports
2013 World Imports
Megatrend 3 Technological change and its adoption
-
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Per 100 inhabitants
Mobile Phone Subscription (Per 100 habitants)
Developed Developing World
Megatrend 3 Technological change and its adoption
IEA (2014) Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2014 OECDIEA Paris
Solar PV generation and projection by region
Megatrend 4 Urbanization and Demographic Trends
Megatrend 5 The Impact of Human Activity ndash Climate Change
Of the 15 hottest years since record keeping began 130 years ago
14 occurred between 2000 and 2015
Unlocking the Potential
Looking at Where We Areamp
What We Can Build Upon
Note - due to poor data availability Andorra Monaco Palestine and Syria are not included
000
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
GDPcapita (USD)
Time (year)
PAM Members GDP per capita
All PAM Members
EU PAM Members
Non-EU PAM Members
GDP Per Capita Median Income and Equality
Steady Decreasing or Increasing
In the Same or Different Directions
Note - Due to poor data availability Andorra Monaco and Palestine are not included
0
20000000
40000000
60000000
80000000
100000000
120000000
140000000
PAM Members Youth Population (lt15)
All PAMMembers
EU PAMMembers
Non-EU PAMMembers
0
10000000
20000000
30000000
40000000
50000000
60000000
20042005200620072008200920102011201220132014
PAM Members Senior Population (gt65)
All PAMMembers
EU PAMMembers
Non-EU PAMMembers
Demographic Trends and OpportunitiesMore Youth who need jobs
AND More Elderly who need services
The Economic Impact ofUncertainty Instability and Conflict
Is Enlarging
The Example of Tourism
Tourism revenues in Algeria Egypt and Tunisia plunged more than 40 between 2010 and 2013 after political upheaval and attacks on tourists
Today we do not have statistics yet but it is sure that tourism is suffering in even more countries of the region including France and Turkey
Observations and a Questionndash Investors require higher returns for higher risk and the number
of investments with returns high enough to offset the risks is dramatically shrinking in many countries
ndash With greater stability comes greater growth witness recent improvements in the Egyptian economy due to a relative ldquopolitical stabilizationrdquo - but will medium to long-term investors see these changes as being reliable and sustainable
What can Parliamentarians and the International Community do to
Reduce conflict
Provide laquostabilityraquo insurance to investors
Increase investment in post-conflict areas by compensating investorsfor the difference between actual returns and returns adjusted for risk
Further Challenges Calling for Innovation-Driven Growth
bull Deficits that remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull Some countries especially in North Africa and West Asia suffer from
ndash Volatile commodity-based resource base
ndash Low economic diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
ndash Persistent inflation
bull High unemployment especially among youth
bull Growth which does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Promoting Innovation and Competitiveness
Innovation enables stronger economic growth with less ecological impact
=gt Sustainable Development Goal 9 (and others)
BUT innovation needs a nurturing eco-system =gt policy support for it to emerge
Innovation and Competitiveness Policies
Exchanges of Experience
Good Practices amp Policy Recommendations
Policy Advice amp Capacity Building
A few examples of ongoing issuesactivities
-The Euro-Med process
-The WTO system resolving the status of Arab countries
- The Pan African FTA
- FTAs with the USA Turkey EFTA
- Negotiations between GCC and China GCC and India
- Arab economic integration from PAFTA to ACU
Observation these processes are too slow and one result has been the erosion of market advantages for regional goods within the region
Conclusion Integration within the region and with other regions should be accelerated to maximize gains
20
There is a Wide Range of Ongoing Regional Economic Integration Initiatives and Processes
There are many existing regional and bilateral trade agreements ndash With limited impact on intra-regional trade
21Source World Bank (2008)
Intra-Arab (and intra-regional trade generally) remains limited
22
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Public Regulation Quality Index
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
EGYPTE
MAROC
MAURITANIE
SOUDAN
TUNISIE
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
MAURITANIE
EGYPTE
SOUDAN
MAROC
TUNISIE
State Efficiency Index
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
40
39
37
36
30
11
Thellip
Mhellip
Ehellip
Ahellip
Mhellip
Shellip
Corruption Perception Index
Source Transparency International
UNECE Trade 3 Priorities
Simplifying and harmonizing regulations
Facilitating trade flows
Implementing standards-based agricultural
trade
United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UNCEFACT)
Outputs
bull Over 40 Global Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business Recommendations and a wide range of International Standards
Objectives
o Simple transparent and effective processes for global business
o Efficient and automated exchange of information
Means
o Public Private Sector Partnership ndash over 200 experts from government and business
o Meet virtually every week plus two Forums per yearGlobal Remit
TRADE FACILITATION RECOMMENDATIONS STANDARDS AND TOOLS
Ou
treach
and
Sup
po
rt
Policy Recs
UNCEFACT
UNECE
Standards
UNCEFACT
Guidelines Briefs Case
Studies Many wpartners
Single Window
Est No Recommendation
2004 33 Single Window Recommendation
2011 34 Data Simplification and Standardization for International Trade
2011 35 Establishing a legal framework for international trade Single Window
2016 36 Interoperability of Single Window Systems
37hellip Interoperability of Systems within a Single Window Environment
Current topics
bull Revision of Recommendation 1 on UN Layout Key for Trade Documents
bull Electronic Management and Exchange of Fishery Information (FLUX)
bull Track and Trace for Animals and Fish
bull MultiModal Transport Reference Data Model
Agricultural Quality Standards
More than 100 international
agricultural quality
standards
Fresh Fruit and
Vegetables
Seed potatoes
Meat
Dry and Dried
Produce
Why Agricultural Quality Standards
bull To provide a common trading language
bull To create market transparency and facilitate fair
international trade
bull To guide producers improve and ensure the level of product
quality
bull To increase profitability of the sector
(Profitability depends on trading volume and price which are
influenced by quality)
bull To protect consumersrsquo interests
UNECE STANDARDS ensure consistent
quality and
help establish lasting trade relations
UNECErsquos Agri Standards In Use Worldwide
UNECE standards are used globally on a voluntary basis to make trading
easier
UNECE standards can be incorporated into national legislation
As an export requirement to ensure produce quality levels or as a requirement
for the domestic export and import markets
UNECE Standards are reflected in EU legislation
EU standards are fully harmonized with UNECE standards
eg10 product specific EU standards amp optional use for other products
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization
More than 15 recommendations on standardization and
regulatory cooperation
Regulatorycooperation
RiskManagement in RegulatoryFrameworks
Education on standards-
related issues
Marketsurveillance
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
Studies on Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade
Completed Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Follow-up ongoing
Ongoing Albania and Moldova
Plans Turkmenistan and the Customs Union
First Analytical FrameworkTrade Facilitation and transport
Prepare for
export
Transport Import
SHIPBUY PAY
Receive
payment
Commercial Procedures
Transport Procedures
Regulatory Procedures
Financial Procedures
Second Analytical FrameworkStandardisation and Technical Regulation
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
28 Billion Mobile Broadband Subscriptions
150 Billion Worldwide App Downloads
9300 ExaByte Worldwide Data Creation
$17900 Billion Worldwide eCommerce Transactions
Megatrend 1 ndash Global connectedness
Huawei Global Connectivity Index 2015
Megatrend 1 ndash Global connectedness
Megatrend 2 Center of economic gravity
bull Over half of merchandise exports from developing economies are sent to other developing economies
Merchandise Exports (2013)
bull Developing economiesrsquo exports to least-developed countries (LDCs) in 2013 grew by 8 per cent compared with 10 per cent in 2012
bull Developed economiesrsquo exports to LDCs grew by 3 per cent following stagnation the previous year
Merchandise Exports to
LDCs (2013)
bull Since 2000 exports of commercial services from least-developed countries (LDCs) have grown by 14 per cent per year on average a much higher growth rate than in other economies (9 per cent on average)
Commercial Services (2013)
Source World Trade Development (2013) httpswwwwtoorgenglishres_estatis_eits2014_eits14_highlights1_epdf
Megatrend 2 Center of Economic Gravity
1990 Low and Middle Income Countries = 20 of GDP2013 Low and Middle Income Countries = 40 of GDP
1995 World Imports
2013 World Imports
Megatrend 3 Technological change and its adoption
-
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Per 100 inhabitants
Mobile Phone Subscription (Per 100 habitants)
Developed Developing World
Megatrend 3 Technological change and its adoption
IEA (2014) Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2014 OECDIEA Paris
Solar PV generation and projection by region
Megatrend 4 Urbanization and Demographic Trends
Megatrend 5 The Impact of Human Activity ndash Climate Change
Of the 15 hottest years since record keeping began 130 years ago
14 occurred between 2000 and 2015
Unlocking the Potential
Looking at Where We Areamp
What We Can Build Upon
Note - due to poor data availability Andorra Monaco Palestine and Syria are not included
000
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
GDPcapita (USD)
Time (year)
PAM Members GDP per capita
All PAM Members
EU PAM Members
Non-EU PAM Members
GDP Per Capita Median Income and Equality
Steady Decreasing or Increasing
In the Same or Different Directions
Note - Due to poor data availability Andorra Monaco and Palestine are not included
0
20000000
40000000
60000000
80000000
100000000
120000000
140000000
PAM Members Youth Population (lt15)
All PAMMembers
EU PAMMembers
Non-EU PAMMembers
0
10000000
20000000
30000000
40000000
50000000
60000000
20042005200620072008200920102011201220132014
PAM Members Senior Population (gt65)
All PAMMembers
EU PAMMembers
Non-EU PAMMembers
Demographic Trends and OpportunitiesMore Youth who need jobs
AND More Elderly who need services
The Economic Impact ofUncertainty Instability and Conflict
Is Enlarging
The Example of Tourism
Tourism revenues in Algeria Egypt and Tunisia plunged more than 40 between 2010 and 2013 after political upheaval and attacks on tourists
Today we do not have statistics yet but it is sure that tourism is suffering in even more countries of the region including France and Turkey
Observations and a Questionndash Investors require higher returns for higher risk and the number
of investments with returns high enough to offset the risks is dramatically shrinking in many countries
ndash With greater stability comes greater growth witness recent improvements in the Egyptian economy due to a relative ldquopolitical stabilizationrdquo - but will medium to long-term investors see these changes as being reliable and sustainable
What can Parliamentarians and the International Community do to
Reduce conflict
Provide laquostabilityraquo insurance to investors
Increase investment in post-conflict areas by compensating investorsfor the difference between actual returns and returns adjusted for risk
Further Challenges Calling for Innovation-Driven Growth
bull Deficits that remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull Some countries especially in North Africa and West Asia suffer from
ndash Volatile commodity-based resource base
ndash Low economic diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
ndash Persistent inflation
bull High unemployment especially among youth
bull Growth which does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Promoting Innovation and Competitiveness
Innovation enables stronger economic growth with less ecological impact
=gt Sustainable Development Goal 9 (and others)
BUT innovation needs a nurturing eco-system =gt policy support for it to emerge
Innovation and Competitiveness Policies
Exchanges of Experience
Good Practices amp Policy Recommendations
Policy Advice amp Capacity Building
A few examples of ongoing issuesactivities
-The Euro-Med process
-The WTO system resolving the status of Arab countries
- The Pan African FTA
- FTAs with the USA Turkey EFTA
- Negotiations between GCC and China GCC and India
- Arab economic integration from PAFTA to ACU
Observation these processes are too slow and one result has been the erosion of market advantages for regional goods within the region
Conclusion Integration within the region and with other regions should be accelerated to maximize gains
20
There is a Wide Range of Ongoing Regional Economic Integration Initiatives and Processes
There are many existing regional and bilateral trade agreements ndash With limited impact on intra-regional trade
21Source World Bank (2008)
Intra-Arab (and intra-regional trade generally) remains limited
22
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Public Regulation Quality Index
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
EGYPTE
MAROC
MAURITANIE
SOUDAN
TUNISIE
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
MAURITANIE
EGYPTE
SOUDAN
MAROC
TUNISIE
State Efficiency Index
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
40
39
37
36
30
11
Thellip
Mhellip
Ehellip
Ahellip
Mhellip
Shellip
Corruption Perception Index
Source Transparency International
UNECE Trade 3 Priorities
Simplifying and harmonizing regulations
Facilitating trade flows
Implementing standards-based agricultural
trade
United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UNCEFACT)
Outputs
bull Over 40 Global Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business Recommendations and a wide range of International Standards
Objectives
o Simple transparent and effective processes for global business
o Efficient and automated exchange of information
Means
o Public Private Sector Partnership ndash over 200 experts from government and business
o Meet virtually every week plus two Forums per yearGlobal Remit
TRADE FACILITATION RECOMMENDATIONS STANDARDS AND TOOLS
Ou
treach
and
Sup
po
rt
Policy Recs
UNCEFACT
UNECE
Standards
UNCEFACT
Guidelines Briefs Case
Studies Many wpartners
Single Window
Est No Recommendation
2004 33 Single Window Recommendation
2011 34 Data Simplification and Standardization for International Trade
2011 35 Establishing a legal framework for international trade Single Window
2016 36 Interoperability of Single Window Systems
37hellip Interoperability of Systems within a Single Window Environment
Current topics
bull Revision of Recommendation 1 on UN Layout Key for Trade Documents
bull Electronic Management and Exchange of Fishery Information (FLUX)
bull Track and Trace for Animals and Fish
bull MultiModal Transport Reference Data Model
Agricultural Quality Standards
More than 100 international
agricultural quality
standards
Fresh Fruit and
Vegetables
Seed potatoes
Meat
Dry and Dried
Produce
Why Agricultural Quality Standards
bull To provide a common trading language
bull To create market transparency and facilitate fair
international trade
bull To guide producers improve and ensure the level of product
quality
bull To increase profitability of the sector
(Profitability depends on trading volume and price which are
influenced by quality)
bull To protect consumersrsquo interests
UNECE STANDARDS ensure consistent
quality and
help establish lasting trade relations
UNECErsquos Agri Standards In Use Worldwide
UNECE standards are used globally on a voluntary basis to make trading
easier
UNECE standards can be incorporated into national legislation
As an export requirement to ensure produce quality levels or as a requirement
for the domestic export and import markets
UNECE Standards are reflected in EU legislation
EU standards are fully harmonized with UNECE standards
eg10 product specific EU standards amp optional use for other products
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization
More than 15 recommendations on standardization and
regulatory cooperation
Regulatorycooperation
RiskManagement in RegulatoryFrameworks
Education on standards-
related issues
Marketsurveillance
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
Studies on Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade
Completed Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Follow-up ongoing
Ongoing Albania and Moldova
Plans Turkmenistan and the Customs Union
First Analytical FrameworkTrade Facilitation and transport
Prepare for
export
Transport Import
SHIPBUY PAY
Receive
payment
Commercial Procedures
Transport Procedures
Regulatory Procedures
Financial Procedures
Second Analytical FrameworkStandardisation and Technical Regulation
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
Megatrend 1 ndash Global connectedness
Megatrend 2 Center of economic gravity
bull Over half of merchandise exports from developing economies are sent to other developing economies
Merchandise Exports (2013)
bull Developing economiesrsquo exports to least-developed countries (LDCs) in 2013 grew by 8 per cent compared with 10 per cent in 2012
bull Developed economiesrsquo exports to LDCs grew by 3 per cent following stagnation the previous year
Merchandise Exports to
LDCs (2013)
bull Since 2000 exports of commercial services from least-developed countries (LDCs) have grown by 14 per cent per year on average a much higher growth rate than in other economies (9 per cent on average)
Commercial Services (2013)
Source World Trade Development (2013) httpswwwwtoorgenglishres_estatis_eits2014_eits14_highlights1_epdf
Megatrend 2 Center of Economic Gravity
1990 Low and Middle Income Countries = 20 of GDP2013 Low and Middle Income Countries = 40 of GDP
1995 World Imports
2013 World Imports
Megatrend 3 Technological change and its adoption
-
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Per 100 inhabitants
Mobile Phone Subscription (Per 100 habitants)
Developed Developing World
Megatrend 3 Technological change and its adoption
IEA (2014) Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2014 OECDIEA Paris
Solar PV generation and projection by region
Megatrend 4 Urbanization and Demographic Trends
Megatrend 5 The Impact of Human Activity ndash Climate Change
Of the 15 hottest years since record keeping began 130 years ago
14 occurred between 2000 and 2015
Unlocking the Potential
Looking at Where We Areamp
What We Can Build Upon
Note - due to poor data availability Andorra Monaco Palestine and Syria are not included
000
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
GDPcapita (USD)
Time (year)
PAM Members GDP per capita
All PAM Members
EU PAM Members
Non-EU PAM Members
GDP Per Capita Median Income and Equality
Steady Decreasing or Increasing
In the Same or Different Directions
Note - Due to poor data availability Andorra Monaco and Palestine are not included
0
20000000
40000000
60000000
80000000
100000000
120000000
140000000
PAM Members Youth Population (lt15)
All PAMMembers
EU PAMMembers
Non-EU PAMMembers
0
10000000
20000000
30000000
40000000
50000000
60000000
20042005200620072008200920102011201220132014
PAM Members Senior Population (gt65)
All PAMMembers
EU PAMMembers
Non-EU PAMMembers
Demographic Trends and OpportunitiesMore Youth who need jobs
AND More Elderly who need services
The Economic Impact ofUncertainty Instability and Conflict
Is Enlarging
The Example of Tourism
Tourism revenues in Algeria Egypt and Tunisia plunged more than 40 between 2010 and 2013 after political upheaval and attacks on tourists
Today we do not have statistics yet but it is sure that tourism is suffering in even more countries of the region including France and Turkey
Observations and a Questionndash Investors require higher returns for higher risk and the number
of investments with returns high enough to offset the risks is dramatically shrinking in many countries
ndash With greater stability comes greater growth witness recent improvements in the Egyptian economy due to a relative ldquopolitical stabilizationrdquo - but will medium to long-term investors see these changes as being reliable and sustainable
What can Parliamentarians and the International Community do to
Reduce conflict
Provide laquostabilityraquo insurance to investors
Increase investment in post-conflict areas by compensating investorsfor the difference between actual returns and returns adjusted for risk
Further Challenges Calling for Innovation-Driven Growth
bull Deficits that remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull Some countries especially in North Africa and West Asia suffer from
ndash Volatile commodity-based resource base
ndash Low economic diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
ndash Persistent inflation
bull High unemployment especially among youth
bull Growth which does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Promoting Innovation and Competitiveness
Innovation enables stronger economic growth with less ecological impact
=gt Sustainable Development Goal 9 (and others)
BUT innovation needs a nurturing eco-system =gt policy support for it to emerge
Innovation and Competitiveness Policies
Exchanges of Experience
Good Practices amp Policy Recommendations
Policy Advice amp Capacity Building
A few examples of ongoing issuesactivities
-The Euro-Med process
-The WTO system resolving the status of Arab countries
- The Pan African FTA
- FTAs with the USA Turkey EFTA
- Negotiations between GCC and China GCC and India
- Arab economic integration from PAFTA to ACU
Observation these processes are too slow and one result has been the erosion of market advantages for regional goods within the region
Conclusion Integration within the region and with other regions should be accelerated to maximize gains
20
There is a Wide Range of Ongoing Regional Economic Integration Initiatives and Processes
There are many existing regional and bilateral trade agreements ndash With limited impact on intra-regional trade
21Source World Bank (2008)
Intra-Arab (and intra-regional trade generally) remains limited
22
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Public Regulation Quality Index
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
EGYPTE
MAROC
MAURITANIE
SOUDAN
TUNISIE
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
MAURITANIE
EGYPTE
SOUDAN
MAROC
TUNISIE
State Efficiency Index
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
40
39
37
36
30
11
Thellip
Mhellip
Ehellip
Ahellip
Mhellip
Shellip
Corruption Perception Index
Source Transparency International
UNECE Trade 3 Priorities
Simplifying and harmonizing regulations
Facilitating trade flows
Implementing standards-based agricultural
trade
United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UNCEFACT)
Outputs
bull Over 40 Global Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business Recommendations and a wide range of International Standards
Objectives
o Simple transparent and effective processes for global business
o Efficient and automated exchange of information
Means
o Public Private Sector Partnership ndash over 200 experts from government and business
o Meet virtually every week plus two Forums per yearGlobal Remit
TRADE FACILITATION RECOMMENDATIONS STANDARDS AND TOOLS
Ou
treach
and
Sup
po
rt
Policy Recs
UNCEFACT
UNECE
Standards
UNCEFACT
Guidelines Briefs Case
Studies Many wpartners
Single Window
Est No Recommendation
2004 33 Single Window Recommendation
2011 34 Data Simplification and Standardization for International Trade
2011 35 Establishing a legal framework for international trade Single Window
2016 36 Interoperability of Single Window Systems
37hellip Interoperability of Systems within a Single Window Environment
Current topics
bull Revision of Recommendation 1 on UN Layout Key for Trade Documents
bull Electronic Management and Exchange of Fishery Information (FLUX)
bull Track and Trace for Animals and Fish
bull MultiModal Transport Reference Data Model
Agricultural Quality Standards
More than 100 international
agricultural quality
standards
Fresh Fruit and
Vegetables
Seed potatoes
Meat
Dry and Dried
Produce
Why Agricultural Quality Standards
bull To provide a common trading language
bull To create market transparency and facilitate fair
international trade
bull To guide producers improve and ensure the level of product
quality
bull To increase profitability of the sector
(Profitability depends on trading volume and price which are
influenced by quality)
bull To protect consumersrsquo interests
UNECE STANDARDS ensure consistent
quality and
help establish lasting trade relations
UNECErsquos Agri Standards In Use Worldwide
UNECE standards are used globally on a voluntary basis to make trading
easier
UNECE standards can be incorporated into national legislation
As an export requirement to ensure produce quality levels or as a requirement
for the domestic export and import markets
UNECE Standards are reflected in EU legislation
EU standards are fully harmonized with UNECE standards
eg10 product specific EU standards amp optional use for other products
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization
More than 15 recommendations on standardization and
regulatory cooperation
Regulatorycooperation
RiskManagement in RegulatoryFrameworks
Education on standards-
related issues
Marketsurveillance
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
Studies on Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade
Completed Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Follow-up ongoing
Ongoing Albania and Moldova
Plans Turkmenistan and the Customs Union
First Analytical FrameworkTrade Facilitation and transport
Prepare for
export
Transport Import
SHIPBUY PAY
Receive
payment
Commercial Procedures
Transport Procedures
Regulatory Procedures
Financial Procedures
Second Analytical FrameworkStandardisation and Technical Regulation
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
Megatrend 2 Center of economic gravity
bull Over half of merchandise exports from developing economies are sent to other developing economies
Merchandise Exports (2013)
bull Developing economiesrsquo exports to least-developed countries (LDCs) in 2013 grew by 8 per cent compared with 10 per cent in 2012
bull Developed economiesrsquo exports to LDCs grew by 3 per cent following stagnation the previous year
Merchandise Exports to
LDCs (2013)
bull Since 2000 exports of commercial services from least-developed countries (LDCs) have grown by 14 per cent per year on average a much higher growth rate than in other economies (9 per cent on average)
Commercial Services (2013)
Source World Trade Development (2013) httpswwwwtoorgenglishres_estatis_eits2014_eits14_highlights1_epdf
Megatrend 2 Center of Economic Gravity
1990 Low and Middle Income Countries = 20 of GDP2013 Low and Middle Income Countries = 40 of GDP
1995 World Imports
2013 World Imports
Megatrend 3 Technological change and its adoption
-
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Per 100 inhabitants
Mobile Phone Subscription (Per 100 habitants)
Developed Developing World
Megatrend 3 Technological change and its adoption
IEA (2014) Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2014 OECDIEA Paris
Solar PV generation and projection by region
Megatrend 4 Urbanization and Demographic Trends
Megatrend 5 The Impact of Human Activity ndash Climate Change
Of the 15 hottest years since record keeping began 130 years ago
14 occurred between 2000 and 2015
Unlocking the Potential
Looking at Where We Areamp
What We Can Build Upon
Note - due to poor data availability Andorra Monaco Palestine and Syria are not included
000
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
GDPcapita (USD)
Time (year)
PAM Members GDP per capita
All PAM Members
EU PAM Members
Non-EU PAM Members
GDP Per Capita Median Income and Equality
Steady Decreasing or Increasing
In the Same or Different Directions
Note - Due to poor data availability Andorra Monaco and Palestine are not included
0
20000000
40000000
60000000
80000000
100000000
120000000
140000000
PAM Members Youth Population (lt15)
All PAMMembers
EU PAMMembers
Non-EU PAMMembers
0
10000000
20000000
30000000
40000000
50000000
60000000
20042005200620072008200920102011201220132014
PAM Members Senior Population (gt65)
All PAMMembers
EU PAMMembers
Non-EU PAMMembers
Demographic Trends and OpportunitiesMore Youth who need jobs
AND More Elderly who need services
The Economic Impact ofUncertainty Instability and Conflict
Is Enlarging
The Example of Tourism
Tourism revenues in Algeria Egypt and Tunisia plunged more than 40 between 2010 and 2013 after political upheaval and attacks on tourists
Today we do not have statistics yet but it is sure that tourism is suffering in even more countries of the region including France and Turkey
Observations and a Questionndash Investors require higher returns for higher risk and the number
of investments with returns high enough to offset the risks is dramatically shrinking in many countries
ndash With greater stability comes greater growth witness recent improvements in the Egyptian economy due to a relative ldquopolitical stabilizationrdquo - but will medium to long-term investors see these changes as being reliable and sustainable
What can Parliamentarians and the International Community do to
Reduce conflict
Provide laquostabilityraquo insurance to investors
Increase investment in post-conflict areas by compensating investorsfor the difference between actual returns and returns adjusted for risk
Further Challenges Calling for Innovation-Driven Growth
bull Deficits that remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull Some countries especially in North Africa and West Asia suffer from
ndash Volatile commodity-based resource base
ndash Low economic diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
ndash Persistent inflation
bull High unemployment especially among youth
bull Growth which does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Promoting Innovation and Competitiveness
Innovation enables stronger economic growth with less ecological impact
=gt Sustainable Development Goal 9 (and others)
BUT innovation needs a nurturing eco-system =gt policy support for it to emerge
Innovation and Competitiveness Policies
Exchanges of Experience
Good Practices amp Policy Recommendations
Policy Advice amp Capacity Building
A few examples of ongoing issuesactivities
-The Euro-Med process
-The WTO system resolving the status of Arab countries
- The Pan African FTA
- FTAs with the USA Turkey EFTA
- Negotiations between GCC and China GCC and India
- Arab economic integration from PAFTA to ACU
Observation these processes are too slow and one result has been the erosion of market advantages for regional goods within the region
Conclusion Integration within the region and with other regions should be accelerated to maximize gains
20
There is a Wide Range of Ongoing Regional Economic Integration Initiatives and Processes
There are many existing regional and bilateral trade agreements ndash With limited impact on intra-regional trade
21Source World Bank (2008)
Intra-Arab (and intra-regional trade generally) remains limited
22
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Public Regulation Quality Index
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
EGYPTE
MAROC
MAURITANIE
SOUDAN
TUNISIE
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
MAURITANIE
EGYPTE
SOUDAN
MAROC
TUNISIE
State Efficiency Index
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
40
39
37
36
30
11
Thellip
Mhellip
Ehellip
Ahellip
Mhellip
Shellip
Corruption Perception Index
Source Transparency International
UNECE Trade 3 Priorities
Simplifying and harmonizing regulations
Facilitating trade flows
Implementing standards-based agricultural
trade
United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UNCEFACT)
Outputs
bull Over 40 Global Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business Recommendations and a wide range of International Standards
Objectives
o Simple transparent and effective processes for global business
o Efficient and automated exchange of information
Means
o Public Private Sector Partnership ndash over 200 experts from government and business
o Meet virtually every week plus two Forums per yearGlobal Remit
TRADE FACILITATION RECOMMENDATIONS STANDARDS AND TOOLS
Ou
treach
and
Sup
po
rt
Policy Recs
UNCEFACT
UNECE
Standards
UNCEFACT
Guidelines Briefs Case
Studies Many wpartners
Single Window
Est No Recommendation
2004 33 Single Window Recommendation
2011 34 Data Simplification and Standardization for International Trade
2011 35 Establishing a legal framework for international trade Single Window
2016 36 Interoperability of Single Window Systems
37hellip Interoperability of Systems within a Single Window Environment
Current topics
bull Revision of Recommendation 1 on UN Layout Key for Trade Documents
bull Electronic Management and Exchange of Fishery Information (FLUX)
bull Track and Trace for Animals and Fish
bull MultiModal Transport Reference Data Model
Agricultural Quality Standards
More than 100 international
agricultural quality
standards
Fresh Fruit and
Vegetables
Seed potatoes
Meat
Dry and Dried
Produce
Why Agricultural Quality Standards
bull To provide a common trading language
bull To create market transparency and facilitate fair
international trade
bull To guide producers improve and ensure the level of product
quality
bull To increase profitability of the sector
(Profitability depends on trading volume and price which are
influenced by quality)
bull To protect consumersrsquo interests
UNECE STANDARDS ensure consistent
quality and
help establish lasting trade relations
UNECErsquos Agri Standards In Use Worldwide
UNECE standards are used globally on a voluntary basis to make trading
easier
UNECE standards can be incorporated into national legislation
As an export requirement to ensure produce quality levels or as a requirement
for the domestic export and import markets
UNECE Standards are reflected in EU legislation
EU standards are fully harmonized with UNECE standards
eg10 product specific EU standards amp optional use for other products
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization
More than 15 recommendations on standardization and
regulatory cooperation
Regulatorycooperation
RiskManagement in RegulatoryFrameworks
Education on standards-
related issues
Marketsurveillance
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
Studies on Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade
Completed Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Follow-up ongoing
Ongoing Albania and Moldova
Plans Turkmenistan and the Customs Union
First Analytical FrameworkTrade Facilitation and transport
Prepare for
export
Transport Import
SHIPBUY PAY
Receive
payment
Commercial Procedures
Transport Procedures
Regulatory Procedures
Financial Procedures
Second Analytical FrameworkStandardisation and Technical Regulation
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
Megatrend 2 Center of Economic Gravity
1990 Low and Middle Income Countries = 20 of GDP2013 Low and Middle Income Countries = 40 of GDP
1995 World Imports
2013 World Imports
Megatrend 3 Technological change and its adoption
-
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Per 100 inhabitants
Mobile Phone Subscription (Per 100 habitants)
Developed Developing World
Megatrend 3 Technological change and its adoption
IEA (2014) Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2014 OECDIEA Paris
Solar PV generation and projection by region
Megatrend 4 Urbanization and Demographic Trends
Megatrend 5 The Impact of Human Activity ndash Climate Change
Of the 15 hottest years since record keeping began 130 years ago
14 occurred between 2000 and 2015
Unlocking the Potential
Looking at Where We Areamp
What We Can Build Upon
Note - due to poor data availability Andorra Monaco Palestine and Syria are not included
000
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
GDPcapita (USD)
Time (year)
PAM Members GDP per capita
All PAM Members
EU PAM Members
Non-EU PAM Members
GDP Per Capita Median Income and Equality
Steady Decreasing or Increasing
In the Same or Different Directions
Note - Due to poor data availability Andorra Monaco and Palestine are not included
0
20000000
40000000
60000000
80000000
100000000
120000000
140000000
PAM Members Youth Population (lt15)
All PAMMembers
EU PAMMembers
Non-EU PAMMembers
0
10000000
20000000
30000000
40000000
50000000
60000000
20042005200620072008200920102011201220132014
PAM Members Senior Population (gt65)
All PAMMembers
EU PAMMembers
Non-EU PAMMembers
Demographic Trends and OpportunitiesMore Youth who need jobs
AND More Elderly who need services
The Economic Impact ofUncertainty Instability and Conflict
Is Enlarging
The Example of Tourism
Tourism revenues in Algeria Egypt and Tunisia plunged more than 40 between 2010 and 2013 after political upheaval and attacks on tourists
Today we do not have statistics yet but it is sure that tourism is suffering in even more countries of the region including France and Turkey
Observations and a Questionndash Investors require higher returns for higher risk and the number
of investments with returns high enough to offset the risks is dramatically shrinking in many countries
ndash With greater stability comes greater growth witness recent improvements in the Egyptian economy due to a relative ldquopolitical stabilizationrdquo - but will medium to long-term investors see these changes as being reliable and sustainable
What can Parliamentarians and the International Community do to
Reduce conflict
Provide laquostabilityraquo insurance to investors
Increase investment in post-conflict areas by compensating investorsfor the difference between actual returns and returns adjusted for risk
Further Challenges Calling for Innovation-Driven Growth
bull Deficits that remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull Some countries especially in North Africa and West Asia suffer from
ndash Volatile commodity-based resource base
ndash Low economic diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
ndash Persistent inflation
bull High unemployment especially among youth
bull Growth which does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Promoting Innovation and Competitiveness
Innovation enables stronger economic growth with less ecological impact
=gt Sustainable Development Goal 9 (and others)
BUT innovation needs a nurturing eco-system =gt policy support for it to emerge
Innovation and Competitiveness Policies
Exchanges of Experience
Good Practices amp Policy Recommendations
Policy Advice amp Capacity Building
A few examples of ongoing issuesactivities
-The Euro-Med process
-The WTO system resolving the status of Arab countries
- The Pan African FTA
- FTAs with the USA Turkey EFTA
- Negotiations between GCC and China GCC and India
- Arab economic integration from PAFTA to ACU
Observation these processes are too slow and one result has been the erosion of market advantages for regional goods within the region
Conclusion Integration within the region and with other regions should be accelerated to maximize gains
20
There is a Wide Range of Ongoing Regional Economic Integration Initiatives and Processes
There are many existing regional and bilateral trade agreements ndash With limited impact on intra-regional trade
21Source World Bank (2008)
Intra-Arab (and intra-regional trade generally) remains limited
22
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Public Regulation Quality Index
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
EGYPTE
MAROC
MAURITANIE
SOUDAN
TUNISIE
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
MAURITANIE
EGYPTE
SOUDAN
MAROC
TUNISIE
State Efficiency Index
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
40
39
37
36
30
11
Thellip
Mhellip
Ehellip
Ahellip
Mhellip
Shellip
Corruption Perception Index
Source Transparency International
UNECE Trade 3 Priorities
Simplifying and harmonizing regulations
Facilitating trade flows
Implementing standards-based agricultural
trade
United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UNCEFACT)
Outputs
bull Over 40 Global Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business Recommendations and a wide range of International Standards
Objectives
o Simple transparent and effective processes for global business
o Efficient and automated exchange of information
Means
o Public Private Sector Partnership ndash over 200 experts from government and business
o Meet virtually every week plus two Forums per yearGlobal Remit
TRADE FACILITATION RECOMMENDATIONS STANDARDS AND TOOLS
Ou
treach
and
Sup
po
rt
Policy Recs
UNCEFACT
UNECE
Standards
UNCEFACT
Guidelines Briefs Case
Studies Many wpartners
Single Window
Est No Recommendation
2004 33 Single Window Recommendation
2011 34 Data Simplification and Standardization for International Trade
2011 35 Establishing a legal framework for international trade Single Window
2016 36 Interoperability of Single Window Systems
37hellip Interoperability of Systems within a Single Window Environment
Current topics
bull Revision of Recommendation 1 on UN Layout Key for Trade Documents
bull Electronic Management and Exchange of Fishery Information (FLUX)
bull Track and Trace for Animals and Fish
bull MultiModal Transport Reference Data Model
Agricultural Quality Standards
More than 100 international
agricultural quality
standards
Fresh Fruit and
Vegetables
Seed potatoes
Meat
Dry and Dried
Produce
Why Agricultural Quality Standards
bull To provide a common trading language
bull To create market transparency and facilitate fair
international trade
bull To guide producers improve and ensure the level of product
quality
bull To increase profitability of the sector
(Profitability depends on trading volume and price which are
influenced by quality)
bull To protect consumersrsquo interests
UNECE STANDARDS ensure consistent
quality and
help establish lasting trade relations
UNECErsquos Agri Standards In Use Worldwide
UNECE standards are used globally on a voluntary basis to make trading
easier
UNECE standards can be incorporated into national legislation
As an export requirement to ensure produce quality levels or as a requirement
for the domestic export and import markets
UNECE Standards are reflected in EU legislation
EU standards are fully harmonized with UNECE standards
eg10 product specific EU standards amp optional use for other products
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization
More than 15 recommendations on standardization and
regulatory cooperation
Regulatorycooperation
RiskManagement in RegulatoryFrameworks
Education on standards-
related issues
Marketsurveillance
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
Studies on Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade
Completed Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Follow-up ongoing
Ongoing Albania and Moldova
Plans Turkmenistan and the Customs Union
First Analytical FrameworkTrade Facilitation and transport
Prepare for
export
Transport Import
SHIPBUY PAY
Receive
payment
Commercial Procedures
Transport Procedures
Regulatory Procedures
Financial Procedures
Second Analytical FrameworkStandardisation and Technical Regulation
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
Megatrend 3 Technological change and its adoption
-
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Per 100 inhabitants
Mobile Phone Subscription (Per 100 habitants)
Developed Developing World
Megatrend 3 Technological change and its adoption
IEA (2014) Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2014 OECDIEA Paris
Solar PV generation and projection by region
Megatrend 4 Urbanization and Demographic Trends
Megatrend 5 The Impact of Human Activity ndash Climate Change
Of the 15 hottest years since record keeping began 130 years ago
14 occurred between 2000 and 2015
Unlocking the Potential
Looking at Where We Areamp
What We Can Build Upon
Note - due to poor data availability Andorra Monaco Palestine and Syria are not included
000
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
GDPcapita (USD)
Time (year)
PAM Members GDP per capita
All PAM Members
EU PAM Members
Non-EU PAM Members
GDP Per Capita Median Income and Equality
Steady Decreasing or Increasing
In the Same or Different Directions
Note - Due to poor data availability Andorra Monaco and Palestine are not included
0
20000000
40000000
60000000
80000000
100000000
120000000
140000000
PAM Members Youth Population (lt15)
All PAMMembers
EU PAMMembers
Non-EU PAMMembers
0
10000000
20000000
30000000
40000000
50000000
60000000
20042005200620072008200920102011201220132014
PAM Members Senior Population (gt65)
All PAMMembers
EU PAMMembers
Non-EU PAMMembers
Demographic Trends and OpportunitiesMore Youth who need jobs
AND More Elderly who need services
The Economic Impact ofUncertainty Instability and Conflict
Is Enlarging
The Example of Tourism
Tourism revenues in Algeria Egypt and Tunisia plunged more than 40 between 2010 and 2013 after political upheaval and attacks on tourists
Today we do not have statistics yet but it is sure that tourism is suffering in even more countries of the region including France and Turkey
Observations and a Questionndash Investors require higher returns for higher risk and the number
of investments with returns high enough to offset the risks is dramatically shrinking in many countries
ndash With greater stability comes greater growth witness recent improvements in the Egyptian economy due to a relative ldquopolitical stabilizationrdquo - but will medium to long-term investors see these changes as being reliable and sustainable
What can Parliamentarians and the International Community do to
Reduce conflict
Provide laquostabilityraquo insurance to investors
Increase investment in post-conflict areas by compensating investorsfor the difference between actual returns and returns adjusted for risk
Further Challenges Calling for Innovation-Driven Growth
bull Deficits that remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull Some countries especially in North Africa and West Asia suffer from
ndash Volatile commodity-based resource base
ndash Low economic diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
ndash Persistent inflation
bull High unemployment especially among youth
bull Growth which does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Promoting Innovation and Competitiveness
Innovation enables stronger economic growth with less ecological impact
=gt Sustainable Development Goal 9 (and others)
BUT innovation needs a nurturing eco-system =gt policy support for it to emerge
Innovation and Competitiveness Policies
Exchanges of Experience
Good Practices amp Policy Recommendations
Policy Advice amp Capacity Building
A few examples of ongoing issuesactivities
-The Euro-Med process
-The WTO system resolving the status of Arab countries
- The Pan African FTA
- FTAs with the USA Turkey EFTA
- Negotiations between GCC and China GCC and India
- Arab economic integration from PAFTA to ACU
Observation these processes are too slow and one result has been the erosion of market advantages for regional goods within the region
Conclusion Integration within the region and with other regions should be accelerated to maximize gains
20
There is a Wide Range of Ongoing Regional Economic Integration Initiatives and Processes
There are many existing regional and bilateral trade agreements ndash With limited impact on intra-regional trade
21Source World Bank (2008)
Intra-Arab (and intra-regional trade generally) remains limited
22
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Public Regulation Quality Index
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
EGYPTE
MAROC
MAURITANIE
SOUDAN
TUNISIE
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
MAURITANIE
EGYPTE
SOUDAN
MAROC
TUNISIE
State Efficiency Index
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
40
39
37
36
30
11
Thellip
Mhellip
Ehellip
Ahellip
Mhellip
Shellip
Corruption Perception Index
Source Transparency International
UNECE Trade 3 Priorities
Simplifying and harmonizing regulations
Facilitating trade flows
Implementing standards-based agricultural
trade
United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UNCEFACT)
Outputs
bull Over 40 Global Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business Recommendations and a wide range of International Standards
Objectives
o Simple transparent and effective processes for global business
o Efficient and automated exchange of information
Means
o Public Private Sector Partnership ndash over 200 experts from government and business
o Meet virtually every week plus two Forums per yearGlobal Remit
TRADE FACILITATION RECOMMENDATIONS STANDARDS AND TOOLS
Ou
treach
and
Sup
po
rt
Policy Recs
UNCEFACT
UNECE
Standards
UNCEFACT
Guidelines Briefs Case
Studies Many wpartners
Single Window
Est No Recommendation
2004 33 Single Window Recommendation
2011 34 Data Simplification and Standardization for International Trade
2011 35 Establishing a legal framework for international trade Single Window
2016 36 Interoperability of Single Window Systems
37hellip Interoperability of Systems within a Single Window Environment
Current topics
bull Revision of Recommendation 1 on UN Layout Key for Trade Documents
bull Electronic Management and Exchange of Fishery Information (FLUX)
bull Track and Trace for Animals and Fish
bull MultiModal Transport Reference Data Model
Agricultural Quality Standards
More than 100 international
agricultural quality
standards
Fresh Fruit and
Vegetables
Seed potatoes
Meat
Dry and Dried
Produce
Why Agricultural Quality Standards
bull To provide a common trading language
bull To create market transparency and facilitate fair
international trade
bull To guide producers improve and ensure the level of product
quality
bull To increase profitability of the sector
(Profitability depends on trading volume and price which are
influenced by quality)
bull To protect consumersrsquo interests
UNECE STANDARDS ensure consistent
quality and
help establish lasting trade relations
UNECErsquos Agri Standards In Use Worldwide
UNECE standards are used globally on a voluntary basis to make trading
easier
UNECE standards can be incorporated into national legislation
As an export requirement to ensure produce quality levels or as a requirement
for the domestic export and import markets
UNECE Standards are reflected in EU legislation
EU standards are fully harmonized with UNECE standards
eg10 product specific EU standards amp optional use for other products
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization
More than 15 recommendations on standardization and
regulatory cooperation
Regulatorycooperation
RiskManagement in RegulatoryFrameworks
Education on standards-
related issues
Marketsurveillance
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
Studies on Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade
Completed Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Follow-up ongoing
Ongoing Albania and Moldova
Plans Turkmenistan and the Customs Union
First Analytical FrameworkTrade Facilitation and transport
Prepare for
export
Transport Import
SHIPBUY PAY
Receive
payment
Commercial Procedures
Transport Procedures
Regulatory Procedures
Financial Procedures
Second Analytical FrameworkStandardisation and Technical Regulation
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
Megatrend 3 Technological change and its adoption
IEA (2014) Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2014 OECDIEA Paris
Solar PV generation and projection by region
Megatrend 4 Urbanization and Demographic Trends
Megatrend 5 The Impact of Human Activity ndash Climate Change
Of the 15 hottest years since record keeping began 130 years ago
14 occurred between 2000 and 2015
Unlocking the Potential
Looking at Where We Areamp
What We Can Build Upon
Note - due to poor data availability Andorra Monaco Palestine and Syria are not included
000
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
GDPcapita (USD)
Time (year)
PAM Members GDP per capita
All PAM Members
EU PAM Members
Non-EU PAM Members
GDP Per Capita Median Income and Equality
Steady Decreasing or Increasing
In the Same or Different Directions
Note - Due to poor data availability Andorra Monaco and Palestine are not included
0
20000000
40000000
60000000
80000000
100000000
120000000
140000000
PAM Members Youth Population (lt15)
All PAMMembers
EU PAMMembers
Non-EU PAMMembers
0
10000000
20000000
30000000
40000000
50000000
60000000
20042005200620072008200920102011201220132014
PAM Members Senior Population (gt65)
All PAMMembers
EU PAMMembers
Non-EU PAMMembers
Demographic Trends and OpportunitiesMore Youth who need jobs
AND More Elderly who need services
The Economic Impact ofUncertainty Instability and Conflict
Is Enlarging
The Example of Tourism
Tourism revenues in Algeria Egypt and Tunisia plunged more than 40 between 2010 and 2013 after political upheaval and attacks on tourists
Today we do not have statistics yet but it is sure that tourism is suffering in even more countries of the region including France and Turkey
Observations and a Questionndash Investors require higher returns for higher risk and the number
of investments with returns high enough to offset the risks is dramatically shrinking in many countries
ndash With greater stability comes greater growth witness recent improvements in the Egyptian economy due to a relative ldquopolitical stabilizationrdquo - but will medium to long-term investors see these changes as being reliable and sustainable
What can Parliamentarians and the International Community do to
Reduce conflict
Provide laquostabilityraquo insurance to investors
Increase investment in post-conflict areas by compensating investorsfor the difference between actual returns and returns adjusted for risk
Further Challenges Calling for Innovation-Driven Growth
bull Deficits that remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull Some countries especially in North Africa and West Asia suffer from
ndash Volatile commodity-based resource base
ndash Low economic diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
ndash Persistent inflation
bull High unemployment especially among youth
bull Growth which does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Promoting Innovation and Competitiveness
Innovation enables stronger economic growth with less ecological impact
=gt Sustainable Development Goal 9 (and others)
BUT innovation needs a nurturing eco-system =gt policy support for it to emerge
Innovation and Competitiveness Policies
Exchanges of Experience
Good Practices amp Policy Recommendations
Policy Advice amp Capacity Building
A few examples of ongoing issuesactivities
-The Euro-Med process
-The WTO system resolving the status of Arab countries
- The Pan African FTA
- FTAs with the USA Turkey EFTA
- Negotiations between GCC and China GCC and India
- Arab economic integration from PAFTA to ACU
Observation these processes are too slow and one result has been the erosion of market advantages for regional goods within the region
Conclusion Integration within the region and with other regions should be accelerated to maximize gains
20
There is a Wide Range of Ongoing Regional Economic Integration Initiatives and Processes
There are many existing regional and bilateral trade agreements ndash With limited impact on intra-regional trade
21Source World Bank (2008)
Intra-Arab (and intra-regional trade generally) remains limited
22
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Public Regulation Quality Index
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
EGYPTE
MAROC
MAURITANIE
SOUDAN
TUNISIE
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
MAURITANIE
EGYPTE
SOUDAN
MAROC
TUNISIE
State Efficiency Index
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
40
39
37
36
30
11
Thellip
Mhellip
Ehellip
Ahellip
Mhellip
Shellip
Corruption Perception Index
Source Transparency International
UNECE Trade 3 Priorities
Simplifying and harmonizing regulations
Facilitating trade flows
Implementing standards-based agricultural
trade
United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UNCEFACT)
Outputs
bull Over 40 Global Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business Recommendations and a wide range of International Standards
Objectives
o Simple transparent and effective processes for global business
o Efficient and automated exchange of information
Means
o Public Private Sector Partnership ndash over 200 experts from government and business
o Meet virtually every week plus two Forums per yearGlobal Remit
TRADE FACILITATION RECOMMENDATIONS STANDARDS AND TOOLS
Ou
treach
and
Sup
po
rt
Policy Recs
UNCEFACT
UNECE
Standards
UNCEFACT
Guidelines Briefs Case
Studies Many wpartners
Single Window
Est No Recommendation
2004 33 Single Window Recommendation
2011 34 Data Simplification and Standardization for International Trade
2011 35 Establishing a legal framework for international trade Single Window
2016 36 Interoperability of Single Window Systems
37hellip Interoperability of Systems within a Single Window Environment
Current topics
bull Revision of Recommendation 1 on UN Layout Key for Trade Documents
bull Electronic Management and Exchange of Fishery Information (FLUX)
bull Track and Trace for Animals and Fish
bull MultiModal Transport Reference Data Model
Agricultural Quality Standards
More than 100 international
agricultural quality
standards
Fresh Fruit and
Vegetables
Seed potatoes
Meat
Dry and Dried
Produce
Why Agricultural Quality Standards
bull To provide a common trading language
bull To create market transparency and facilitate fair
international trade
bull To guide producers improve and ensure the level of product
quality
bull To increase profitability of the sector
(Profitability depends on trading volume and price which are
influenced by quality)
bull To protect consumersrsquo interests
UNECE STANDARDS ensure consistent
quality and
help establish lasting trade relations
UNECErsquos Agri Standards In Use Worldwide
UNECE standards are used globally on a voluntary basis to make trading
easier
UNECE standards can be incorporated into national legislation
As an export requirement to ensure produce quality levels or as a requirement
for the domestic export and import markets
UNECE Standards are reflected in EU legislation
EU standards are fully harmonized with UNECE standards
eg10 product specific EU standards amp optional use for other products
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization
More than 15 recommendations on standardization and
regulatory cooperation
Regulatorycooperation
RiskManagement in RegulatoryFrameworks
Education on standards-
related issues
Marketsurveillance
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
Studies on Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade
Completed Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Follow-up ongoing
Ongoing Albania and Moldova
Plans Turkmenistan and the Customs Union
First Analytical FrameworkTrade Facilitation and transport
Prepare for
export
Transport Import
SHIPBUY PAY
Receive
payment
Commercial Procedures
Transport Procedures
Regulatory Procedures
Financial Procedures
Second Analytical FrameworkStandardisation and Technical Regulation
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
Megatrend 4 Urbanization and Demographic Trends
Megatrend 5 The Impact of Human Activity ndash Climate Change
Of the 15 hottest years since record keeping began 130 years ago
14 occurred between 2000 and 2015
Unlocking the Potential
Looking at Where We Areamp
What We Can Build Upon
Note - due to poor data availability Andorra Monaco Palestine and Syria are not included
000
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
GDPcapita (USD)
Time (year)
PAM Members GDP per capita
All PAM Members
EU PAM Members
Non-EU PAM Members
GDP Per Capita Median Income and Equality
Steady Decreasing or Increasing
In the Same or Different Directions
Note - Due to poor data availability Andorra Monaco and Palestine are not included
0
20000000
40000000
60000000
80000000
100000000
120000000
140000000
PAM Members Youth Population (lt15)
All PAMMembers
EU PAMMembers
Non-EU PAMMembers
0
10000000
20000000
30000000
40000000
50000000
60000000
20042005200620072008200920102011201220132014
PAM Members Senior Population (gt65)
All PAMMembers
EU PAMMembers
Non-EU PAMMembers
Demographic Trends and OpportunitiesMore Youth who need jobs
AND More Elderly who need services
The Economic Impact ofUncertainty Instability and Conflict
Is Enlarging
The Example of Tourism
Tourism revenues in Algeria Egypt and Tunisia plunged more than 40 between 2010 and 2013 after political upheaval and attacks on tourists
Today we do not have statistics yet but it is sure that tourism is suffering in even more countries of the region including France and Turkey
Observations and a Questionndash Investors require higher returns for higher risk and the number
of investments with returns high enough to offset the risks is dramatically shrinking in many countries
ndash With greater stability comes greater growth witness recent improvements in the Egyptian economy due to a relative ldquopolitical stabilizationrdquo - but will medium to long-term investors see these changes as being reliable and sustainable
What can Parliamentarians and the International Community do to
Reduce conflict
Provide laquostabilityraquo insurance to investors
Increase investment in post-conflict areas by compensating investorsfor the difference between actual returns and returns adjusted for risk
Further Challenges Calling for Innovation-Driven Growth
bull Deficits that remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull Some countries especially in North Africa and West Asia suffer from
ndash Volatile commodity-based resource base
ndash Low economic diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
ndash Persistent inflation
bull High unemployment especially among youth
bull Growth which does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Promoting Innovation and Competitiveness
Innovation enables stronger economic growth with less ecological impact
=gt Sustainable Development Goal 9 (and others)
BUT innovation needs a nurturing eco-system =gt policy support for it to emerge
Innovation and Competitiveness Policies
Exchanges of Experience
Good Practices amp Policy Recommendations
Policy Advice amp Capacity Building
A few examples of ongoing issuesactivities
-The Euro-Med process
-The WTO system resolving the status of Arab countries
- The Pan African FTA
- FTAs with the USA Turkey EFTA
- Negotiations between GCC and China GCC and India
- Arab economic integration from PAFTA to ACU
Observation these processes are too slow and one result has been the erosion of market advantages for regional goods within the region
Conclusion Integration within the region and with other regions should be accelerated to maximize gains
20
There is a Wide Range of Ongoing Regional Economic Integration Initiatives and Processes
There are many existing regional and bilateral trade agreements ndash With limited impact on intra-regional trade
21Source World Bank (2008)
Intra-Arab (and intra-regional trade generally) remains limited
22
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Public Regulation Quality Index
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
EGYPTE
MAROC
MAURITANIE
SOUDAN
TUNISIE
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
MAURITANIE
EGYPTE
SOUDAN
MAROC
TUNISIE
State Efficiency Index
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
40
39
37
36
30
11
Thellip
Mhellip
Ehellip
Ahellip
Mhellip
Shellip
Corruption Perception Index
Source Transparency International
UNECE Trade 3 Priorities
Simplifying and harmonizing regulations
Facilitating trade flows
Implementing standards-based agricultural
trade
United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UNCEFACT)
Outputs
bull Over 40 Global Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business Recommendations and a wide range of International Standards
Objectives
o Simple transparent and effective processes for global business
o Efficient and automated exchange of information
Means
o Public Private Sector Partnership ndash over 200 experts from government and business
o Meet virtually every week plus two Forums per yearGlobal Remit
TRADE FACILITATION RECOMMENDATIONS STANDARDS AND TOOLS
Ou
treach
and
Sup
po
rt
Policy Recs
UNCEFACT
UNECE
Standards
UNCEFACT
Guidelines Briefs Case
Studies Many wpartners
Single Window
Est No Recommendation
2004 33 Single Window Recommendation
2011 34 Data Simplification and Standardization for International Trade
2011 35 Establishing a legal framework for international trade Single Window
2016 36 Interoperability of Single Window Systems
37hellip Interoperability of Systems within a Single Window Environment
Current topics
bull Revision of Recommendation 1 on UN Layout Key for Trade Documents
bull Electronic Management and Exchange of Fishery Information (FLUX)
bull Track and Trace for Animals and Fish
bull MultiModal Transport Reference Data Model
Agricultural Quality Standards
More than 100 international
agricultural quality
standards
Fresh Fruit and
Vegetables
Seed potatoes
Meat
Dry and Dried
Produce
Why Agricultural Quality Standards
bull To provide a common trading language
bull To create market transparency and facilitate fair
international trade
bull To guide producers improve and ensure the level of product
quality
bull To increase profitability of the sector
(Profitability depends on trading volume and price which are
influenced by quality)
bull To protect consumersrsquo interests
UNECE STANDARDS ensure consistent
quality and
help establish lasting trade relations
UNECErsquos Agri Standards In Use Worldwide
UNECE standards are used globally on a voluntary basis to make trading
easier
UNECE standards can be incorporated into national legislation
As an export requirement to ensure produce quality levels or as a requirement
for the domestic export and import markets
UNECE Standards are reflected in EU legislation
EU standards are fully harmonized with UNECE standards
eg10 product specific EU standards amp optional use for other products
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization
More than 15 recommendations on standardization and
regulatory cooperation
Regulatorycooperation
RiskManagement in RegulatoryFrameworks
Education on standards-
related issues
Marketsurveillance
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
Studies on Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade
Completed Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Follow-up ongoing
Ongoing Albania and Moldova
Plans Turkmenistan and the Customs Union
First Analytical FrameworkTrade Facilitation and transport
Prepare for
export
Transport Import
SHIPBUY PAY
Receive
payment
Commercial Procedures
Transport Procedures
Regulatory Procedures
Financial Procedures
Second Analytical FrameworkStandardisation and Technical Regulation
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
Megatrend 5 The Impact of Human Activity ndash Climate Change
Of the 15 hottest years since record keeping began 130 years ago
14 occurred between 2000 and 2015
Unlocking the Potential
Looking at Where We Areamp
What We Can Build Upon
Note - due to poor data availability Andorra Monaco Palestine and Syria are not included
000
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
GDPcapita (USD)
Time (year)
PAM Members GDP per capita
All PAM Members
EU PAM Members
Non-EU PAM Members
GDP Per Capita Median Income and Equality
Steady Decreasing or Increasing
In the Same or Different Directions
Note - Due to poor data availability Andorra Monaco and Palestine are not included
0
20000000
40000000
60000000
80000000
100000000
120000000
140000000
PAM Members Youth Population (lt15)
All PAMMembers
EU PAMMembers
Non-EU PAMMembers
0
10000000
20000000
30000000
40000000
50000000
60000000
20042005200620072008200920102011201220132014
PAM Members Senior Population (gt65)
All PAMMembers
EU PAMMembers
Non-EU PAMMembers
Demographic Trends and OpportunitiesMore Youth who need jobs
AND More Elderly who need services
The Economic Impact ofUncertainty Instability and Conflict
Is Enlarging
The Example of Tourism
Tourism revenues in Algeria Egypt and Tunisia plunged more than 40 between 2010 and 2013 after political upheaval and attacks on tourists
Today we do not have statistics yet but it is sure that tourism is suffering in even more countries of the region including France and Turkey
Observations and a Questionndash Investors require higher returns for higher risk and the number
of investments with returns high enough to offset the risks is dramatically shrinking in many countries
ndash With greater stability comes greater growth witness recent improvements in the Egyptian economy due to a relative ldquopolitical stabilizationrdquo - but will medium to long-term investors see these changes as being reliable and sustainable
What can Parliamentarians and the International Community do to
Reduce conflict
Provide laquostabilityraquo insurance to investors
Increase investment in post-conflict areas by compensating investorsfor the difference between actual returns and returns adjusted for risk
Further Challenges Calling for Innovation-Driven Growth
bull Deficits that remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull Some countries especially in North Africa and West Asia suffer from
ndash Volatile commodity-based resource base
ndash Low economic diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
ndash Persistent inflation
bull High unemployment especially among youth
bull Growth which does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Promoting Innovation and Competitiveness
Innovation enables stronger economic growth with less ecological impact
=gt Sustainable Development Goal 9 (and others)
BUT innovation needs a nurturing eco-system =gt policy support for it to emerge
Innovation and Competitiveness Policies
Exchanges of Experience
Good Practices amp Policy Recommendations
Policy Advice amp Capacity Building
A few examples of ongoing issuesactivities
-The Euro-Med process
-The WTO system resolving the status of Arab countries
- The Pan African FTA
- FTAs with the USA Turkey EFTA
- Negotiations between GCC and China GCC and India
- Arab economic integration from PAFTA to ACU
Observation these processes are too slow and one result has been the erosion of market advantages for regional goods within the region
Conclusion Integration within the region and with other regions should be accelerated to maximize gains
20
There is a Wide Range of Ongoing Regional Economic Integration Initiatives and Processes
There are many existing regional and bilateral trade agreements ndash With limited impact on intra-regional trade
21Source World Bank (2008)
Intra-Arab (and intra-regional trade generally) remains limited
22
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Public Regulation Quality Index
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
EGYPTE
MAROC
MAURITANIE
SOUDAN
TUNISIE
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
MAURITANIE
EGYPTE
SOUDAN
MAROC
TUNISIE
State Efficiency Index
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
40
39
37
36
30
11
Thellip
Mhellip
Ehellip
Ahellip
Mhellip
Shellip
Corruption Perception Index
Source Transparency International
UNECE Trade 3 Priorities
Simplifying and harmonizing regulations
Facilitating trade flows
Implementing standards-based agricultural
trade
United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UNCEFACT)
Outputs
bull Over 40 Global Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business Recommendations and a wide range of International Standards
Objectives
o Simple transparent and effective processes for global business
o Efficient and automated exchange of information
Means
o Public Private Sector Partnership ndash over 200 experts from government and business
o Meet virtually every week plus two Forums per yearGlobal Remit
TRADE FACILITATION RECOMMENDATIONS STANDARDS AND TOOLS
Ou
treach
and
Sup
po
rt
Policy Recs
UNCEFACT
UNECE
Standards
UNCEFACT
Guidelines Briefs Case
Studies Many wpartners
Single Window
Est No Recommendation
2004 33 Single Window Recommendation
2011 34 Data Simplification and Standardization for International Trade
2011 35 Establishing a legal framework for international trade Single Window
2016 36 Interoperability of Single Window Systems
37hellip Interoperability of Systems within a Single Window Environment
Current topics
bull Revision of Recommendation 1 on UN Layout Key for Trade Documents
bull Electronic Management and Exchange of Fishery Information (FLUX)
bull Track and Trace for Animals and Fish
bull MultiModal Transport Reference Data Model
Agricultural Quality Standards
More than 100 international
agricultural quality
standards
Fresh Fruit and
Vegetables
Seed potatoes
Meat
Dry and Dried
Produce
Why Agricultural Quality Standards
bull To provide a common trading language
bull To create market transparency and facilitate fair
international trade
bull To guide producers improve and ensure the level of product
quality
bull To increase profitability of the sector
(Profitability depends on trading volume and price which are
influenced by quality)
bull To protect consumersrsquo interests
UNECE STANDARDS ensure consistent
quality and
help establish lasting trade relations
UNECErsquos Agri Standards In Use Worldwide
UNECE standards are used globally on a voluntary basis to make trading
easier
UNECE standards can be incorporated into national legislation
As an export requirement to ensure produce quality levels or as a requirement
for the domestic export and import markets
UNECE Standards are reflected in EU legislation
EU standards are fully harmonized with UNECE standards
eg10 product specific EU standards amp optional use for other products
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization
More than 15 recommendations on standardization and
regulatory cooperation
Regulatorycooperation
RiskManagement in RegulatoryFrameworks
Education on standards-
related issues
Marketsurveillance
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
Studies on Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade
Completed Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Follow-up ongoing
Ongoing Albania and Moldova
Plans Turkmenistan and the Customs Union
First Analytical FrameworkTrade Facilitation and transport
Prepare for
export
Transport Import
SHIPBUY PAY
Receive
payment
Commercial Procedures
Transport Procedures
Regulatory Procedures
Financial Procedures
Second Analytical FrameworkStandardisation and Technical Regulation
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
Unlocking the Potential
Looking at Where We Areamp
What We Can Build Upon
Note - due to poor data availability Andorra Monaco Palestine and Syria are not included
000
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
GDPcapita (USD)
Time (year)
PAM Members GDP per capita
All PAM Members
EU PAM Members
Non-EU PAM Members
GDP Per Capita Median Income and Equality
Steady Decreasing or Increasing
In the Same or Different Directions
Note - Due to poor data availability Andorra Monaco and Palestine are not included
0
20000000
40000000
60000000
80000000
100000000
120000000
140000000
PAM Members Youth Population (lt15)
All PAMMembers
EU PAMMembers
Non-EU PAMMembers
0
10000000
20000000
30000000
40000000
50000000
60000000
20042005200620072008200920102011201220132014
PAM Members Senior Population (gt65)
All PAMMembers
EU PAMMembers
Non-EU PAMMembers
Demographic Trends and OpportunitiesMore Youth who need jobs
AND More Elderly who need services
The Economic Impact ofUncertainty Instability and Conflict
Is Enlarging
The Example of Tourism
Tourism revenues in Algeria Egypt and Tunisia plunged more than 40 between 2010 and 2013 after political upheaval and attacks on tourists
Today we do not have statistics yet but it is sure that tourism is suffering in even more countries of the region including France and Turkey
Observations and a Questionndash Investors require higher returns for higher risk and the number
of investments with returns high enough to offset the risks is dramatically shrinking in many countries
ndash With greater stability comes greater growth witness recent improvements in the Egyptian economy due to a relative ldquopolitical stabilizationrdquo - but will medium to long-term investors see these changes as being reliable and sustainable
What can Parliamentarians and the International Community do to
Reduce conflict
Provide laquostabilityraquo insurance to investors
Increase investment in post-conflict areas by compensating investorsfor the difference between actual returns and returns adjusted for risk
Further Challenges Calling for Innovation-Driven Growth
bull Deficits that remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull Some countries especially in North Africa and West Asia suffer from
ndash Volatile commodity-based resource base
ndash Low economic diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
ndash Persistent inflation
bull High unemployment especially among youth
bull Growth which does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Promoting Innovation and Competitiveness
Innovation enables stronger economic growth with less ecological impact
=gt Sustainable Development Goal 9 (and others)
BUT innovation needs a nurturing eco-system =gt policy support for it to emerge
Innovation and Competitiveness Policies
Exchanges of Experience
Good Practices amp Policy Recommendations
Policy Advice amp Capacity Building
A few examples of ongoing issuesactivities
-The Euro-Med process
-The WTO system resolving the status of Arab countries
- The Pan African FTA
- FTAs with the USA Turkey EFTA
- Negotiations between GCC and China GCC and India
- Arab economic integration from PAFTA to ACU
Observation these processes are too slow and one result has been the erosion of market advantages for regional goods within the region
Conclusion Integration within the region and with other regions should be accelerated to maximize gains
20
There is a Wide Range of Ongoing Regional Economic Integration Initiatives and Processes
There are many existing regional and bilateral trade agreements ndash With limited impact on intra-regional trade
21Source World Bank (2008)
Intra-Arab (and intra-regional trade generally) remains limited
22
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Public Regulation Quality Index
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
EGYPTE
MAROC
MAURITANIE
SOUDAN
TUNISIE
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
MAURITANIE
EGYPTE
SOUDAN
MAROC
TUNISIE
State Efficiency Index
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
40
39
37
36
30
11
Thellip
Mhellip
Ehellip
Ahellip
Mhellip
Shellip
Corruption Perception Index
Source Transparency International
UNECE Trade 3 Priorities
Simplifying and harmonizing regulations
Facilitating trade flows
Implementing standards-based agricultural
trade
United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UNCEFACT)
Outputs
bull Over 40 Global Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business Recommendations and a wide range of International Standards
Objectives
o Simple transparent and effective processes for global business
o Efficient and automated exchange of information
Means
o Public Private Sector Partnership ndash over 200 experts from government and business
o Meet virtually every week plus two Forums per yearGlobal Remit
TRADE FACILITATION RECOMMENDATIONS STANDARDS AND TOOLS
Ou
treach
and
Sup
po
rt
Policy Recs
UNCEFACT
UNECE
Standards
UNCEFACT
Guidelines Briefs Case
Studies Many wpartners
Single Window
Est No Recommendation
2004 33 Single Window Recommendation
2011 34 Data Simplification and Standardization for International Trade
2011 35 Establishing a legal framework for international trade Single Window
2016 36 Interoperability of Single Window Systems
37hellip Interoperability of Systems within a Single Window Environment
Current topics
bull Revision of Recommendation 1 on UN Layout Key for Trade Documents
bull Electronic Management and Exchange of Fishery Information (FLUX)
bull Track and Trace for Animals and Fish
bull MultiModal Transport Reference Data Model
Agricultural Quality Standards
More than 100 international
agricultural quality
standards
Fresh Fruit and
Vegetables
Seed potatoes
Meat
Dry and Dried
Produce
Why Agricultural Quality Standards
bull To provide a common trading language
bull To create market transparency and facilitate fair
international trade
bull To guide producers improve and ensure the level of product
quality
bull To increase profitability of the sector
(Profitability depends on trading volume and price which are
influenced by quality)
bull To protect consumersrsquo interests
UNECE STANDARDS ensure consistent
quality and
help establish lasting trade relations
UNECErsquos Agri Standards In Use Worldwide
UNECE standards are used globally on a voluntary basis to make trading
easier
UNECE standards can be incorporated into national legislation
As an export requirement to ensure produce quality levels or as a requirement
for the domestic export and import markets
UNECE Standards are reflected in EU legislation
EU standards are fully harmonized with UNECE standards
eg10 product specific EU standards amp optional use for other products
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization
More than 15 recommendations on standardization and
regulatory cooperation
Regulatorycooperation
RiskManagement in RegulatoryFrameworks
Education on standards-
related issues
Marketsurveillance
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
Studies on Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade
Completed Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Follow-up ongoing
Ongoing Albania and Moldova
Plans Turkmenistan and the Customs Union
First Analytical FrameworkTrade Facilitation and transport
Prepare for
export
Transport Import
SHIPBUY PAY
Receive
payment
Commercial Procedures
Transport Procedures
Regulatory Procedures
Financial Procedures
Second Analytical FrameworkStandardisation and Technical Regulation
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
Note - due to poor data availability Andorra Monaco Palestine and Syria are not included
000
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
GDPcapita (USD)
Time (year)
PAM Members GDP per capita
All PAM Members
EU PAM Members
Non-EU PAM Members
GDP Per Capita Median Income and Equality
Steady Decreasing or Increasing
In the Same or Different Directions
Note - Due to poor data availability Andorra Monaco and Palestine are not included
0
20000000
40000000
60000000
80000000
100000000
120000000
140000000
PAM Members Youth Population (lt15)
All PAMMembers
EU PAMMembers
Non-EU PAMMembers
0
10000000
20000000
30000000
40000000
50000000
60000000
20042005200620072008200920102011201220132014
PAM Members Senior Population (gt65)
All PAMMembers
EU PAMMembers
Non-EU PAMMembers
Demographic Trends and OpportunitiesMore Youth who need jobs
AND More Elderly who need services
The Economic Impact ofUncertainty Instability and Conflict
Is Enlarging
The Example of Tourism
Tourism revenues in Algeria Egypt and Tunisia plunged more than 40 between 2010 and 2013 after political upheaval and attacks on tourists
Today we do not have statistics yet but it is sure that tourism is suffering in even more countries of the region including France and Turkey
Observations and a Questionndash Investors require higher returns for higher risk and the number
of investments with returns high enough to offset the risks is dramatically shrinking in many countries
ndash With greater stability comes greater growth witness recent improvements in the Egyptian economy due to a relative ldquopolitical stabilizationrdquo - but will medium to long-term investors see these changes as being reliable and sustainable
What can Parliamentarians and the International Community do to
Reduce conflict
Provide laquostabilityraquo insurance to investors
Increase investment in post-conflict areas by compensating investorsfor the difference between actual returns and returns adjusted for risk
Further Challenges Calling for Innovation-Driven Growth
bull Deficits that remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull Some countries especially in North Africa and West Asia suffer from
ndash Volatile commodity-based resource base
ndash Low economic diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
ndash Persistent inflation
bull High unemployment especially among youth
bull Growth which does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Promoting Innovation and Competitiveness
Innovation enables stronger economic growth with less ecological impact
=gt Sustainable Development Goal 9 (and others)
BUT innovation needs a nurturing eco-system =gt policy support for it to emerge
Innovation and Competitiveness Policies
Exchanges of Experience
Good Practices amp Policy Recommendations
Policy Advice amp Capacity Building
A few examples of ongoing issuesactivities
-The Euro-Med process
-The WTO system resolving the status of Arab countries
- The Pan African FTA
- FTAs with the USA Turkey EFTA
- Negotiations between GCC and China GCC and India
- Arab economic integration from PAFTA to ACU
Observation these processes are too slow and one result has been the erosion of market advantages for regional goods within the region
Conclusion Integration within the region and with other regions should be accelerated to maximize gains
20
There is a Wide Range of Ongoing Regional Economic Integration Initiatives and Processes
There are many existing regional and bilateral trade agreements ndash With limited impact on intra-regional trade
21Source World Bank (2008)
Intra-Arab (and intra-regional trade generally) remains limited
22
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Public Regulation Quality Index
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
EGYPTE
MAROC
MAURITANIE
SOUDAN
TUNISIE
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
MAURITANIE
EGYPTE
SOUDAN
MAROC
TUNISIE
State Efficiency Index
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
40
39
37
36
30
11
Thellip
Mhellip
Ehellip
Ahellip
Mhellip
Shellip
Corruption Perception Index
Source Transparency International
UNECE Trade 3 Priorities
Simplifying and harmonizing regulations
Facilitating trade flows
Implementing standards-based agricultural
trade
United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UNCEFACT)
Outputs
bull Over 40 Global Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business Recommendations and a wide range of International Standards
Objectives
o Simple transparent and effective processes for global business
o Efficient and automated exchange of information
Means
o Public Private Sector Partnership ndash over 200 experts from government and business
o Meet virtually every week plus two Forums per yearGlobal Remit
TRADE FACILITATION RECOMMENDATIONS STANDARDS AND TOOLS
Ou
treach
and
Sup
po
rt
Policy Recs
UNCEFACT
UNECE
Standards
UNCEFACT
Guidelines Briefs Case
Studies Many wpartners
Single Window
Est No Recommendation
2004 33 Single Window Recommendation
2011 34 Data Simplification and Standardization for International Trade
2011 35 Establishing a legal framework for international trade Single Window
2016 36 Interoperability of Single Window Systems
37hellip Interoperability of Systems within a Single Window Environment
Current topics
bull Revision of Recommendation 1 on UN Layout Key for Trade Documents
bull Electronic Management and Exchange of Fishery Information (FLUX)
bull Track and Trace for Animals and Fish
bull MultiModal Transport Reference Data Model
Agricultural Quality Standards
More than 100 international
agricultural quality
standards
Fresh Fruit and
Vegetables
Seed potatoes
Meat
Dry and Dried
Produce
Why Agricultural Quality Standards
bull To provide a common trading language
bull To create market transparency and facilitate fair
international trade
bull To guide producers improve and ensure the level of product
quality
bull To increase profitability of the sector
(Profitability depends on trading volume and price which are
influenced by quality)
bull To protect consumersrsquo interests
UNECE STANDARDS ensure consistent
quality and
help establish lasting trade relations
UNECErsquos Agri Standards In Use Worldwide
UNECE standards are used globally on a voluntary basis to make trading
easier
UNECE standards can be incorporated into national legislation
As an export requirement to ensure produce quality levels or as a requirement
for the domestic export and import markets
UNECE Standards are reflected in EU legislation
EU standards are fully harmonized with UNECE standards
eg10 product specific EU standards amp optional use for other products
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization
More than 15 recommendations on standardization and
regulatory cooperation
Regulatorycooperation
RiskManagement in RegulatoryFrameworks
Education on standards-
related issues
Marketsurveillance
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
Studies on Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade
Completed Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Follow-up ongoing
Ongoing Albania and Moldova
Plans Turkmenistan and the Customs Union
First Analytical FrameworkTrade Facilitation and transport
Prepare for
export
Transport Import
SHIPBUY PAY
Receive
payment
Commercial Procedures
Transport Procedures
Regulatory Procedures
Financial Procedures
Second Analytical FrameworkStandardisation and Technical Regulation
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
Note - Due to poor data availability Andorra Monaco and Palestine are not included
0
20000000
40000000
60000000
80000000
100000000
120000000
140000000
PAM Members Youth Population (lt15)
All PAMMembers
EU PAMMembers
Non-EU PAMMembers
0
10000000
20000000
30000000
40000000
50000000
60000000
20042005200620072008200920102011201220132014
PAM Members Senior Population (gt65)
All PAMMembers
EU PAMMembers
Non-EU PAMMembers
Demographic Trends and OpportunitiesMore Youth who need jobs
AND More Elderly who need services
The Economic Impact ofUncertainty Instability and Conflict
Is Enlarging
The Example of Tourism
Tourism revenues in Algeria Egypt and Tunisia plunged more than 40 between 2010 and 2013 after political upheaval and attacks on tourists
Today we do not have statistics yet but it is sure that tourism is suffering in even more countries of the region including France and Turkey
Observations and a Questionndash Investors require higher returns for higher risk and the number
of investments with returns high enough to offset the risks is dramatically shrinking in many countries
ndash With greater stability comes greater growth witness recent improvements in the Egyptian economy due to a relative ldquopolitical stabilizationrdquo - but will medium to long-term investors see these changes as being reliable and sustainable
What can Parliamentarians and the International Community do to
Reduce conflict
Provide laquostabilityraquo insurance to investors
Increase investment in post-conflict areas by compensating investorsfor the difference between actual returns and returns adjusted for risk
Further Challenges Calling for Innovation-Driven Growth
bull Deficits that remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull Some countries especially in North Africa and West Asia suffer from
ndash Volatile commodity-based resource base
ndash Low economic diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
ndash Persistent inflation
bull High unemployment especially among youth
bull Growth which does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Promoting Innovation and Competitiveness
Innovation enables stronger economic growth with less ecological impact
=gt Sustainable Development Goal 9 (and others)
BUT innovation needs a nurturing eco-system =gt policy support for it to emerge
Innovation and Competitiveness Policies
Exchanges of Experience
Good Practices amp Policy Recommendations
Policy Advice amp Capacity Building
A few examples of ongoing issuesactivities
-The Euro-Med process
-The WTO system resolving the status of Arab countries
- The Pan African FTA
- FTAs with the USA Turkey EFTA
- Negotiations between GCC and China GCC and India
- Arab economic integration from PAFTA to ACU
Observation these processes are too slow and one result has been the erosion of market advantages for regional goods within the region
Conclusion Integration within the region and with other regions should be accelerated to maximize gains
20
There is a Wide Range of Ongoing Regional Economic Integration Initiatives and Processes
There are many existing regional and bilateral trade agreements ndash With limited impact on intra-regional trade
21Source World Bank (2008)
Intra-Arab (and intra-regional trade generally) remains limited
22
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Public Regulation Quality Index
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
EGYPTE
MAROC
MAURITANIE
SOUDAN
TUNISIE
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
MAURITANIE
EGYPTE
SOUDAN
MAROC
TUNISIE
State Efficiency Index
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
40
39
37
36
30
11
Thellip
Mhellip
Ehellip
Ahellip
Mhellip
Shellip
Corruption Perception Index
Source Transparency International
UNECE Trade 3 Priorities
Simplifying and harmonizing regulations
Facilitating trade flows
Implementing standards-based agricultural
trade
United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UNCEFACT)
Outputs
bull Over 40 Global Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business Recommendations and a wide range of International Standards
Objectives
o Simple transparent and effective processes for global business
o Efficient and automated exchange of information
Means
o Public Private Sector Partnership ndash over 200 experts from government and business
o Meet virtually every week plus two Forums per yearGlobal Remit
TRADE FACILITATION RECOMMENDATIONS STANDARDS AND TOOLS
Ou
treach
and
Sup
po
rt
Policy Recs
UNCEFACT
UNECE
Standards
UNCEFACT
Guidelines Briefs Case
Studies Many wpartners
Single Window
Est No Recommendation
2004 33 Single Window Recommendation
2011 34 Data Simplification and Standardization for International Trade
2011 35 Establishing a legal framework for international trade Single Window
2016 36 Interoperability of Single Window Systems
37hellip Interoperability of Systems within a Single Window Environment
Current topics
bull Revision of Recommendation 1 on UN Layout Key for Trade Documents
bull Electronic Management and Exchange of Fishery Information (FLUX)
bull Track and Trace for Animals and Fish
bull MultiModal Transport Reference Data Model
Agricultural Quality Standards
More than 100 international
agricultural quality
standards
Fresh Fruit and
Vegetables
Seed potatoes
Meat
Dry and Dried
Produce
Why Agricultural Quality Standards
bull To provide a common trading language
bull To create market transparency and facilitate fair
international trade
bull To guide producers improve and ensure the level of product
quality
bull To increase profitability of the sector
(Profitability depends on trading volume and price which are
influenced by quality)
bull To protect consumersrsquo interests
UNECE STANDARDS ensure consistent
quality and
help establish lasting trade relations
UNECErsquos Agri Standards In Use Worldwide
UNECE standards are used globally on a voluntary basis to make trading
easier
UNECE standards can be incorporated into national legislation
As an export requirement to ensure produce quality levels or as a requirement
for the domestic export and import markets
UNECE Standards are reflected in EU legislation
EU standards are fully harmonized with UNECE standards
eg10 product specific EU standards amp optional use for other products
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization
More than 15 recommendations on standardization and
regulatory cooperation
Regulatorycooperation
RiskManagement in RegulatoryFrameworks
Education on standards-
related issues
Marketsurveillance
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
Studies on Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade
Completed Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Follow-up ongoing
Ongoing Albania and Moldova
Plans Turkmenistan and the Customs Union
First Analytical FrameworkTrade Facilitation and transport
Prepare for
export
Transport Import
SHIPBUY PAY
Receive
payment
Commercial Procedures
Transport Procedures
Regulatory Procedures
Financial Procedures
Second Analytical FrameworkStandardisation and Technical Regulation
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
The Economic Impact ofUncertainty Instability and Conflict
Is Enlarging
The Example of Tourism
Tourism revenues in Algeria Egypt and Tunisia plunged more than 40 between 2010 and 2013 after political upheaval and attacks on tourists
Today we do not have statistics yet but it is sure that tourism is suffering in even more countries of the region including France and Turkey
Observations and a Questionndash Investors require higher returns for higher risk and the number
of investments with returns high enough to offset the risks is dramatically shrinking in many countries
ndash With greater stability comes greater growth witness recent improvements in the Egyptian economy due to a relative ldquopolitical stabilizationrdquo - but will medium to long-term investors see these changes as being reliable and sustainable
What can Parliamentarians and the International Community do to
Reduce conflict
Provide laquostabilityraquo insurance to investors
Increase investment in post-conflict areas by compensating investorsfor the difference between actual returns and returns adjusted for risk
Further Challenges Calling for Innovation-Driven Growth
bull Deficits that remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull Some countries especially in North Africa and West Asia suffer from
ndash Volatile commodity-based resource base
ndash Low economic diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
ndash Persistent inflation
bull High unemployment especially among youth
bull Growth which does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Promoting Innovation and Competitiveness
Innovation enables stronger economic growth with less ecological impact
=gt Sustainable Development Goal 9 (and others)
BUT innovation needs a nurturing eco-system =gt policy support for it to emerge
Innovation and Competitiveness Policies
Exchanges of Experience
Good Practices amp Policy Recommendations
Policy Advice amp Capacity Building
A few examples of ongoing issuesactivities
-The Euro-Med process
-The WTO system resolving the status of Arab countries
- The Pan African FTA
- FTAs with the USA Turkey EFTA
- Negotiations between GCC and China GCC and India
- Arab economic integration from PAFTA to ACU
Observation these processes are too slow and one result has been the erosion of market advantages for regional goods within the region
Conclusion Integration within the region and with other regions should be accelerated to maximize gains
20
There is a Wide Range of Ongoing Regional Economic Integration Initiatives and Processes
There are many existing regional and bilateral trade agreements ndash With limited impact on intra-regional trade
21Source World Bank (2008)
Intra-Arab (and intra-regional trade generally) remains limited
22
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Public Regulation Quality Index
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
EGYPTE
MAROC
MAURITANIE
SOUDAN
TUNISIE
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
MAURITANIE
EGYPTE
SOUDAN
MAROC
TUNISIE
State Efficiency Index
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
40
39
37
36
30
11
Thellip
Mhellip
Ehellip
Ahellip
Mhellip
Shellip
Corruption Perception Index
Source Transparency International
UNECE Trade 3 Priorities
Simplifying and harmonizing regulations
Facilitating trade flows
Implementing standards-based agricultural
trade
United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UNCEFACT)
Outputs
bull Over 40 Global Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business Recommendations and a wide range of International Standards
Objectives
o Simple transparent and effective processes for global business
o Efficient and automated exchange of information
Means
o Public Private Sector Partnership ndash over 200 experts from government and business
o Meet virtually every week plus two Forums per yearGlobal Remit
TRADE FACILITATION RECOMMENDATIONS STANDARDS AND TOOLS
Ou
treach
and
Sup
po
rt
Policy Recs
UNCEFACT
UNECE
Standards
UNCEFACT
Guidelines Briefs Case
Studies Many wpartners
Single Window
Est No Recommendation
2004 33 Single Window Recommendation
2011 34 Data Simplification and Standardization for International Trade
2011 35 Establishing a legal framework for international trade Single Window
2016 36 Interoperability of Single Window Systems
37hellip Interoperability of Systems within a Single Window Environment
Current topics
bull Revision of Recommendation 1 on UN Layout Key for Trade Documents
bull Electronic Management and Exchange of Fishery Information (FLUX)
bull Track and Trace for Animals and Fish
bull MultiModal Transport Reference Data Model
Agricultural Quality Standards
More than 100 international
agricultural quality
standards
Fresh Fruit and
Vegetables
Seed potatoes
Meat
Dry and Dried
Produce
Why Agricultural Quality Standards
bull To provide a common trading language
bull To create market transparency and facilitate fair
international trade
bull To guide producers improve and ensure the level of product
quality
bull To increase profitability of the sector
(Profitability depends on trading volume and price which are
influenced by quality)
bull To protect consumersrsquo interests
UNECE STANDARDS ensure consistent
quality and
help establish lasting trade relations
UNECErsquos Agri Standards In Use Worldwide
UNECE standards are used globally on a voluntary basis to make trading
easier
UNECE standards can be incorporated into national legislation
As an export requirement to ensure produce quality levels or as a requirement
for the domestic export and import markets
UNECE Standards are reflected in EU legislation
EU standards are fully harmonized with UNECE standards
eg10 product specific EU standards amp optional use for other products
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization
More than 15 recommendations on standardization and
regulatory cooperation
Regulatorycooperation
RiskManagement in RegulatoryFrameworks
Education on standards-
related issues
Marketsurveillance
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
Studies on Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade
Completed Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Follow-up ongoing
Ongoing Albania and Moldova
Plans Turkmenistan and the Customs Union
First Analytical FrameworkTrade Facilitation and transport
Prepare for
export
Transport Import
SHIPBUY PAY
Receive
payment
Commercial Procedures
Transport Procedures
Regulatory Procedures
Financial Procedures
Second Analytical FrameworkStandardisation and Technical Regulation
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
Observations and a Questionndash Investors require higher returns for higher risk and the number
of investments with returns high enough to offset the risks is dramatically shrinking in many countries
ndash With greater stability comes greater growth witness recent improvements in the Egyptian economy due to a relative ldquopolitical stabilizationrdquo - but will medium to long-term investors see these changes as being reliable and sustainable
What can Parliamentarians and the International Community do to
Reduce conflict
Provide laquostabilityraquo insurance to investors
Increase investment in post-conflict areas by compensating investorsfor the difference between actual returns and returns adjusted for risk
Further Challenges Calling for Innovation-Driven Growth
bull Deficits that remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull Some countries especially in North Africa and West Asia suffer from
ndash Volatile commodity-based resource base
ndash Low economic diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
ndash Persistent inflation
bull High unemployment especially among youth
bull Growth which does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Promoting Innovation and Competitiveness
Innovation enables stronger economic growth with less ecological impact
=gt Sustainable Development Goal 9 (and others)
BUT innovation needs a nurturing eco-system =gt policy support for it to emerge
Innovation and Competitiveness Policies
Exchanges of Experience
Good Practices amp Policy Recommendations
Policy Advice amp Capacity Building
A few examples of ongoing issuesactivities
-The Euro-Med process
-The WTO system resolving the status of Arab countries
- The Pan African FTA
- FTAs with the USA Turkey EFTA
- Negotiations between GCC and China GCC and India
- Arab economic integration from PAFTA to ACU
Observation these processes are too slow and one result has been the erosion of market advantages for regional goods within the region
Conclusion Integration within the region and with other regions should be accelerated to maximize gains
20
There is a Wide Range of Ongoing Regional Economic Integration Initiatives and Processes
There are many existing regional and bilateral trade agreements ndash With limited impact on intra-regional trade
21Source World Bank (2008)
Intra-Arab (and intra-regional trade generally) remains limited
22
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Public Regulation Quality Index
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
EGYPTE
MAROC
MAURITANIE
SOUDAN
TUNISIE
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
MAURITANIE
EGYPTE
SOUDAN
MAROC
TUNISIE
State Efficiency Index
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
40
39
37
36
30
11
Thellip
Mhellip
Ehellip
Ahellip
Mhellip
Shellip
Corruption Perception Index
Source Transparency International
UNECE Trade 3 Priorities
Simplifying and harmonizing regulations
Facilitating trade flows
Implementing standards-based agricultural
trade
United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UNCEFACT)
Outputs
bull Over 40 Global Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business Recommendations and a wide range of International Standards
Objectives
o Simple transparent and effective processes for global business
o Efficient and automated exchange of information
Means
o Public Private Sector Partnership ndash over 200 experts from government and business
o Meet virtually every week plus two Forums per yearGlobal Remit
TRADE FACILITATION RECOMMENDATIONS STANDARDS AND TOOLS
Ou
treach
and
Sup
po
rt
Policy Recs
UNCEFACT
UNECE
Standards
UNCEFACT
Guidelines Briefs Case
Studies Many wpartners
Single Window
Est No Recommendation
2004 33 Single Window Recommendation
2011 34 Data Simplification and Standardization for International Trade
2011 35 Establishing a legal framework for international trade Single Window
2016 36 Interoperability of Single Window Systems
37hellip Interoperability of Systems within a Single Window Environment
Current topics
bull Revision of Recommendation 1 on UN Layout Key for Trade Documents
bull Electronic Management and Exchange of Fishery Information (FLUX)
bull Track and Trace for Animals and Fish
bull MultiModal Transport Reference Data Model
Agricultural Quality Standards
More than 100 international
agricultural quality
standards
Fresh Fruit and
Vegetables
Seed potatoes
Meat
Dry and Dried
Produce
Why Agricultural Quality Standards
bull To provide a common trading language
bull To create market transparency and facilitate fair
international trade
bull To guide producers improve and ensure the level of product
quality
bull To increase profitability of the sector
(Profitability depends on trading volume and price which are
influenced by quality)
bull To protect consumersrsquo interests
UNECE STANDARDS ensure consistent
quality and
help establish lasting trade relations
UNECErsquos Agri Standards In Use Worldwide
UNECE standards are used globally on a voluntary basis to make trading
easier
UNECE standards can be incorporated into national legislation
As an export requirement to ensure produce quality levels or as a requirement
for the domestic export and import markets
UNECE Standards are reflected in EU legislation
EU standards are fully harmonized with UNECE standards
eg10 product specific EU standards amp optional use for other products
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization
More than 15 recommendations on standardization and
regulatory cooperation
Regulatorycooperation
RiskManagement in RegulatoryFrameworks
Education on standards-
related issues
Marketsurveillance
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
Studies on Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade
Completed Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Follow-up ongoing
Ongoing Albania and Moldova
Plans Turkmenistan and the Customs Union
First Analytical FrameworkTrade Facilitation and transport
Prepare for
export
Transport Import
SHIPBUY PAY
Receive
payment
Commercial Procedures
Transport Procedures
Regulatory Procedures
Financial Procedures
Second Analytical FrameworkStandardisation and Technical Regulation
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
Further Challenges Calling for Innovation-Driven Growth
bull Deficits that remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull Some countries especially in North Africa and West Asia suffer from
ndash Volatile commodity-based resource base
ndash Low economic diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
ndash Persistent inflation
bull High unemployment especially among youth
bull Growth which does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Promoting Innovation and Competitiveness
Innovation enables stronger economic growth with less ecological impact
=gt Sustainable Development Goal 9 (and others)
BUT innovation needs a nurturing eco-system =gt policy support for it to emerge
Innovation and Competitiveness Policies
Exchanges of Experience
Good Practices amp Policy Recommendations
Policy Advice amp Capacity Building
A few examples of ongoing issuesactivities
-The Euro-Med process
-The WTO system resolving the status of Arab countries
- The Pan African FTA
- FTAs with the USA Turkey EFTA
- Negotiations between GCC and China GCC and India
- Arab economic integration from PAFTA to ACU
Observation these processes are too slow and one result has been the erosion of market advantages for regional goods within the region
Conclusion Integration within the region and with other regions should be accelerated to maximize gains
20
There is a Wide Range of Ongoing Regional Economic Integration Initiatives and Processes
There are many existing regional and bilateral trade agreements ndash With limited impact on intra-regional trade
21Source World Bank (2008)
Intra-Arab (and intra-regional trade generally) remains limited
22
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Public Regulation Quality Index
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
EGYPTE
MAROC
MAURITANIE
SOUDAN
TUNISIE
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
MAURITANIE
EGYPTE
SOUDAN
MAROC
TUNISIE
State Efficiency Index
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
40
39
37
36
30
11
Thellip
Mhellip
Ehellip
Ahellip
Mhellip
Shellip
Corruption Perception Index
Source Transparency International
UNECE Trade 3 Priorities
Simplifying and harmonizing regulations
Facilitating trade flows
Implementing standards-based agricultural
trade
United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UNCEFACT)
Outputs
bull Over 40 Global Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business Recommendations and a wide range of International Standards
Objectives
o Simple transparent and effective processes for global business
o Efficient and automated exchange of information
Means
o Public Private Sector Partnership ndash over 200 experts from government and business
o Meet virtually every week plus two Forums per yearGlobal Remit
TRADE FACILITATION RECOMMENDATIONS STANDARDS AND TOOLS
Ou
treach
and
Sup
po
rt
Policy Recs
UNCEFACT
UNECE
Standards
UNCEFACT
Guidelines Briefs Case
Studies Many wpartners
Single Window
Est No Recommendation
2004 33 Single Window Recommendation
2011 34 Data Simplification and Standardization for International Trade
2011 35 Establishing a legal framework for international trade Single Window
2016 36 Interoperability of Single Window Systems
37hellip Interoperability of Systems within a Single Window Environment
Current topics
bull Revision of Recommendation 1 on UN Layout Key for Trade Documents
bull Electronic Management and Exchange of Fishery Information (FLUX)
bull Track and Trace for Animals and Fish
bull MultiModal Transport Reference Data Model
Agricultural Quality Standards
More than 100 international
agricultural quality
standards
Fresh Fruit and
Vegetables
Seed potatoes
Meat
Dry and Dried
Produce
Why Agricultural Quality Standards
bull To provide a common trading language
bull To create market transparency and facilitate fair
international trade
bull To guide producers improve and ensure the level of product
quality
bull To increase profitability of the sector
(Profitability depends on trading volume and price which are
influenced by quality)
bull To protect consumersrsquo interests
UNECE STANDARDS ensure consistent
quality and
help establish lasting trade relations
UNECErsquos Agri Standards In Use Worldwide
UNECE standards are used globally on a voluntary basis to make trading
easier
UNECE standards can be incorporated into national legislation
As an export requirement to ensure produce quality levels or as a requirement
for the domestic export and import markets
UNECE Standards are reflected in EU legislation
EU standards are fully harmonized with UNECE standards
eg10 product specific EU standards amp optional use for other products
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization
More than 15 recommendations on standardization and
regulatory cooperation
Regulatorycooperation
RiskManagement in RegulatoryFrameworks
Education on standards-
related issues
Marketsurveillance
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
Studies on Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade
Completed Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Follow-up ongoing
Ongoing Albania and Moldova
Plans Turkmenistan and the Customs Union
First Analytical FrameworkTrade Facilitation and transport
Prepare for
export
Transport Import
SHIPBUY PAY
Receive
payment
Commercial Procedures
Transport Procedures
Regulatory Procedures
Financial Procedures
Second Analytical FrameworkStandardisation and Technical Regulation
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
Promoting Innovation and Competitiveness
Innovation enables stronger economic growth with less ecological impact
=gt Sustainable Development Goal 9 (and others)
BUT innovation needs a nurturing eco-system =gt policy support for it to emerge
Innovation and Competitiveness Policies
Exchanges of Experience
Good Practices amp Policy Recommendations
Policy Advice amp Capacity Building
A few examples of ongoing issuesactivities
-The Euro-Med process
-The WTO system resolving the status of Arab countries
- The Pan African FTA
- FTAs with the USA Turkey EFTA
- Negotiations between GCC and China GCC and India
- Arab economic integration from PAFTA to ACU
Observation these processes are too slow and one result has been the erosion of market advantages for regional goods within the region
Conclusion Integration within the region and with other regions should be accelerated to maximize gains
20
There is a Wide Range of Ongoing Regional Economic Integration Initiatives and Processes
There are many existing regional and bilateral trade agreements ndash With limited impact on intra-regional trade
21Source World Bank (2008)
Intra-Arab (and intra-regional trade generally) remains limited
22
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Public Regulation Quality Index
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
EGYPTE
MAROC
MAURITANIE
SOUDAN
TUNISIE
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
MAURITANIE
EGYPTE
SOUDAN
MAROC
TUNISIE
State Efficiency Index
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
40
39
37
36
30
11
Thellip
Mhellip
Ehellip
Ahellip
Mhellip
Shellip
Corruption Perception Index
Source Transparency International
UNECE Trade 3 Priorities
Simplifying and harmonizing regulations
Facilitating trade flows
Implementing standards-based agricultural
trade
United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UNCEFACT)
Outputs
bull Over 40 Global Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business Recommendations and a wide range of International Standards
Objectives
o Simple transparent and effective processes for global business
o Efficient and automated exchange of information
Means
o Public Private Sector Partnership ndash over 200 experts from government and business
o Meet virtually every week plus two Forums per yearGlobal Remit
TRADE FACILITATION RECOMMENDATIONS STANDARDS AND TOOLS
Ou
treach
and
Sup
po
rt
Policy Recs
UNCEFACT
UNECE
Standards
UNCEFACT
Guidelines Briefs Case
Studies Many wpartners
Single Window
Est No Recommendation
2004 33 Single Window Recommendation
2011 34 Data Simplification and Standardization for International Trade
2011 35 Establishing a legal framework for international trade Single Window
2016 36 Interoperability of Single Window Systems
37hellip Interoperability of Systems within a Single Window Environment
Current topics
bull Revision of Recommendation 1 on UN Layout Key for Trade Documents
bull Electronic Management and Exchange of Fishery Information (FLUX)
bull Track and Trace for Animals and Fish
bull MultiModal Transport Reference Data Model
Agricultural Quality Standards
More than 100 international
agricultural quality
standards
Fresh Fruit and
Vegetables
Seed potatoes
Meat
Dry and Dried
Produce
Why Agricultural Quality Standards
bull To provide a common trading language
bull To create market transparency and facilitate fair
international trade
bull To guide producers improve and ensure the level of product
quality
bull To increase profitability of the sector
(Profitability depends on trading volume and price which are
influenced by quality)
bull To protect consumersrsquo interests
UNECE STANDARDS ensure consistent
quality and
help establish lasting trade relations
UNECErsquos Agri Standards In Use Worldwide
UNECE standards are used globally on a voluntary basis to make trading
easier
UNECE standards can be incorporated into national legislation
As an export requirement to ensure produce quality levels or as a requirement
for the domestic export and import markets
UNECE Standards are reflected in EU legislation
EU standards are fully harmonized with UNECE standards
eg10 product specific EU standards amp optional use for other products
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization
More than 15 recommendations on standardization and
regulatory cooperation
Regulatorycooperation
RiskManagement in RegulatoryFrameworks
Education on standards-
related issues
Marketsurveillance
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
Studies on Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade
Completed Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Follow-up ongoing
Ongoing Albania and Moldova
Plans Turkmenistan and the Customs Union
First Analytical FrameworkTrade Facilitation and transport
Prepare for
export
Transport Import
SHIPBUY PAY
Receive
payment
Commercial Procedures
Transport Procedures
Regulatory Procedures
Financial Procedures
Second Analytical FrameworkStandardisation and Technical Regulation
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
Innovation and Competitiveness Policies
Exchanges of Experience
Good Practices amp Policy Recommendations
Policy Advice amp Capacity Building
A few examples of ongoing issuesactivities
-The Euro-Med process
-The WTO system resolving the status of Arab countries
- The Pan African FTA
- FTAs with the USA Turkey EFTA
- Negotiations between GCC and China GCC and India
- Arab economic integration from PAFTA to ACU
Observation these processes are too slow and one result has been the erosion of market advantages for regional goods within the region
Conclusion Integration within the region and with other regions should be accelerated to maximize gains
20
There is a Wide Range of Ongoing Regional Economic Integration Initiatives and Processes
There are many existing regional and bilateral trade agreements ndash With limited impact on intra-regional trade
21Source World Bank (2008)
Intra-Arab (and intra-regional trade generally) remains limited
22
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Public Regulation Quality Index
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
EGYPTE
MAROC
MAURITANIE
SOUDAN
TUNISIE
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
MAURITANIE
EGYPTE
SOUDAN
MAROC
TUNISIE
State Efficiency Index
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
40
39
37
36
30
11
Thellip
Mhellip
Ehellip
Ahellip
Mhellip
Shellip
Corruption Perception Index
Source Transparency International
UNECE Trade 3 Priorities
Simplifying and harmonizing regulations
Facilitating trade flows
Implementing standards-based agricultural
trade
United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UNCEFACT)
Outputs
bull Over 40 Global Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business Recommendations and a wide range of International Standards
Objectives
o Simple transparent and effective processes for global business
o Efficient and automated exchange of information
Means
o Public Private Sector Partnership ndash over 200 experts from government and business
o Meet virtually every week plus two Forums per yearGlobal Remit
TRADE FACILITATION RECOMMENDATIONS STANDARDS AND TOOLS
Ou
treach
and
Sup
po
rt
Policy Recs
UNCEFACT
UNECE
Standards
UNCEFACT
Guidelines Briefs Case
Studies Many wpartners
Single Window
Est No Recommendation
2004 33 Single Window Recommendation
2011 34 Data Simplification and Standardization for International Trade
2011 35 Establishing a legal framework for international trade Single Window
2016 36 Interoperability of Single Window Systems
37hellip Interoperability of Systems within a Single Window Environment
Current topics
bull Revision of Recommendation 1 on UN Layout Key for Trade Documents
bull Electronic Management and Exchange of Fishery Information (FLUX)
bull Track and Trace for Animals and Fish
bull MultiModal Transport Reference Data Model
Agricultural Quality Standards
More than 100 international
agricultural quality
standards
Fresh Fruit and
Vegetables
Seed potatoes
Meat
Dry and Dried
Produce
Why Agricultural Quality Standards
bull To provide a common trading language
bull To create market transparency and facilitate fair
international trade
bull To guide producers improve and ensure the level of product
quality
bull To increase profitability of the sector
(Profitability depends on trading volume and price which are
influenced by quality)
bull To protect consumersrsquo interests
UNECE STANDARDS ensure consistent
quality and
help establish lasting trade relations
UNECErsquos Agri Standards In Use Worldwide
UNECE standards are used globally on a voluntary basis to make trading
easier
UNECE standards can be incorporated into national legislation
As an export requirement to ensure produce quality levels or as a requirement
for the domestic export and import markets
UNECE Standards are reflected in EU legislation
EU standards are fully harmonized with UNECE standards
eg10 product specific EU standards amp optional use for other products
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization
More than 15 recommendations on standardization and
regulatory cooperation
Regulatorycooperation
RiskManagement in RegulatoryFrameworks
Education on standards-
related issues
Marketsurveillance
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
Studies on Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade
Completed Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Follow-up ongoing
Ongoing Albania and Moldova
Plans Turkmenistan and the Customs Union
First Analytical FrameworkTrade Facilitation and transport
Prepare for
export
Transport Import
SHIPBUY PAY
Receive
payment
Commercial Procedures
Transport Procedures
Regulatory Procedures
Financial Procedures
Second Analytical FrameworkStandardisation and Technical Regulation
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
A few examples of ongoing issuesactivities
-The Euro-Med process
-The WTO system resolving the status of Arab countries
- The Pan African FTA
- FTAs with the USA Turkey EFTA
- Negotiations between GCC and China GCC and India
- Arab economic integration from PAFTA to ACU
Observation these processes are too slow and one result has been the erosion of market advantages for regional goods within the region
Conclusion Integration within the region and with other regions should be accelerated to maximize gains
20
There is a Wide Range of Ongoing Regional Economic Integration Initiatives and Processes
There are many existing regional and bilateral trade agreements ndash With limited impact on intra-regional trade
21Source World Bank (2008)
Intra-Arab (and intra-regional trade generally) remains limited
22
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Public Regulation Quality Index
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
EGYPTE
MAROC
MAURITANIE
SOUDAN
TUNISIE
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
MAURITANIE
EGYPTE
SOUDAN
MAROC
TUNISIE
State Efficiency Index
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
40
39
37
36
30
11
Thellip
Mhellip
Ehellip
Ahellip
Mhellip
Shellip
Corruption Perception Index
Source Transparency International
UNECE Trade 3 Priorities
Simplifying and harmonizing regulations
Facilitating trade flows
Implementing standards-based agricultural
trade
United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UNCEFACT)
Outputs
bull Over 40 Global Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business Recommendations and a wide range of International Standards
Objectives
o Simple transparent and effective processes for global business
o Efficient and automated exchange of information
Means
o Public Private Sector Partnership ndash over 200 experts from government and business
o Meet virtually every week plus two Forums per yearGlobal Remit
TRADE FACILITATION RECOMMENDATIONS STANDARDS AND TOOLS
Ou
treach
and
Sup
po
rt
Policy Recs
UNCEFACT
UNECE
Standards
UNCEFACT
Guidelines Briefs Case
Studies Many wpartners
Single Window
Est No Recommendation
2004 33 Single Window Recommendation
2011 34 Data Simplification and Standardization for International Trade
2011 35 Establishing a legal framework for international trade Single Window
2016 36 Interoperability of Single Window Systems
37hellip Interoperability of Systems within a Single Window Environment
Current topics
bull Revision of Recommendation 1 on UN Layout Key for Trade Documents
bull Electronic Management and Exchange of Fishery Information (FLUX)
bull Track and Trace for Animals and Fish
bull MultiModal Transport Reference Data Model
Agricultural Quality Standards
More than 100 international
agricultural quality
standards
Fresh Fruit and
Vegetables
Seed potatoes
Meat
Dry and Dried
Produce
Why Agricultural Quality Standards
bull To provide a common trading language
bull To create market transparency and facilitate fair
international trade
bull To guide producers improve and ensure the level of product
quality
bull To increase profitability of the sector
(Profitability depends on trading volume and price which are
influenced by quality)
bull To protect consumersrsquo interests
UNECE STANDARDS ensure consistent
quality and
help establish lasting trade relations
UNECErsquos Agri Standards In Use Worldwide
UNECE standards are used globally on a voluntary basis to make trading
easier
UNECE standards can be incorporated into national legislation
As an export requirement to ensure produce quality levels or as a requirement
for the domestic export and import markets
UNECE Standards are reflected in EU legislation
EU standards are fully harmonized with UNECE standards
eg10 product specific EU standards amp optional use for other products
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization
More than 15 recommendations on standardization and
regulatory cooperation
Regulatorycooperation
RiskManagement in RegulatoryFrameworks
Education on standards-
related issues
Marketsurveillance
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
Studies on Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade
Completed Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Follow-up ongoing
Ongoing Albania and Moldova
Plans Turkmenistan and the Customs Union
First Analytical FrameworkTrade Facilitation and transport
Prepare for
export
Transport Import
SHIPBUY PAY
Receive
payment
Commercial Procedures
Transport Procedures
Regulatory Procedures
Financial Procedures
Second Analytical FrameworkStandardisation and Technical Regulation
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
There are many existing regional and bilateral trade agreements ndash With limited impact on intra-regional trade
21Source World Bank (2008)
Intra-Arab (and intra-regional trade generally) remains limited
22
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Public Regulation Quality Index
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
EGYPTE
MAROC
MAURITANIE
SOUDAN
TUNISIE
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
MAURITANIE
EGYPTE
SOUDAN
MAROC
TUNISIE
State Efficiency Index
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
40
39
37
36
30
11
Thellip
Mhellip
Ehellip
Ahellip
Mhellip
Shellip
Corruption Perception Index
Source Transparency International
UNECE Trade 3 Priorities
Simplifying and harmonizing regulations
Facilitating trade flows
Implementing standards-based agricultural
trade
United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UNCEFACT)
Outputs
bull Over 40 Global Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business Recommendations and a wide range of International Standards
Objectives
o Simple transparent and effective processes for global business
o Efficient and automated exchange of information
Means
o Public Private Sector Partnership ndash over 200 experts from government and business
o Meet virtually every week plus two Forums per yearGlobal Remit
TRADE FACILITATION RECOMMENDATIONS STANDARDS AND TOOLS
Ou
treach
and
Sup
po
rt
Policy Recs
UNCEFACT
UNECE
Standards
UNCEFACT
Guidelines Briefs Case
Studies Many wpartners
Single Window
Est No Recommendation
2004 33 Single Window Recommendation
2011 34 Data Simplification and Standardization for International Trade
2011 35 Establishing a legal framework for international trade Single Window
2016 36 Interoperability of Single Window Systems
37hellip Interoperability of Systems within a Single Window Environment
Current topics
bull Revision of Recommendation 1 on UN Layout Key for Trade Documents
bull Electronic Management and Exchange of Fishery Information (FLUX)
bull Track and Trace for Animals and Fish
bull MultiModal Transport Reference Data Model
Agricultural Quality Standards
More than 100 international
agricultural quality
standards
Fresh Fruit and
Vegetables
Seed potatoes
Meat
Dry and Dried
Produce
Why Agricultural Quality Standards
bull To provide a common trading language
bull To create market transparency and facilitate fair
international trade
bull To guide producers improve and ensure the level of product
quality
bull To increase profitability of the sector
(Profitability depends on trading volume and price which are
influenced by quality)
bull To protect consumersrsquo interests
UNECE STANDARDS ensure consistent
quality and
help establish lasting trade relations
UNECErsquos Agri Standards In Use Worldwide
UNECE standards are used globally on a voluntary basis to make trading
easier
UNECE standards can be incorporated into national legislation
As an export requirement to ensure produce quality levels or as a requirement
for the domestic export and import markets
UNECE Standards are reflected in EU legislation
EU standards are fully harmonized with UNECE standards
eg10 product specific EU standards amp optional use for other products
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization
More than 15 recommendations on standardization and
regulatory cooperation
Regulatorycooperation
RiskManagement in RegulatoryFrameworks
Education on standards-
related issues
Marketsurveillance
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
Studies on Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade
Completed Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Follow-up ongoing
Ongoing Albania and Moldova
Plans Turkmenistan and the Customs Union
First Analytical FrameworkTrade Facilitation and transport
Prepare for
export
Transport Import
SHIPBUY PAY
Receive
payment
Commercial Procedures
Transport Procedures
Regulatory Procedures
Financial Procedures
Second Analytical FrameworkStandardisation and Technical Regulation
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
Intra-Arab (and intra-regional trade generally) remains limited
22
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Public Regulation Quality Index
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
EGYPTE
MAROC
MAURITANIE
SOUDAN
TUNISIE
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
MAURITANIE
EGYPTE
SOUDAN
MAROC
TUNISIE
State Efficiency Index
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
40
39
37
36
30
11
Thellip
Mhellip
Ehellip
Ahellip
Mhellip
Shellip
Corruption Perception Index
Source Transparency International
UNECE Trade 3 Priorities
Simplifying and harmonizing regulations
Facilitating trade flows
Implementing standards-based agricultural
trade
United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UNCEFACT)
Outputs
bull Over 40 Global Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business Recommendations and a wide range of International Standards
Objectives
o Simple transparent and effective processes for global business
o Efficient and automated exchange of information
Means
o Public Private Sector Partnership ndash over 200 experts from government and business
o Meet virtually every week plus two Forums per yearGlobal Remit
TRADE FACILITATION RECOMMENDATIONS STANDARDS AND TOOLS
Ou
treach
and
Sup
po
rt
Policy Recs
UNCEFACT
UNECE
Standards
UNCEFACT
Guidelines Briefs Case
Studies Many wpartners
Single Window
Est No Recommendation
2004 33 Single Window Recommendation
2011 34 Data Simplification and Standardization for International Trade
2011 35 Establishing a legal framework for international trade Single Window
2016 36 Interoperability of Single Window Systems
37hellip Interoperability of Systems within a Single Window Environment
Current topics
bull Revision of Recommendation 1 on UN Layout Key for Trade Documents
bull Electronic Management and Exchange of Fishery Information (FLUX)
bull Track and Trace for Animals and Fish
bull MultiModal Transport Reference Data Model
Agricultural Quality Standards
More than 100 international
agricultural quality
standards
Fresh Fruit and
Vegetables
Seed potatoes
Meat
Dry and Dried
Produce
Why Agricultural Quality Standards
bull To provide a common trading language
bull To create market transparency and facilitate fair
international trade
bull To guide producers improve and ensure the level of product
quality
bull To increase profitability of the sector
(Profitability depends on trading volume and price which are
influenced by quality)
bull To protect consumersrsquo interests
UNECE STANDARDS ensure consistent
quality and
help establish lasting trade relations
UNECErsquos Agri Standards In Use Worldwide
UNECE standards are used globally on a voluntary basis to make trading
easier
UNECE standards can be incorporated into national legislation
As an export requirement to ensure produce quality levels or as a requirement
for the domestic export and import markets
UNECE Standards are reflected in EU legislation
EU standards are fully harmonized with UNECE standards
eg10 product specific EU standards amp optional use for other products
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization
More than 15 recommendations on standardization and
regulatory cooperation
Regulatorycooperation
RiskManagement in RegulatoryFrameworks
Education on standards-
related issues
Marketsurveillance
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
Studies on Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade
Completed Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Follow-up ongoing
Ongoing Albania and Moldova
Plans Turkmenistan and the Customs Union
First Analytical FrameworkTrade Facilitation and transport
Prepare for
export
Transport Import
SHIPBUY PAY
Receive
payment
Commercial Procedures
Transport Procedures
Regulatory Procedures
Financial Procedures
Second Analytical FrameworkStandardisation and Technical Regulation
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Public Regulation Quality Index
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
EGYPTE
MAROC
MAURITANIE
SOUDAN
TUNISIE
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ALGERIE
MAURITANIE
EGYPTE
SOUDAN
MAROC
TUNISIE
State Efficiency Index
Source wwwgovindicatorsorg
40
39
37
36
30
11
Thellip
Mhellip
Ehellip
Ahellip
Mhellip
Shellip
Corruption Perception Index
Source Transparency International
UNECE Trade 3 Priorities
Simplifying and harmonizing regulations
Facilitating trade flows
Implementing standards-based agricultural
trade
United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UNCEFACT)
Outputs
bull Over 40 Global Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business Recommendations and a wide range of International Standards
Objectives
o Simple transparent and effective processes for global business
o Efficient and automated exchange of information
Means
o Public Private Sector Partnership ndash over 200 experts from government and business
o Meet virtually every week plus two Forums per yearGlobal Remit
TRADE FACILITATION RECOMMENDATIONS STANDARDS AND TOOLS
Ou
treach
and
Sup
po
rt
Policy Recs
UNCEFACT
UNECE
Standards
UNCEFACT
Guidelines Briefs Case
Studies Many wpartners
Single Window
Est No Recommendation
2004 33 Single Window Recommendation
2011 34 Data Simplification and Standardization for International Trade
2011 35 Establishing a legal framework for international trade Single Window
2016 36 Interoperability of Single Window Systems
37hellip Interoperability of Systems within a Single Window Environment
Current topics
bull Revision of Recommendation 1 on UN Layout Key for Trade Documents
bull Electronic Management and Exchange of Fishery Information (FLUX)
bull Track and Trace for Animals and Fish
bull MultiModal Transport Reference Data Model
Agricultural Quality Standards
More than 100 international
agricultural quality
standards
Fresh Fruit and
Vegetables
Seed potatoes
Meat
Dry and Dried
Produce
Why Agricultural Quality Standards
bull To provide a common trading language
bull To create market transparency and facilitate fair
international trade
bull To guide producers improve and ensure the level of product
quality
bull To increase profitability of the sector
(Profitability depends on trading volume and price which are
influenced by quality)
bull To protect consumersrsquo interests
UNECE STANDARDS ensure consistent
quality and
help establish lasting trade relations
UNECErsquos Agri Standards In Use Worldwide
UNECE standards are used globally on a voluntary basis to make trading
easier
UNECE standards can be incorporated into national legislation
As an export requirement to ensure produce quality levels or as a requirement
for the domestic export and import markets
UNECE Standards are reflected in EU legislation
EU standards are fully harmonized with UNECE standards
eg10 product specific EU standards amp optional use for other products
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization
More than 15 recommendations on standardization and
regulatory cooperation
Regulatorycooperation
RiskManagement in RegulatoryFrameworks
Education on standards-
related issues
Marketsurveillance
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
Studies on Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade
Completed Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Follow-up ongoing
Ongoing Albania and Moldova
Plans Turkmenistan and the Customs Union
First Analytical FrameworkTrade Facilitation and transport
Prepare for
export
Transport Import
SHIPBUY PAY
Receive
payment
Commercial Procedures
Transport Procedures
Regulatory Procedures
Financial Procedures
Second Analytical FrameworkStandardisation and Technical Regulation
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
UNECE Trade 3 Priorities
Simplifying and harmonizing regulations
Facilitating trade flows
Implementing standards-based agricultural
trade
United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UNCEFACT)
Outputs
bull Over 40 Global Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business Recommendations and a wide range of International Standards
Objectives
o Simple transparent and effective processes for global business
o Efficient and automated exchange of information
Means
o Public Private Sector Partnership ndash over 200 experts from government and business
o Meet virtually every week plus two Forums per yearGlobal Remit
TRADE FACILITATION RECOMMENDATIONS STANDARDS AND TOOLS
Ou
treach
and
Sup
po
rt
Policy Recs
UNCEFACT
UNECE
Standards
UNCEFACT
Guidelines Briefs Case
Studies Many wpartners
Single Window
Est No Recommendation
2004 33 Single Window Recommendation
2011 34 Data Simplification and Standardization for International Trade
2011 35 Establishing a legal framework for international trade Single Window
2016 36 Interoperability of Single Window Systems
37hellip Interoperability of Systems within a Single Window Environment
Current topics
bull Revision of Recommendation 1 on UN Layout Key for Trade Documents
bull Electronic Management and Exchange of Fishery Information (FLUX)
bull Track and Trace for Animals and Fish
bull MultiModal Transport Reference Data Model
Agricultural Quality Standards
More than 100 international
agricultural quality
standards
Fresh Fruit and
Vegetables
Seed potatoes
Meat
Dry and Dried
Produce
Why Agricultural Quality Standards
bull To provide a common trading language
bull To create market transparency and facilitate fair
international trade
bull To guide producers improve and ensure the level of product
quality
bull To increase profitability of the sector
(Profitability depends on trading volume and price which are
influenced by quality)
bull To protect consumersrsquo interests
UNECE STANDARDS ensure consistent
quality and
help establish lasting trade relations
UNECErsquos Agri Standards In Use Worldwide
UNECE standards are used globally on a voluntary basis to make trading
easier
UNECE standards can be incorporated into national legislation
As an export requirement to ensure produce quality levels or as a requirement
for the domestic export and import markets
UNECE Standards are reflected in EU legislation
EU standards are fully harmonized with UNECE standards
eg10 product specific EU standards amp optional use for other products
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization
More than 15 recommendations on standardization and
regulatory cooperation
Regulatorycooperation
RiskManagement in RegulatoryFrameworks
Education on standards-
related issues
Marketsurveillance
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
Studies on Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade
Completed Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Follow-up ongoing
Ongoing Albania and Moldova
Plans Turkmenistan and the Customs Union
First Analytical FrameworkTrade Facilitation and transport
Prepare for
export
Transport Import
SHIPBUY PAY
Receive
payment
Commercial Procedures
Transport Procedures
Regulatory Procedures
Financial Procedures
Second Analytical FrameworkStandardisation and Technical Regulation
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UNCEFACT)
Outputs
bull Over 40 Global Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business Recommendations and a wide range of International Standards
Objectives
o Simple transparent and effective processes for global business
o Efficient and automated exchange of information
Means
o Public Private Sector Partnership ndash over 200 experts from government and business
o Meet virtually every week plus two Forums per yearGlobal Remit
TRADE FACILITATION RECOMMENDATIONS STANDARDS AND TOOLS
Ou
treach
and
Sup
po
rt
Policy Recs
UNCEFACT
UNECE
Standards
UNCEFACT
Guidelines Briefs Case
Studies Many wpartners
Single Window
Est No Recommendation
2004 33 Single Window Recommendation
2011 34 Data Simplification and Standardization for International Trade
2011 35 Establishing a legal framework for international trade Single Window
2016 36 Interoperability of Single Window Systems
37hellip Interoperability of Systems within a Single Window Environment
Current topics
bull Revision of Recommendation 1 on UN Layout Key for Trade Documents
bull Electronic Management and Exchange of Fishery Information (FLUX)
bull Track and Trace for Animals and Fish
bull MultiModal Transport Reference Data Model
Agricultural Quality Standards
More than 100 international
agricultural quality
standards
Fresh Fruit and
Vegetables
Seed potatoes
Meat
Dry and Dried
Produce
Why Agricultural Quality Standards
bull To provide a common trading language
bull To create market transparency and facilitate fair
international trade
bull To guide producers improve and ensure the level of product
quality
bull To increase profitability of the sector
(Profitability depends on trading volume and price which are
influenced by quality)
bull To protect consumersrsquo interests
UNECE STANDARDS ensure consistent
quality and
help establish lasting trade relations
UNECErsquos Agri Standards In Use Worldwide
UNECE standards are used globally on a voluntary basis to make trading
easier
UNECE standards can be incorporated into national legislation
As an export requirement to ensure produce quality levels or as a requirement
for the domestic export and import markets
UNECE Standards are reflected in EU legislation
EU standards are fully harmonized with UNECE standards
eg10 product specific EU standards amp optional use for other products
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization
More than 15 recommendations on standardization and
regulatory cooperation
Regulatorycooperation
RiskManagement in RegulatoryFrameworks
Education on standards-
related issues
Marketsurveillance
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
Studies on Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade
Completed Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Follow-up ongoing
Ongoing Albania and Moldova
Plans Turkmenistan and the Customs Union
First Analytical FrameworkTrade Facilitation and transport
Prepare for
export
Transport Import
SHIPBUY PAY
Receive
payment
Commercial Procedures
Transport Procedures
Regulatory Procedures
Financial Procedures
Second Analytical FrameworkStandardisation and Technical Regulation
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
TRADE FACILITATION RECOMMENDATIONS STANDARDS AND TOOLS
Ou
treach
and
Sup
po
rt
Policy Recs
UNCEFACT
UNECE
Standards
UNCEFACT
Guidelines Briefs Case
Studies Many wpartners
Single Window
Est No Recommendation
2004 33 Single Window Recommendation
2011 34 Data Simplification and Standardization for International Trade
2011 35 Establishing a legal framework for international trade Single Window
2016 36 Interoperability of Single Window Systems
37hellip Interoperability of Systems within a Single Window Environment
Current topics
bull Revision of Recommendation 1 on UN Layout Key for Trade Documents
bull Electronic Management and Exchange of Fishery Information (FLUX)
bull Track and Trace for Animals and Fish
bull MultiModal Transport Reference Data Model
Agricultural Quality Standards
More than 100 international
agricultural quality
standards
Fresh Fruit and
Vegetables
Seed potatoes
Meat
Dry and Dried
Produce
Why Agricultural Quality Standards
bull To provide a common trading language
bull To create market transparency and facilitate fair
international trade
bull To guide producers improve and ensure the level of product
quality
bull To increase profitability of the sector
(Profitability depends on trading volume and price which are
influenced by quality)
bull To protect consumersrsquo interests
UNECE STANDARDS ensure consistent
quality and
help establish lasting trade relations
UNECErsquos Agri Standards In Use Worldwide
UNECE standards are used globally on a voluntary basis to make trading
easier
UNECE standards can be incorporated into national legislation
As an export requirement to ensure produce quality levels or as a requirement
for the domestic export and import markets
UNECE Standards are reflected in EU legislation
EU standards are fully harmonized with UNECE standards
eg10 product specific EU standards amp optional use for other products
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization
More than 15 recommendations on standardization and
regulatory cooperation
Regulatorycooperation
RiskManagement in RegulatoryFrameworks
Education on standards-
related issues
Marketsurveillance
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
Studies on Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade
Completed Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Follow-up ongoing
Ongoing Albania and Moldova
Plans Turkmenistan and the Customs Union
First Analytical FrameworkTrade Facilitation and transport
Prepare for
export
Transport Import
SHIPBUY PAY
Receive
payment
Commercial Procedures
Transport Procedures
Regulatory Procedures
Financial Procedures
Second Analytical FrameworkStandardisation and Technical Regulation
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
Single Window
Est No Recommendation
2004 33 Single Window Recommendation
2011 34 Data Simplification and Standardization for International Trade
2011 35 Establishing a legal framework for international trade Single Window
2016 36 Interoperability of Single Window Systems
37hellip Interoperability of Systems within a Single Window Environment
Current topics
bull Revision of Recommendation 1 on UN Layout Key for Trade Documents
bull Electronic Management and Exchange of Fishery Information (FLUX)
bull Track and Trace for Animals and Fish
bull MultiModal Transport Reference Data Model
Agricultural Quality Standards
More than 100 international
agricultural quality
standards
Fresh Fruit and
Vegetables
Seed potatoes
Meat
Dry and Dried
Produce
Why Agricultural Quality Standards
bull To provide a common trading language
bull To create market transparency and facilitate fair
international trade
bull To guide producers improve and ensure the level of product
quality
bull To increase profitability of the sector
(Profitability depends on trading volume and price which are
influenced by quality)
bull To protect consumersrsquo interests
UNECE STANDARDS ensure consistent
quality and
help establish lasting trade relations
UNECErsquos Agri Standards In Use Worldwide
UNECE standards are used globally on a voluntary basis to make trading
easier
UNECE standards can be incorporated into national legislation
As an export requirement to ensure produce quality levels or as a requirement
for the domestic export and import markets
UNECE Standards are reflected in EU legislation
EU standards are fully harmonized with UNECE standards
eg10 product specific EU standards amp optional use for other products
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization
More than 15 recommendations on standardization and
regulatory cooperation
Regulatorycooperation
RiskManagement in RegulatoryFrameworks
Education on standards-
related issues
Marketsurveillance
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
Studies on Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade
Completed Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Follow-up ongoing
Ongoing Albania and Moldova
Plans Turkmenistan and the Customs Union
First Analytical FrameworkTrade Facilitation and transport
Prepare for
export
Transport Import
SHIPBUY PAY
Receive
payment
Commercial Procedures
Transport Procedures
Regulatory Procedures
Financial Procedures
Second Analytical FrameworkStandardisation and Technical Regulation
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
Current topics
bull Revision of Recommendation 1 on UN Layout Key for Trade Documents
bull Electronic Management and Exchange of Fishery Information (FLUX)
bull Track and Trace for Animals and Fish
bull MultiModal Transport Reference Data Model
Agricultural Quality Standards
More than 100 international
agricultural quality
standards
Fresh Fruit and
Vegetables
Seed potatoes
Meat
Dry and Dried
Produce
Why Agricultural Quality Standards
bull To provide a common trading language
bull To create market transparency and facilitate fair
international trade
bull To guide producers improve and ensure the level of product
quality
bull To increase profitability of the sector
(Profitability depends on trading volume and price which are
influenced by quality)
bull To protect consumersrsquo interests
UNECE STANDARDS ensure consistent
quality and
help establish lasting trade relations
UNECErsquos Agri Standards In Use Worldwide
UNECE standards are used globally on a voluntary basis to make trading
easier
UNECE standards can be incorporated into national legislation
As an export requirement to ensure produce quality levels or as a requirement
for the domestic export and import markets
UNECE Standards are reflected in EU legislation
EU standards are fully harmonized with UNECE standards
eg10 product specific EU standards amp optional use for other products
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization
More than 15 recommendations on standardization and
regulatory cooperation
Regulatorycooperation
RiskManagement in RegulatoryFrameworks
Education on standards-
related issues
Marketsurveillance
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
Studies on Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade
Completed Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Follow-up ongoing
Ongoing Albania and Moldova
Plans Turkmenistan and the Customs Union
First Analytical FrameworkTrade Facilitation and transport
Prepare for
export
Transport Import
SHIPBUY PAY
Receive
payment
Commercial Procedures
Transport Procedures
Regulatory Procedures
Financial Procedures
Second Analytical FrameworkStandardisation and Technical Regulation
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
Agricultural Quality Standards
More than 100 international
agricultural quality
standards
Fresh Fruit and
Vegetables
Seed potatoes
Meat
Dry and Dried
Produce
Why Agricultural Quality Standards
bull To provide a common trading language
bull To create market transparency and facilitate fair
international trade
bull To guide producers improve and ensure the level of product
quality
bull To increase profitability of the sector
(Profitability depends on trading volume and price which are
influenced by quality)
bull To protect consumersrsquo interests
UNECE STANDARDS ensure consistent
quality and
help establish lasting trade relations
UNECErsquos Agri Standards In Use Worldwide
UNECE standards are used globally on a voluntary basis to make trading
easier
UNECE standards can be incorporated into national legislation
As an export requirement to ensure produce quality levels or as a requirement
for the domestic export and import markets
UNECE Standards are reflected in EU legislation
EU standards are fully harmonized with UNECE standards
eg10 product specific EU standards amp optional use for other products
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization
More than 15 recommendations on standardization and
regulatory cooperation
Regulatorycooperation
RiskManagement in RegulatoryFrameworks
Education on standards-
related issues
Marketsurveillance
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
Studies on Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade
Completed Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Follow-up ongoing
Ongoing Albania and Moldova
Plans Turkmenistan and the Customs Union
First Analytical FrameworkTrade Facilitation and transport
Prepare for
export
Transport Import
SHIPBUY PAY
Receive
payment
Commercial Procedures
Transport Procedures
Regulatory Procedures
Financial Procedures
Second Analytical FrameworkStandardisation and Technical Regulation
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
Why Agricultural Quality Standards
bull To provide a common trading language
bull To create market transparency and facilitate fair
international trade
bull To guide producers improve and ensure the level of product
quality
bull To increase profitability of the sector
(Profitability depends on trading volume and price which are
influenced by quality)
bull To protect consumersrsquo interests
UNECE STANDARDS ensure consistent
quality and
help establish lasting trade relations
UNECErsquos Agri Standards In Use Worldwide
UNECE standards are used globally on a voluntary basis to make trading
easier
UNECE standards can be incorporated into national legislation
As an export requirement to ensure produce quality levels or as a requirement
for the domestic export and import markets
UNECE Standards are reflected in EU legislation
EU standards are fully harmonized with UNECE standards
eg10 product specific EU standards amp optional use for other products
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization
More than 15 recommendations on standardization and
regulatory cooperation
Regulatorycooperation
RiskManagement in RegulatoryFrameworks
Education on standards-
related issues
Marketsurveillance
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
Studies on Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade
Completed Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Follow-up ongoing
Ongoing Albania and Moldova
Plans Turkmenistan and the Customs Union
First Analytical FrameworkTrade Facilitation and transport
Prepare for
export
Transport Import
SHIPBUY PAY
Receive
payment
Commercial Procedures
Transport Procedures
Regulatory Procedures
Financial Procedures
Second Analytical FrameworkStandardisation and Technical Regulation
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
UNECErsquos Agri Standards In Use Worldwide
UNECE standards are used globally on a voluntary basis to make trading
easier
UNECE standards can be incorporated into national legislation
As an export requirement to ensure produce quality levels or as a requirement
for the domestic export and import markets
UNECE Standards are reflected in EU legislation
EU standards are fully harmonized with UNECE standards
eg10 product specific EU standards amp optional use for other products
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization
More than 15 recommendations on standardization and
regulatory cooperation
Regulatorycooperation
RiskManagement in RegulatoryFrameworks
Education on standards-
related issues
Marketsurveillance
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
Studies on Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade
Completed Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Follow-up ongoing
Ongoing Albania and Moldova
Plans Turkmenistan and the Customs Union
First Analytical FrameworkTrade Facilitation and transport
Prepare for
export
Transport Import
SHIPBUY PAY
Receive
payment
Commercial Procedures
Transport Procedures
Regulatory Procedures
Financial Procedures
Second Analytical FrameworkStandardisation and Technical Regulation
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization
More than 15 recommendations on standardization and
regulatory cooperation
Regulatorycooperation
RiskManagement in RegulatoryFrameworks
Education on standards-
related issues
Marketsurveillance
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
Studies on Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade
Completed Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Follow-up ongoing
Ongoing Albania and Moldova
Plans Turkmenistan and the Customs Union
First Analytical FrameworkTrade Facilitation and transport
Prepare for
export
Transport Import
SHIPBUY PAY
Receive
payment
Commercial Procedures
Transport Procedures
Regulatory Procedures
Financial Procedures
Second Analytical FrameworkStandardisation and Technical Regulation
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
Studies on Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade
Completed Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Follow-up ongoing
Ongoing Albania and Moldova
Plans Turkmenistan and the Customs Union
First Analytical FrameworkTrade Facilitation and transport
Prepare for
export
Transport Import
SHIPBUY PAY
Receive
payment
Commercial Procedures
Transport Procedures
Regulatory Procedures
Financial Procedures
Second Analytical FrameworkStandardisation and Technical Regulation
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
Studies on Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade
Completed Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Follow-up ongoing
Ongoing Albania and Moldova
Plans Turkmenistan and the Customs Union
First Analytical FrameworkTrade Facilitation and transport
Prepare for
export
Transport Import
SHIPBUY PAY
Receive
payment
Commercial Procedures
Transport Procedures
Regulatory Procedures
Financial Procedures
Second Analytical FrameworkStandardisation and Technical Regulation
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
First Analytical FrameworkTrade Facilitation and transport
Prepare for
export
Transport Import
SHIPBUY PAY
Receive
payment
Commercial Procedures
Transport Procedures
Regulatory Procedures
Financial Procedures
Second Analytical FrameworkStandardisation and Technical Regulation
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
Second Analytical FrameworkStandardisation and Technical Regulation
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
Evidence based
37
Desk study
Previous studies
Laws policy documents and
government decisions
Development plans
Face-to-face interviews representatives of
Government amp trade support institutions
Officials from the National Advisory
Working Group
Logistics service providers transport
operations trade and enterprise support
associations
Face-to-Face interviews traders
30 traders from priority sectors
Desk research and face-to-face interviews
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
THANK YOU
You are invited to contact us
bull UNECE at tradeuneceorg
bull ECA at skaringiunecaorg
bull ESCAP at elhaceneunorg
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
The following Slides
bull Were not part of the presentation given at the PAM annual Assembly in Tirana on 18 February 2016
bull They contain additional content relevant to the discussion and particularly specific examples fromMediterranean countries in North Africa or Western Asia
bull Are included in order to provide you with additionalinformation that we believe may be helpful to you in your work
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
Budget deficits
bull Deficits remain high despite efforts to reduce them
bull The region is suffering fromndash volatile resources low economic
diversification
ndash Low tax resourcesGDP
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeacuterie Egypte Maroc Mauritanie Soudan Tunisie
Budget deficit as share of GDP ()
North Africa 2011-2015
Algeacuterie 19
Egypte 191
Maroc 192
Mauritanie 193
Tunisie 198
Soudan 73
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks))
Tax resourcesGDP North Africa 2011-2015
Sources National Data (Ministries of Finance and Central Banks)
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
Unemployment issues
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (e)
Algeria 100 100 110 98 106 112
Mauritania 101 129
Morocco 91 89 90 92 99 101
Sudan 148 148 148 153 154
Tunisia 130 189 167 153 150
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Algeria 215 224 275 248 252
Egypt 248 297 347 343
Mauritania 283
Morocco 176 179 186 193
Sudan () 237 237 24 249 249
Tunisia 294 423 376 347 350
Unemployment Rates () North Africa 2011-2015
Youth unemployment () North Africa 2011-2015
bull Unemployment remains high
bull Growth does not generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants in the labor market
Sources National Data and ILO
Sources National Data and ILO
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
Trade balance
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (p)
Algeria 89 59 05 -44 -77
Egypt -26 -39 -24 -08 -34
Mauritania -51 -261 -251 -290 -258
Morocco -80 -97 -67 -58 -53
Sudan -19 -96 -87 -84 -68
Tunisia -74 -82 -83 -89 -60
bull Structural trade deficits
bull Weak exports diversification
bull Low regional economicintegration
Trade balanceGDP () North Africa 2011-2015
Algeria hydrocarbons 95
Egyptfuel oil oil and derived
products48
Mauritania gold fisheries iron 78
Sudan oil gold cattle 77
Share of main exported products in total exports ()
Sources National dataSources National data
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
Governance a key issue for growth Across the region
Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Sodan Tunisia
24 41 16 51 8
Safety and Rule of Law 32 34 41 18 51 13
Participation and Human Rights 33 41 39 42 50 11
Sustainable EconomicOpportunity
27 11 35 3 42 8
Human Development 7 14 33 12 50 5
Source httpwwwmoibrahimfoundationorg rating covering 54 african countries
Example - North Africa Rating according to the Mo Ibrahim Index of Governance 2011-2015
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
Intra-Arab trade remains limitedhellip
44
0
002
004
006
008
01
012
014
016
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Arab intra-imports Arab intra-exports Arab intra-trade
Intra-Arab trade as a share of total trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
hellipparticularly compared with other regions
45
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Share of intra-regional in total trade
Arab intra-trade EU intra-trade ASEAN intra-trade
Source ESCWA calculations based on BACI
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
Recommendations
Standards
Development and
Maintenance
(These are
instruments that
can be used for
compliance with
WTO rules)
Capacity Building
and Coordination
(such as helping
governments
elaborate strategies
for implementing ECE
recommendations or
coordinating AfT
activities with others)
Technical
Assistance
(To implement
national strategies -
Done by other
agencies ndash UNECE
does not provide long
term TA)
UNECE -
UNCEFACT
WP6 WP7
UNECE in partnership
with other
organizations
UNCTAD WB
UNIDO UNDP
others
WTO ISO IEC WCODev elop rules such as those f or minimum transparency equal treatment
and perhaps in the f uture f or simplified procedures quality and saftey
standards (UNECE dev elops the recommendations and instruments
needed f or implementation)
UNECE Trade within the IGO Trade Landscape
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
UNECE Trade How we work
Recommendations amp Standards
Trade Facilitation
Regulatory Cooperation
Agricultural Standards
Partnerships
Broad based participatory approaches
Involving private sector trade support and research institutions in implementation
Continuous support beyond the international funding cycle
Technical Assistance
Evidence-based research
Advisory services
Training
Supporting institution-building in cooperation with other organizations (UNCTAD ITC WB and others)
Multilateral Trading System
Transparency Consumer and Environmental Safety Equal
Treatment amp Simplified Procedures
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
UNCEFACT
United Nations Centre for
Trade Facilitation and
Electronic Business
Steering Committee on
Trade Capacity and
Standards
WP6
Regulatory Cooperation
and Standardisation
WP7
Agricultural Quality
Standards
UNECE Trade Expert Groups
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
UN Trade Facilitation Implementation GuideA web-based interactive tool in a wikipedia style available in Arabic English French Russian and Spanish
Purpose
Present concepts standards and recommendations that can help simplify trade throughout the International Supply Chain
Target Policymakers technicalexperts from governmentsbusinesses and internationalorganizations
wwwtfiguneceorg
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (51 standards explanatory brochures)
Meat (15 illustrated standards) amp Eggs (2 standards)
Seed Potatoes (1 standard inspection guide)
Dry and Dried Produce (27 standards explanatory brochures colour scales)
Agricultural Quality Standards (WP 7)
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
bull Enable and empower both Governments and UN initiatives with a knowledge base as regards standards
Forum for Dialogue between UN amp Standards Community
bull Remove technical barriers to tradeSectoral Initiatives
bull Fight proliferation of counterfeit and non-compliant goods on the markets
Market Surveillance
bull Safer and more resilient communities and eco-systemsRisk Management in
Regulatory Frameworks
bull Bring toolbox of standards to the lay personEducation on Standards-
related Issues
Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP 6)
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
WP 6 Deliverables
Regulatory HarmonizationSectoral Initiatives bull A common regulatory framework for Equipment Used in Environments with Explosive
Atmospheresbull Model is being used worldwide (US Coast Guards) bull Cooperation with EEC in the development of
recommendations for regulatory harmonization with EU
Market surveillance bull Common terminologyglossary
bull Database of market surveillance authorities
bull Recommendation on Market Surveillance best practice
Risk Management
bull Recommendations on effective regulatory frameworks amp contingency planning
bull Publication laquoRisk Management in Regulatory Frameworksraquo
bull A panel on laquoDisaster Risk Management Standardsraquo at the Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva 23 May)
bull Participation in the development of ISO 31004 guidelines for authorities
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
Comprehensive Evaluation Methodology
Impact on behind and at the borders regulations and procedures
Cost of trade (financial and time wise)
Standardisation
amp Technical Regulation
Trade
Facilitation Conditions
Transport
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
EU agricultural quality legislation is fully harmonized with UNECE standards for most traded fresh-fruits
Countries on four continents base their agricultural quality standards on UNECErsquos work
Recommendation L is basis for regulatory agreementsEU-Russia EurAsEc etc
The Model is being used worldwide
Recommendation M is a part of normal market surveillance operations in many countries in CIS
Belarus Tajikistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan adopted and integrated UNECE recommendations into their UNDAFs
and National Action Plans for Trade Development
Some Results of Our Work
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10
Example GreeceUNECE Technical Assistance for Trade Facilitation Implementation
bull Since 2012 Greece has improved its ranking in the World Bank Doing Business study by 39 positions from position 100 to 61 in 2014
bull The competitive position of Greece in the Logistic Performance Index has improved by 25 positions The concrete results for Customs are overwhelming with an improvement by 52 positions from 94 to 42
bull The time to export and import has been reduced by 25 and 44 respectively
bull The cost to export and import has gone down by approximately 10