economic geo -- energy crisis

8/6/2019 Economic Geo -- Energy Crisis

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Will Technology Save Us? ENERGY CRISIS:

JOHN ZIAGOS,LLNL Scientist

KEN WEDEL,Teacher, Tracy High School

March 24, 2007

S C I E N C E O N S A T U R D A Y 2 0 0 7


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Energy Basics


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What is Energy?the ability to do work

Energyis a fundamental quantity in our universe

Energycannot be created or destroyed

only converted

ENERGYQuick Overview


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Only four forms of energysatisfy all our daily needs

Biochemical (carbohydrates,proteins in food)

Heat (wood, natural gas) for hotwater, buildings and industry

Electricity (light, appliances,refrigeration, heat)

Kinetic (transportation of peopleand goods)

Calories (cal)

Joules or BritishThermal Units (Btus)

Kilowatt-hours (kWh)

Gallons (gasoline) or barrels (oil)

Kinetic

Electricity

Heat

Bio-chemical


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These four major forms have different:price, usage and yearly costs

20,000 kWh

13,600 kWh

14,650 kWh

730 kWh

USAGE

$1,200

$1,360

$440

$1,000

YEARLYCOSTS

PRICE

$65/bbl (Oil) or $2/gal (gasoline)

$0.05kWh

$0.10/kWh electricity $0.10/kWh

$10/M Btu of gas (~1000 ft 3)$0.03/kWh

$1.50/lb(1,000 cal of bread)

$1.50/kWh

Kinetic

Electricity

Heat

Biochemical


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There are nine major energy source types

Nuclear Radiation(light) Electricity Chemical HeatKinetic Pressure Magnetic Gravity

Two major forms: potential kinetic

Decreasing strength


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ENERGY CONVERSIONDEMO


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Just for FUN!

How many energy transfers?How many energy conversions?

Answer: about 60 changes and 6 conversions


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Is There AnEnergy Crisis?

How much energy do we have?

How fast do we use energy?

Will we run out?

What about our environment?

An energy crisis is any greatshortfall in the supply of

energy


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Will we run out?

What about the environment?


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From Wes Hermann, 2005

All of Our Energy Sources

THIS IS ALL THERE IS!

POWER

ENERGY


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The Sun PowersAll Our Renewable Energy

KEY


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Fossil Fuels: Came From the SunWe Are Using Them Up Quickly!

KEY


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Nuclear Fuels Could Lasta Very Long Time

Two kinds: ssion and fusion

KEY


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Fusion Energy

FissionEnergy

Fission and Fusion are the Future!


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Will we run out?

What about the environment?


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These are tiny energy flows, yet they

How Fast Do We Use Energy?


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Power the WorldWorld Energy Flow for 2005

Today, the world is using about 15 TW or 0.5 ZJ/year

S o u r c e s Conversions

Uses

E f c i e n c i e s


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Reserves: 1000 to 2000 trillion bblsCurrent usage: 30 billion bbls/yrTime remaining: World 33-66 yrs

Reserves: 7000 trillion cubic feetCurrent usage: 180 trillion cubic feet/yrTime remaining: World 40 yrs

Oil is for transportation, coal for electricity,natural gas has multiple uses

Reserves: ~1000 billion tonnesCurrent usage: 6 billion tonnes/yrTime remaining: ~World 180 yrs

50yrs

40yrs

180yrs


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Nuclear Fission is Today s Most UtilizedNon-fossil Energy Source

Reserves: 5-10 billion lb U 3O8 (U.S.)Current usage: 60 million lb/yr (U.S.)Time remaining: 80-160 yrs (U.S.)


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High solar cost, day/night and seasonalpatterns make solar power least used source

Resource: 25 trillion kilowatts (on land)Current usage: 1 million kilowatts


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Our Use of Wind Power has Grown DramaticallyAs Costs Came Down in the Last 10 Years

Resource: 870 billion kilowatts (all winds)

Current usage: 60 million kilowatts


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Geothermal power plants have made cheapelectricity for decades, but potential is limited

Resource: 30 billion kilowattsCurrent usage: 30 million kilowatts


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Biomass provides energy for heating andelectricity, especially in developing countries

Resource: 60 billion kilowatts (land)Current usage: 2 billion kilowatts


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Hydropower provides 18% of our electricity,inexpensively and without fossil fuels

Resource: 7 billion kilowatts (major rivers)

Current usage: 0.4 billion kilowatts


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Future world energy use is dependent onstandard of living and population growth

World Primary Energy Consumption (Quads)


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How much do we have?

How fast are we using it?

When are we going to run out?

What about theenvironmental impacts?


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Figure from Marty Hoffert, NYU

Most scientists now

agree that globalwarming is real

And that we havechanged theworld s climate byour energyconversionactivities

Problem: burningfossil fuels


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World energy & greenhouse gases like CO 2will increase dramatically by 2030

Massive CO 2 emissionsToday

2030


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What do you think?


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What can we do?

Three ways to go: get more fossil fuels, harness the sun,and more nuclear energy

From Wes Hermann, 2005


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Get More Fossil Fuels (for now)

Methane hydrates

(Twice all other fossil fuels)

Oil ShaleU.S. has 90%

1.6 trillion barrels


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Use More Solar Energy

Cheaper solar, more wind, and efcient biofuels


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Nuclear, Solar and Wind for electricityand hydrogen cars trucks and planes

Final de-carbonization our Final de-carbonization our homes, malls and factorieshomes, malls and factories

Every roof top in the US

300 nuclear plants

All wind in N&S Dakotas

No CO 2

No CO 2

14,000 pounds of CO 2 for every American, each year!

U.S. 2050


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Energy from outside our world

Convert Sunlight to Power then Beam it From Space(Peter Glaser et al., 1970s)


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What is the potential for high altitude wind power?

Energy from Windmills oating in the sky(sending electricity 20,000 feet down)


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The sun sends us hugeamounts of energy

we just don

t harness it!


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Today, most of the

energy we use isfrom fossil fuels


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Our future will depend on many

technologies and energy sources


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economic geo -- energy crisis

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