Economic Growth and Economic Growth and Westward ExpansionWestward Expansion

Unit 4Unit 4

SSUSH7 Students will explain the process of economic growth, its regional and national impact in the first half of the 19th century, and the different responses to it. a. Explain the impact of the Industrial Revolution as seen in Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin and his development of interchangeable parts for muskets. b. Describe the westward growth of the United States; include the emerging concept of Manifest Destiny. c. Describe reform movements, specifically temperance, abolitionism, and public school. d. Explain women’s efforts to gain suffrage; include Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the Seneca Falls Conference. e. Explain Jacksonian Democracy, expanding suffrage, the rise of popular political culture, and the development of American nationalism.

SSUSH8 The student will explain the relationship between growing north-south divisions and westward expansion. a. Explain how slavery became a significant issue in American politics; include the slave rebellion of Nat Turner and the rise of abolitionism (William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, and the Grimke sisters). b. Explain the Missouri Compromise and the issue of slavery in western states and territories. c. Describe the Nullification Crisis and the emergence of states’ rights ideology; include the role of John C. Calhoun and development of sectionalism. d. Describe the war with Mexico and the Wilmot Proviso. e. Explain how the Compromise of 1850 arose out of territorial expansion and population growth.

Industrialization and the Industrialization and the Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

►During the late eighteenth and early During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the western world nineteenth centuries, the western world experienced the experienced the Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution..

► Industrialization: the transitioning from Industrialization: the transitioning from manual to power-driven factory labor.manual to power-driven factory labor.

► This was a time when advances in This was a time when advances in technology led to massive economic technology led to massive economic changes.changes.

► Before this, national economies relied on Before this, national economies relied on artisans, merchants, and farmers.artisans, merchants, and farmers.

► The industrial revolution had begun in The industrial revolution had begun in Europe and spread to the United States.Europe and spread to the United States.

Eli Whitney and Interchangeable Eli Whitney and Interchangeable PartsParts

► Eli Whitney invented the Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, which allowed cotton gin, which allowed people to process cotton people to process cotton much faster.much faster.

► In the South this causes In the South this causes cotton farms to expand cotton farms to expand rapidly, gaining the name rapidly, gaining the name “cotton kingdom”. This also “cotton kingdom”. This also led to a dependency on slave led to a dependency on slave labor.labor.

► Whitney also developed the Whitney also developed the idea of interchangeable parts idea of interchangeable parts while building muskets.while building muskets.

► Each part of the musket was Each part of the musket was made so detailed that it could made so detailed that it could be used on any musket. This be used on any musket. This led many industries to do the led many industries to do the same.same.

Effects of Industrial Effects of Industrial RevolutionRevolution

► Factories relied on mechanization (the use of Factories relied on mechanization (the use of machinery).machinery).

►Manual labor is going to be replaced, allowing Manual labor is going to be replaced, allowing for mass production of resources and goods.for mass production of resources and goods.

►Many new inventions also developed out of this Many new inventions also developed out of this time period.time period.

► Samuel Slater: Use only machines in factories.Samuel Slater: Use only machines in factories.► Robert Fulton: Steam Powered Boat.Robert Fulton: Steam Powered Boat.► Samuel Morse: TelegraphSamuel Morse: Telegraph► John Deere: Steel PlowJohn Deere: Steel Plow► Cyrus McCormick: ReaperCyrus McCormick: Reaper

Effects Cont.Effects Cont.► Another effect from the Industrial Revolution was Another effect from the Industrial Revolution was

Sectionalism.Sectionalism.► Sectionalism: refers to the economic, social, Sectionalism: refers to the economic, social,

cultural, and political differences that exist between cultural, and political differences that exist between different parts of the country.different parts of the country.

► In the North, business rely on factories and cheap In the North, business rely on factories and cheap immigrant labor(Irish Immigrants).immigrant labor(Irish Immigrants).

► In the South the begin to rely on the plantation In the South the begin to rely on the plantation system and slavery.system and slavery.

► This leads to bitter disputes because of the strains This leads to bitter disputes because of the strains placed on the nation.placed on the nation.

► The industrial revolution helped set the nation on a The industrial revolution helped set the nation on a course of westward expansion and civil war.course of westward expansion and civil war.

Samuel SlaterSamuel Slater1793 - 1793 - Samuel Samuel SlaterSlater opened a opened a textile mill in textile mill in Pawtucket Rhode Pawtucket Rhode Island Island

power)- power)- Start of the Start of the Industrial Industrial Revolution in Revolution in AmericaAmerica

- Factories - Factories were built along were built along rivers and rivers and streams (waterstreams (water

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution► Steam Power - factories began Steam Power - factories began

using steam enginesusing steam engines

- - Robert FultonRobert Fulton - built the 1st - built the 1st steamboatsteamboat (Clermont)(Clermont)

Railroads provided Railroads provided transportation where water transportation where water travel was impossibletravel was impossible

- 1830s – Inventors began - 1830s – Inventors began building steam locomotives building steam locomotives

- 1850 - railroads began - 1850 - railroads began passing canals as the main passing canals as the main form of transportationform of transportation

Impact on CommunicationImpact on Communication

► 1837- 1837- Samuel F. Samuel F. B. MorseB. Morse developed developed electromagnetic electromagnetic telegraphtelegraph: : - Messages tapped - Messages tapped in code & carried in code & carried by copper wireby copper wire- Businesses & - Businesses & railroads railroads transmitted transmitted informationinformation

Midwest FarmingMidwest Farming►Cyrus McCormickCyrus McCormick

invented invented mechanical reapermechanical reaper- - Enabled 1 farmer Enabled 1 farmer to the work of 5to the work of 5

► Farmers shifted Farmers shifted from subsistence from subsistence farming to growing farming to growing cash cropscash crops

Midwest FarmingMidwest Farming

► John DeereJohn Deere invented invented steel steel plowplow that took less that took less power to pull power to pull - - Farmers replaced Farmers replaced oxen with horsesoxen with horses

Two Economic Systems Two Economic Systems DevelopDevelop

► Farmers put all their efforts Farmers put all their efforts into growing cotton due to its into growing cotton due to its value (1830 Cotton made up value (1830 Cotton made up 50% of the U.S. exports)50% of the U.S. exports)

► Poor non-slave holding Poor non-slave holding farmers went west to farmers went west to cultivate cottoncultivate cotton

► Plantation system Plantation system established in Louisiana, established in Louisiana, MississippiMississippi

► Cotton was hugely profitable; Cotton was hugely profitable; ► By 1820s - demand for slaves By 1820s - demand for slaves

increasedincreased► Increase in cotton production Increase in cotton production

paralleled increase in slave paralleled increase in slave populationpopulation

► Slavery became entrenchedSlavery became entrenched

Westward Growth and Westward Growth and Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny

Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny►Manifest Destiny is the concept that Manifest Destiny is the concept that

America’s westward expansion was America’s westward expansion was providential, or from a divine providential, or from a divine inspiration.inspiration.

►Manifest destiny and the belief that Manifest destiny and the belief that European settlers had the right to own European settlers had the right to own whatever land they claimed, would whatever land they claimed, would erode Native American cultures east erode Native American cultures east and west of the Mississippi River.and west of the Mississippi River.

Annexation of TexasAnnexation of Texas► In 1821 Mexico gained independence, as well In 1821 Mexico gained independence, as well

as Texas.as Texas.► The only problem was that US settlers had The only problem was that US settlers had

moved into Texas.moved into Texas.► In 1834 General Santa Anna assumed power In 1834 General Santa Anna assumed power

and tightened Mexico’s grip on Texas.and tightened Mexico’s grip on Texas.► Texans under the leadership of Sam Houston Texans under the leadership of Sam Houston

rebel against Santa Anna, and on March 2, rebel against Santa Anna, and on March 2, 1836 they declared independence from 1836 they declared independence from Mexico.Mexico.

► Santa Anna answered with military force.Santa Anna answered with military force.

The AlamoThe Alamo► On March 6, 1836, a On March 6, 1836, a

small group of Texans small group of Texans took a stand against took a stand against Santa Anna at an old Santa Anna at an old mission(church) called mission(church) called The Alamo.The Alamo.

► Despite their resistance Despite their resistance Santa Anna’s forces Santa Anna’s forces were to strong.were to strong.

► Every Texan was killed Every Texan was killed during the resistance, during the resistance, or executed after.or executed after.

► Davie Crockett of Davie Crockett of Tennessee was one.Tennessee was one.

Result of Texas AnnexationResult of Texas Annexation► After a series of battles, Texans eventually defeated After a series of battles, Texans eventually defeated

Santa Anna and took him hostage.Santa Anna and took him hostage.► The Mexican leader promised to recognize Texas The Mexican leader promised to recognize Texas

independence in return for his freedom.independence in return for his freedom.► President Andrew Jackson wanted to admit Texas, President Andrew Jackson wanted to admit Texas,

but had opposition in the North.but had opposition in the North.► Northerners feared the state would become a slave Northerners feared the state would become a slave

state in the south. They also feared it would be state in the south. They also feared it would be divided into several small states, all being slave divided into several small states, all being slave states.states.

► Texas would remain independent until 1845 when it Texas would remain independent until 1845 when it was admitted by James K. Polk.was admitted by James K. Polk.

Oregon TerritoryOregon Territory►With Texas taken care of, James K. Polk With Texas taken care of, James K. Polk

turned his attention to Oregon.turned his attention to Oregon.► In 1827 Great Britain had reaffirmed their In 1827 Great Britain had reaffirmed their

agreement to occupy this territory jointly.agreement to occupy this territory jointly.►With many moving into Oregon, Polk With many moving into Oregon, Polk

claimed the US had rights up to the claimed the US had rights up to the 54^40^N.54^40^N.

►This led many to promote the slogan This led many to promote the slogan “54,40, or fight!”.“54,40, or fight!”.

The Oregon TrailThe Oregon Trail► People traveled along the People traveled along the Oregon TrailOregon Trail - trail from - trail from

Independence, MO to Portland, ORIndependence, MO to Portland, OR- Started at Independence, Missouri crossed the - Started at Independence, Missouri crossed the Platte River and continued through the South Past Platte River and continued through the South Past into modern-day northeast Utahinto modern-day northeast Utah- Pioneers used Conestoga wagons & pushed - Pioneers used Conestoga wagons & pushed handcarts (trip took months)handcarts (trip took months)

► Trail Split in UtahTrail Split in Utah- Branch of the trail went across desert to California- Branch of the trail went across desert to California- - Oregon TrailOregon Trail continued northwest to the continued northwest to the Colombia River Colombia River

Result of Oregon TerritoryResult of Oregon Territory► Great Britain was irritated Great Britain was irritated

with Polk’s stance.with Polk’s stance.► Britain had also gotten Britain had also gotten

what they needed from what they needed from the territory, and felt the territory, and felt trade was more trade was more important.important.

► A treaty would be signed A treaty would be signed drawing the official drawing the official boundary at the 49boundary at the 49thth parallel.parallel.

► In 1846 Oregon became In 1846 Oregon became a US territory.a US territory.

Gadsden PurchaseGadsden Purchase► Mexico was angry with the US for annexing Texas.Mexico was angry with the US for annexing Texas.► President Polk still believed in Manifest Destiny, so he President Polk still believed in Manifest Destiny, so he

sends General Zachary Taylor to the Texas border.sends General Zachary Taylor to the Texas border.► Polk also sends John Slidell to Mexico to settle Polk also sends John Slidell to Mexico to settle

disputes over the border between Mexico and US, disputes over the border between Mexico and US, and the purchase of California and New Mexico.and the purchase of California and New Mexico.

► The Mexican president refused to meet with Slidell, The Mexican president refused to meet with Slidell, so Polk sent Taylor into the disputed territory so Polk sent Taylor into the disputed territory between the Nueces and Rio Grande rivers.between the Nueces and Rio Grande rivers.

► Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande in response, Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande in response, and Polk immediately asked congress to declare war and Polk immediately asked congress to declare war on Mexico.on Mexico.

Gadsden Cont.Gadsden Cont.► On February 2, 1848 the war On February 2, 1848 the war

officially was ended with the Treaty officially was ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo.of Guadalupe-Hidalgo.

► This required Mexico to surrender This required Mexico to surrender the New Mexico and California the New Mexico and California territories to the United States in territories to the United States in exchange for financial exchange for financial compensation.compensation.

► In 1853 a dispute still remained In 1853 a dispute still remained over the border so President over the border so President Franklin Pierce sent James Franklin Pierce sent James Gadsden to negotiate land for the Gadsden to negotiate land for the Southern Transcontinental Southern Transcontinental Railroad.Railroad.

► The United States gained parts of The United States gained parts of present-day New Mexico and present-day New Mexico and Arizona in exchange for $10 Arizona in exchange for $10 Million.Million.

► This completed the vision many This completed the vision many had for westward expansion and had for westward expansion and Manifest Destiny.Manifest Destiny.

CaliforniaCalifornia► In 1848, settlers discovered gold in California.In 1848, settlers discovered gold in California.► The following year, gold seekers from all over the The following year, gold seekers from all over the

world came to be known as 49ers.world came to be known as 49ers.► This led to the Gold Rush of 1849.This led to the Gold Rush of 1849.► This led to a need for a stable government in This led to a need for a stable government in

California.California.► When congress didn’t make a decision on how to When congress didn’t make a decision on how to

admit the state (free or slave), California adopted admit the state (free or slave), California adopted it’s own constitution.it’s own constitution.

► Finally with the Compromise of 1850, Congress Finally with the Compromise of 1850, Congress admitted California as a free state on September 9, admitted California as a free state on September 9, 1850.1850.

Indian Removal ActIndian Removal Act► In 1830, Congress passed the Indian In 1830, Congress passed the Indian

Removal Act.Removal Act.►With this the federal government also With this the federal government also

established the Indian Territory established the Indian Territory (Oklahoma), planned for the removal (Oklahoma), planned for the removal of Native Americans living east of the of Native Americans living east of the Mississippi, and set aside funds for: Mississippi, and set aside funds for: housing, supplies, and farming tools.housing, supplies, and farming tools.

The Cherokee Fight BackThe Cherokee Fight Back► WorcesterWorcester v. v. GeorgiaGeorgia——state cannot rule state cannot rule

Cherokee or invade their landCherokee or invade their land► President Jackson ignored rulingPresident Jackson ignored ruling

- “John Marshall made his decision now let him - “John Marshall made his decision now let him enforce it”enforce it”- Only time in U.S. history that President openly - Only time in U.S. history that President openly defied a Supreme Court rulingdefied a Supreme Court ruling

► Some Cherokee tried to continue court fight Some Cherokee tried to continue court fight ► Minority favor relocationMinority favor relocation

- Federal agents sign treaty with minority; - Federal agents sign treaty with minority; relocation beganrelocation began

► By 1838, 20,000 remained By 1838, 20,000 remained

Trail of TearsTrail of Tears► By 1837 Andrew Jackson By 1837 Andrew Jackson

had orchestrated the had orchestrated the forced relocation of forced relocation of some 45,000 Native some 45,000 Native Americans to the west of Americans to the west of the Mississippi.the Mississippi.

► Thousands of Cherokee Thousands of Cherokee Indians died along the Indians died along the way in a journey that way in a journey that became known as the became known as the Trail of Tears.Trail of Tears.

► This relocation opened This relocation opened up lands in Georgia and up lands in Georgia and Alabama for white Alabama for white settlers.settlers.

Homestead ActHomestead Act► In 1862 President Abraham Lincoln signed In 1862 President Abraham Lincoln signed

the Homestead Act.the Homestead Act.► This opened about 270 million acres west of This opened about 270 million acres west of

the Mississippi River for unprecedented the Mississippi River for unprecedented settlement by offering 160 acres of land to settlement by offering 160 acres of land to anyone willing to farm it for five years, or anyone willing to farm it for five years, or purchase it for $1.25 per acre after six purchase it for $1.25 per acre after six months.months.

► In 1976, the US ended the Homestead Act in In 1976, the US ended the Homestead Act in the entire nation, except Alaska. It stayed the entire nation, except Alaska. It stayed in effect until 1986.in effect until 1986.

Reform Movements in Reform Movements in the United Statesthe United StatesTemperance, Abolition, and Temperance, Abolition, and

EducationEducation

Temperance MovementTemperance Movement► People in the United States began to look to People in the United States began to look to

the government for guidance.the government for guidance.►One area they looked to was temperance, or One area they looked to was temperance, or

the belief that people should limit or the belief that people should limit or eliminate the use of alcoholic beverages.eliminate the use of alcoholic beverages.

► This idea was especially popular with This idea was especially popular with women. They felt that excessive use of women. They felt that excessive use of alcohol was partly the blame for family alcohol was partly the blame for family violence, crime, and poverty.violence, crime, and poverty.

►Many states pass laws that ban alcohol, but Many states pass laws that ban alcohol, but the United states doesn’t do so until 1919 the United states doesn’t do so until 1919 with the Volstead Act and 18with the Volstead Act and 18thth Amendment. Amendment.

Abolition MovementAbolition Movement► Slavery had been an issue since the creation of Slavery had been an issue since the creation of

the United States.the United States.► It caused division, especially between the It caused division, especially between the

Northern and Southern states.Northern and Southern states.►George Washington and Marquis de Lafayette George Washington and Marquis de Lafayette

had debated this topic during Washington’s had debated this topic during Washington’s presidency. Lafayette questioned how a man presidency. Lafayette questioned how a man of Washington’s integrity could yet own slaves.of Washington’s integrity could yet own slaves.

► The Second Great Awakening occurred in the The Second Great Awakening occurred in the 1820’s and helped spark an abolitionist 1820’s and helped spark an abolitionist movement.movement.

Abolition Cont.Abolition Cont.► In 1831, William Lloyd Garrison In 1831, William Lloyd Garrison

began to publish the began to publish the LiberatorLiberator, , a pro-abolition newspaper.a pro-abolition newspaper.

► More abolition papers would be More abolition papers would be sent out throughout the North.sent out throughout the North.

► The American Anti-Slavery The American Anti-Slavery Society denounced slavery as a Society denounced slavery as a sin and was instrumental in the sin and was instrumental in the movement to abolish slavery.movement to abolish slavery.

► Speakers such as Frederick Speakers such as Frederick Douglass, Wendell Philips, and Douglass, Wendell Philips, and Lucy Stone helped further the Lucy Stone helped further the case of the North.case of the North.

► Abolitionist also helped those Abolitionist also helped those enslaved escape to the North.enslaved escape to the North.

► Slavery would be abolished Slavery would be abolished after the Civil War with the 13after the Civil War with the 13thth Amendment.Amendment.

Public SchoolsPublic Schools► Horace Mann was a 19Horace Mann was a 19thth

century reformer who century reformer who believed in temperance, believed in temperance, abolition, women’s rights, and abolition, women’s rights, and the reform of mental the reform of mental institutions.institutions.

► He wanted to focus however He wanted to focus however on public school education.on public school education.

► Mann created public schools Mann created public schools that were state funded and that were state funded and mandatory.mandatory.

► He felt that too much local He felt that too much local control of the schools meant control of the schools meant unsatisfactory education, unsatisfactory education, especially in rural areas.especially in rural areas.

► Horace Mann also helped Horace Mann also helped establish the first state-run establish the first state-run teacher training program.teacher training program.

Women’s Rights Women’s Rights MovementsMovements

Women’s RightsWomen’s Rights► Until 1920, most women in the United States did not Until 1920, most women in the United States did not

have suffrage (the right to vote).have suffrage (the right to vote).► Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized a Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized a

large assembly in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848.large assembly in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848.► Stanton and Mott were inspired to organize when Stanton and Mott were inspired to organize when

Mott was denied a seat at an antislavery meeting in Mott was denied a seat at an antislavery meeting in London.London.

► Over 200 people attended the confrence, including Over 200 people attended the confrence, including Frederick Douglass.Frederick Douglass.

► The voted on and approved the Declaration of The voted on and approved the Declaration of Sentiments, calling for equal rights in education, Sentiments, calling for equal rights in education, property rights, and voting.property rights, and voting.

► Susan B. Anthony was also a supporter of both Susan B. Anthony was also a supporter of both Temperance and Women’s Suffrage.Temperance and Women’s Suffrage.

Public Roles For WomenPublic Roles For WomenA Women’s Rights MovementA Women’s Rights Movement

► In 1840, many American abolitionists In 1840, many American abolitionists attended the first World Anti-Slavery attended the first World Anti-Slavery Convention in LondonConvention in London

►Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton both attended the convention Stanton both attended the convention and resented their exclusion from itand resented their exclusion from it Eight years later, the women organized a Eight years later, the women organized a

convention on women’s rights.convention on women’s rights.

Turning Point: Seneca Falls Turning Point: Seneca Falls ConventionConvention

► The Seneca Falls Convention was the first The Seneca Falls Convention was the first women’s rights convention in the United States women’s rights convention in the United States History.History.

► Stanton wrote and presented a historic set of Stanton wrote and presented a historic set of resolutions called a Declaration of Sentimentsresolutions called a Declaration of Sentiments

► The Convention passed 12 resolutions - The The Convention passed 12 resolutions - The most controversial - - WOMEN’S SUFFRAGEmost controversial - - WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE Signed by 68 women and 32 menSigned by 68 women and 32 men They protested the lack of legal and political rights They protested the lack of legal and political rights

for women.for women. It also urged women to demand these rightsIt also urged women to demand these rights

Jacksonian Jacksonian DemocracyDemocracy

Expanding Suffrage, Popular Expanding Suffrage, Popular Political Culture, American Political Culture, American

NationalismNationalism

Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson► Jackson was born into a poor, uneducated Jackson was born into a poor, uneducated

family. He worked his way up achieving family. He worked his way up achieving success.success.

► Jackson was also a hero during the War of Jackson was also a hero during the War of 1812 at the Battle of New Orleans.1812 at the Battle of New Orleans.

► During his political career Jackson was seen as During his political career Jackson was seen as a supporter for the “common man”.a supporter for the “common man”.

► Jackson was also very popular with wester Jackson was also very popular with wester frontier settlers.frontier settlers.

► Jackson decided to use his popularity to run Jackson decided to use his popularity to run for President in 1824.for President in 1824.

A “Corrupt Bargain”A “Corrupt Bargain”► The election of 1824 proved The election of 1824 proved

the sectional differences in the sectional differences in the United States.the United States.

► The presidential election The presidential election was divided up among was divided up among candidates from the North candidates from the North (John Q. Adams), the South (John Q. Adams), the South (William Crawford), and the (William Crawford), and the West (Andrew Jackson and West (Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay).Henry Clay).

► The final election came The final election came down between John Q. down between John Q. Adams and Andrew Jackson.Adams and Andrew Jackson.

► The vote went to the House The vote went to the House of Representatives were of Representatives were Henry Clay used his vote to Henry Clay used his vote to elect Adams.elect Adams.

► Jackson along with his Jackson along with his followers soon protested, followers soon protested, however, when it was however, when it was learned that Clay would learned that Clay would soon be named Secretary of soon be named Secretary of State.State.

► Jackson denounced this and Jackson denounced this and called it a “corrupt bargain” called it a “corrupt bargain” made to give Adams the made to give Adams the presidency.presidency.

► Four years later Jackson Four years later Jackson would be elected President, would be elected President, and he would change the and he would change the structure of politics in the structure of politics in the United States.United States.

Members of Corrupt BargainMembers of Corrupt Bargain

versus

Andrew JacksonJohn Q. Adams

Jackson’s PresidencyJackson’s Presidency► Jackson’s politics lead to a new brand of Jackson’s politics lead to a new brand of

politics called Jacksonian Democracy.politics called Jacksonian Democracy.►He believed strongly in western expansion He believed strongly in western expansion

and the rights of white frontier settlers.and the rights of white frontier settlers.► Jackson hated the fact that eastern elites and Jackson hated the fact that eastern elites and

politicians who favored the wealthy, passed politicians who favored the wealthy, passed laws to help the wealthy over small land laws to help the wealthy over small land owners.owners.

► Jackson favored Universal Suffrage: he Jackson favored Universal Suffrage: he believed that all white men should be free to believed that all white men should be free to vote, not just those who owned land.vote, not just those who owned land.

Jackson Presidency Cont.Jackson Presidency Cont.► With Jackson’s support many With Jackson’s support many

states begin to drop the states begin to drop the property requirement for vote, property requirement for vote, opening voting to many in the opening voting to many in the Untied States.Untied States.

► This also allows “common This also allows “common men” like Jackson to win public men” like Jackson to win public office.office.

► Jackson did not offer to extend Jackson did not offer to extend to right to vote to women, to right to vote to women, blacks, or Native Americans.blacks, or Native Americans.

► Jackson also expanded the Jackson also expanded the power of the President while in power of the President while in office.office.

► He defied the Supreme Court He defied the Supreme Court by removing the Cherokee by removing the Cherokee from their lands in Georgia from their lands in Georgia (Worchester v. Georgia).(Worchester v. Georgia).

► When south Carolina When south Carolina threatened to secede over threatened to secede over tariffs and states rights, tariffs and states rights, Jackson passed the Force Bill Jackson passed the Force Bill (allowed Jackson to use the (allowed Jackson to use the military to enforce laws)military to enforce laws)

► Jackson felt the president Jackson felt the president should have ore power and should have ore power and say than congress.say than congress.

► Jackson was a strict Jackson was a strict interpreter of the constitution interpreter of the constitution and felt the federal and felt the federal government should be government should be restricted to those powers restricted to those powers only given to them.only given to them.

► Jackson used his power to Jackson used his power to close the second national close the second national bank.bank.

Spoils SystemSpoils System►Once in office Jackson instituted a policy of Once in office Jackson instituted a policy of

rewarding his political supporters with rewarding his political supporters with government positions.government positions.

► This policy became known as the spoils This policy became known as the spoils system.system.

► This set precedent for rewarding faithful This set precedent for rewarding faithful supporters with government jobs.supporters with government jobs.

► Jackson felt that this was a great way to Jackson felt that this was a great way to encourage common people to become encourage common people to become politically involved and ensure the wealthy politically involved and ensure the wealthy did not dominate government.did not dominate government.

The Two-Party SystemThe Two-Party System►Differences between politicians would Differences between politicians would

eventually lead to the development of eventually lead to the development of different political parties.different political parties.

► Jackson took on the name Democrat, while Jackson took on the name Democrat, while his opponents took on the name “National his opponents took on the name “National Republicans”.Republicans”.

►Many of the National Republicans would Many of the National Republicans would later form the Whig Party (Opposed King later form the Whig Party (Opposed King George during the Revolution).George during the Revolution).

► After the era of good feelings, the two-party After the era of good feelings, the two-party system returned with a vengeance.system returned with a vengeance.

Effect of Two-Party SystemEffect of Two-Party System►With the end of Jackson’s term and the election With the end of Jackson’s term and the election

of 1836, modern politics began to take form.of 1836, modern politics began to take form.►Martin Van Buren’s presidential campaign gave Martin Van Buren’s presidential campaign gave

birth to the common expression “O.K.”, which birth to the common expression “O.K.”, which stood for Old Kinderhook.stood for Old Kinderhook.

► Enemies in the Whig party said it stood for the Enemies in the Whig party said it stood for the Democrat way of approving government Democrat way of approving government documents with the initials “O.K.”, meaning documents with the initials “O.K.”, meaning “oll korrect”. This was Jackson’s way of “oll korrect”. This was Jackson’s way of spelling all correct.spelling all correct.

► You begin to see candidate bashing and You begin to see candidate bashing and slander used in political campaigns.slander used in political campaigns.

Creating a National IdentityCreating a National Identity► After the War of 1812, America has a new After the War of 1812, America has a new

sense of National Identity.sense of National Identity.►We have stood up to the British twice, and we We have stood up to the British twice, and we

are becoming a major economic power.are becoming a major economic power.►With the Monroe Doctrine, we have With the Monroe Doctrine, we have

announced our views on foreign policy in the announced our views on foreign policy in the West.West.

► America will soon become a world power in America will soon become a world power in foreign policy. Many countries will turn to the foreign policy. Many countries will turn to the United States for input on decisions.United States for input on decisions.

Rise of NationalismRise of Nationalism► People began to take pride in People began to take pride in

AmericaAmerica► Belief that Americans were Belief that Americans were

unique and did not have to unique and did not have to follow the lead of other follow the lead of other countriescountries

► 1806 – 1806 – Noah WebsterNoah Webster published a dictionarypublished a dictionary- Helped create an American - Helped create an American version of the English languageversion of the English language

► 1816 – Republican James 1816 – Republican James Monroe became presidentMonroe became president- “Began - “Began “Era of good “Era of good Feelings”Feelings”

► Federalist PartyFederalist Party dissolved as dissolved as a result of its poor showinga result of its poor showing

Changes in EducationChanges in Education ► Workers wanted to educate their childrenWorkers wanted to educate their children► Americans had long valued educationAmericans had long valued education

- Believed it was necessary for democracy- Believed it was necessary for democracy- Few Children were able to obtain an education - Few Children were able to obtain an education

► 1830s – Americans demanded change1830s – Americans demanded change► 1834 - Pennsylvania established tax-supported public school 1834 - Pennsylvania established tax-supported public school

systemsystem► Massachusetts established a state board of educationMassachusetts established a state board of education► Horace MannHorace Mann called for free public education (great called for free public education (great

equalizer) equalizer) - Established teacher training, curriculum reforms- Established teacher training, curriculum reforms

► 1850 – Many northern states had elementary schools paid for 1850 – Many northern states had elementary schools paid for by public taxesby public taxes- More young people gained the chance to attend high school - More young people gained the chance to attend high school and college and college

Slavery and the rise Slavery and the rise of Abolitionismof AbolitionismNat Turner, William Lloyd Nat Turner, William Lloyd

Garrison, Fredrick Douglas, Garrison, Fredrick Douglas, and Grimke Sistersand Grimke Sisters

Abolitionists Speak OutAbolitionists Speak Out► Many Americans began feeling that slavery Many Americans began feeling that slavery

was wrongwas wrong► - Believed it went against Christianity and the - Believed it went against Christianity and the

principles the nation was founded upon onprinciples the nation was founded upon on►AbolitionistAbolitionist – Group of reformers who – Group of reformers who

wanted to abolish slaverywanted to abolish slavery- 1820s - over 100 antislavery societies - 1820s - over 100 antislavery societies advocated resettlement in Africaadvocated resettlement in Africa- Most free blacks considered themselves - Most free blacks considered themselves American only a few emigrated American only a few emigrated

Abolitionists Speak OutAbolitionists Speak Out► Whites joined blacks Whites joined blacks

calling for abolition- calling for abolition- outlawing of slaveryoutlawing of slavery

► William Lloyd William Lloyd GarrisonGarrison – Started his – Started his own paper to urge the own paper to urge the abolition of slavery abolition of slavery ((The The Liberator)Liberator) - The Liberator- The Liberator called for called for immediate immediate emancipation— freeing emancipation— freeing of slavesof slaves

Abolitionists Speak OutAbolitionists Speak Out► Fredrick DouglassFredrick Douglass – –

Former slave who Former slave who escaped to escaped to MassachusettsMassachusetts- Lectured about his - Lectured about his experience as a slaveexperience as a slave- started newspaper - started newspaper North StarNorth Star- Later served as a U.S. - Later served as a U.S. representative to Haiti representative to Haiti

► Abolitionist movement Abolitionist movement was strongest in the was strongest in the NorthNorth

► GRIMKE SISTERS - - - GRIMKE SISTERS - - -

Nat Turner’s RebellionNat Turner’s Rebellion► 1831 -1831 -Nat TurnerNat Turner was a slave who led a rebellion in Virginia was a slave who led a rebellion in Virginia► They attacked several plantations and killed about 60 whitesThey attacked several plantations and killed about 60 whites► Turner was tried and hungTurner was tried and hung► Followers and innocent slaves were captured; 200 killed in Followers and innocent slaves were captured; 200 killed in

retaliationretaliation► Rebellion caused state legislatures to pass harsh lawsRebellion caused state legislatures to pass harsh laws

- Slaves were required to have a pass to run errands- Slaves were required to have a pass to run errands- Whites were forbidden to teach slaves to read or write- Whites were forbidden to teach slaves to read or write- Slaves were prevented from holding religious meetings- Slaves were prevented from holding religious meetings

► Rebellion ended any hope that the south would end slaveryRebellion ended any hope that the south would end slavery- Virginia legislature had thought of ending slavery before the - Virginia legislature had thought of ending slavery before the rebellion rebellion

Missouri Compromise of Missouri Compromise of 18201820

► When territory’s population reaches 60,000 may When territory’s population reaches 60,000 may apply for statehoodapply for statehood

► Missouri applied for statehood as a slave stateMissouri applied for statehood as a slave state- Would tilt the balance of power in Congress - Would tilt the balance of power in Congress

► - Slave and free states each had 11- Slave and free states each had 11► James Tallmadge of New York proposed that slavery James Tallmadge of New York proposed that slavery

be banned in Missouribe banned in Missouri► Angered Southerners Angered Southerners

- Asked if Constitution gave Congress the power to - Asked if Constitution gave Congress the power to ban slaveryban slavery

► Maine declared itself ready fro statehood while the Maine declared itself ready fro statehood while the Missouri debate went onMissouri debate went on

Missouri Compromise of Missouri Compromise of 18201820

► Speaker of the House Speaker of the House Henry ClayHenry Clay suggested suggested a compromisea compromise- Missouri admitted as - Missouri admitted as slave stateslave state- Maine admitted as a - Maine admitted as a free state free state - Banned slavery from - Banned slavery from the Louisiana Territory the Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36 north of the parallel 36 30 30

(Missouri’s southern (Missouri’s southern border)border)

South Carolina’s ThreatSouth Carolina’s Threat ► Congress agreed to lower the tariff after Congress agreed to lower the tariff after

Andrew Jackson suggested itAndrew Jackson suggested it► South Carolina felt the tariff was still too high South Carolina felt the tariff was still too high

- It voted to nullify the law- It voted to nullify the law- Said it would secede from the Union if the - Said it would secede from the Union if the Federal Government tried to enforce itFederal Government tried to enforce it- Said that since it had chosen to join the - Said that since it had chosen to join the Union it could choose to leave the Union Union it could choose to leave the Union

►

South Carolina’s ThreatSouth Carolina’s Threat► South Carolina’s actions angered Andrew JacksonSouth Carolina’s actions angered Andrew Jackson

- “ To say that any state may at pleasure secede from - “ To say that any state may at pleasure secede from the Union is to say that the the Union is to say that the

United States is not a nation” Jackson threatened United States is not a nation” Jackson threatened in INVADE South Carolina and HANG Calhoun.in INVADE South Carolina and HANG Calhoun.

► Congress passed Congress passed Force BillForce Bill- Gave Federal government - Gave Federal government power to use army & navy against S. Carolinapower to use army & navy against S. Carolina- Jackson prepared to send Federal troops to South - Jackson prepared to send Federal troops to South CarolinaCarolina - South Carolina readied its troops- South Carolina readied its troops

► Henry ClayHenry Clay proposed a compromise proposed a compromise- Tariffs would be lowered over a ten-year period- Tariffs would be lowered over a ten-year period- South Carolina stayed in the Union- South Carolina stayed in the Union

Increased tensions between North and SouthIncreased tensions between North and South

61

ABOLITIONISTS HAD NUMEROUS MEETINGS AND “ANTI-SLAVERY FAIRS”

Differences by mid 1800’sDifferences by mid 1800’s► North North

- More industries- More industries- Larger cities - Larger cities - Better Transportation and - Better Transportation and communicationcommunication(Railroads & telegraph) (Railroads & telegraph) - More wealth- More wealth- Immigrants became - Immigrants became industrial workers & feared industrial workers & feared expansion of slaveryexpansion of slavery

- Larger population (gave - Larger population (gave north control of House of north control of House of Representatives)Representatives)

► South South - Remained rural - Remained rural (Plantations & Small farms)(Plantations & Small farms)- Economy relied on cash - Economy relied on cash crops (Cotton) crops (Cotton) - manufactured under 10% - manufactured under 10% of U.S. goodsof U.S. goods- Few immigrants (enslaved - Few immigrants (enslaved African Americans met labor African Americans met labor needs0needs0- In 3 states, Blacks were - In 3 states, Blacks were majority in 3 states & half in majority in 3 states & half in 2 others2 others- Whites fear restriction of - Whites fear restriction of slavery would change slavery would change society & economysociety & economy

Mexican War ImpactMexican War Impact►Debate over whether new states should Debate over whether new states should

be free or slave be free or slave ►Wilmot ProvisoWilmot Proviso - Proposed by - Proposed by

Pennsylvanian Democrat David Wilmot Pennsylvanian Democrat David Wilmot in 1846 as an amendment to a military in 1846 as an amendment to a military appropriations bill appropriations bill

►Stated that no slavery would be allowed Stated that no slavery would be allowed inin territory acquired from Mexico territory acquired from Mexico

Mexican War Impact Wilmot Mexican War Impact Wilmot ProvisoProviso

► North supported itNorth supported it- Were afraid slave - Were afraid slave would mean no jobs for would mean no jobs for free workersfree workers- Northerners wanted - Northerners wanted all of the land obtained all of the land obtained from Mexico to be free from Mexico to be free statesstates

► South opposed it South opposed it - Argued that slaves - Argued that slaves were property under were property under Constitution & feared Constitution & feared more free statesmore free states-South worried it would -South worried it would lose control of the lose control of the government government - Needed the free and - Needed the free and slave states to be equalslave states to be equal

65

COMPROMISE OF 1850THE U.S. GAINED NEW

TERRITORY AFTER THE WAR WITH MEXICO WHICH

REIGNITED THE BATTLE OVER THE NUMBER OF SLAVE AND FREE STATES. CALIFORNIA WAS ALLOWED TO ENTER

INTO THE UNION AS A FREE STATE WHICH UPSET THE

BALANCE OF FREE AND SLAVE STATES SINCE THERE HAD

PREVIOUSLY BEEN AN EQUAL NUMBER OF BOTH.

IN EXCHANGE THE SOUTH GOT THE FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT WHICH REQUIRED RUNAWAY SLAVES TO BE RETURNED TO

THEIR MASTERS IN THE SOUTH. DRAWING OF THE MAJOR FIGURES INVOLVED WITH THE

COMPROMISE OF 1850. THIS EVENT DEMONSTRATED HOW CLOSE THE UNION WAS TO SEPARATION.

SCOTT

CLAY

CALHOUNWEBSTER

FILLMORE

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850 ► Henry Clay presented Henry Clay presented

the planthe plan► California entered the California entered the

Union as free stateUnion as free state► Rest of the Rest of the Mexican Mexican

CessionCession was divided was divided into the territories of into the territories of Utah and New MexicoUtah and New Mexico- - Popular sovereignty Popular sovereignty policypolicy – people in – people in territories would decide territories would decide for themselvesfor themselves

► Slave trade was Slave trade was abolished in abolished in Washington D.C. but Washington D.C. but slavery permitted.slavery permitted.

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850► Fugitive Slave LawFugitive Slave Law

passed – people in free passed – people in free states had to help catch and states had to help catch and return runaway slavereturn runaway slave- Alleged fugitives denied - Alleged fugitives denied jury trial, right to testify on jury trial, right to testify on own behalfown behalf- Federal commissioners - Federal commissioners paid more for returning than paid more for returning than freeing accused freeing accused - People convicted of - People convicted of helping a fugitive were helping a fugitive were fined, imprisoned, or bothfined, imprisoned, or both

► Neither the north or south Neither the north or south liked the compromiseliked the compromise