economic theory
DESCRIPTION
Economic TheoryTRANSCRIPT
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. , , . 1: , , . . , 1997 2004. . . : Begg, D., - Fischer, S., - Dornbusch, R., (1998), , ' ', . Mankiw, G., (1998), , ' ', Guttenberg. Dornbusch, R., - Fischer, S., (1993), , . Hillier, B., (1996), , Guttenberg. Varian, H., (1992), , , ' ', . Krugman, P., - Obstfeld, M., (1995), , , ' ', . 1 (http://eeep.pspa.uoa.gr/econ), .
2
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1.
2.
2.1 ...
2.2... .
2.3 ,
;
2.4 ;
2.5 .
2.6
;
2.7
;
2.8 .
2.9 ;
2.10 ;
2.11 .
2.12 .
2.13 .
2.14 .
2.15 .
2.16 .
3. .
3.1 .
3.2 .
3.3 .
3.4
3.4.1 .
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.4.4 .
3.5 .
3.6 .
3.7 .
3
-
4. .
4.1 .
4.2
.
5. .
4
-
1.
: . , .
, , . , . , .
, , - , , .
2.
, , , .
2.1 H...
(1, 2) (1',2') . ( > = ), ( > = ) (~).
:
. , .
. , .
. , , , .
5
-
2.2 ... .
(1,2) (1',2') . , (Utility). , .
1.
. . () . "" . (). (55,25), (35,30) (25,50) U1 . ...
6
-
2.3 , ;
(U2 > U1). U2 , U1.
7
-
2.
... , , , , . U1 U2 U2 U1. , U2, (60,50) (37,70) (55,25), (35,30) (25,50) U1 .
2.4 ;
, . , 1 1, 2 2, . () :
=-2/1
-
1, MU1 ( , ). 2 MU2.
1, :
U=MU1*1.
2 U=MU2*2.
, 1, 2 , .
U=0 => MU1*1+ MU2*2=0 => 2/ 1=- MU1/ MU2
= 2/ 1=- MU1/ MU2 (2)
2.5
,
9
-
. m. 1 2, 1 2 , :
m > = P1*X1+P2*X2.
, , :
m=P1*X1+P2*X2 => 2=m/P2-P1/P2*X1 (3).
3, 2 1 . , -P1/P2.
2.6 ;
() ( ), ( ).
10
-
2.7 ;
, -1/2 . . 2, m/P1 1. X1 1 1'(1> 1'), 1 m/1'( m/ 1' > m/P1).
11
-
2 .
2.8
, ' . , , .
12
-
U1. , U2, ' . U3 , . U4 , , .
, . ( ) ( ).
=-2/1= -P1/P2 (4)
3.
... , . , , , (). ' ' . ' ' .
13
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(82,50) U2 (40,100) U3. , U3 U2 ( U3 U2). U3 (.. ). (40,100), .
2.9 ;
, U2.
14
-
, U2.
2.10 ;
, (-P1/P2). 1 , m/P1 ( m/P2,m/P1').
15
-
U2 1. , , .
, (-P1/P2). 1 , m/P1 ( m/P2,m/P1').
16
-
2 . 2 2 2', m/P2 , .
2 2 2', m/P2 , (-P1/P2).
17
-
2.11 .
, . 1. , , 2 1 ( ).
( ). .
18
-
2.12
, , (ceteris paribus). . . :
(5) Qd=a-bP, b>0,
Qd P .
2.13
, , . :
1. : , () ( ).( 23)
2. ( ). , , . () ( ) . () ( ) . ( 23)
19
-
3. . () , ( ). ( 23)
4. ' () , ( ). ( 23)
5. ( ). () , ( ). ( 23)
20
-
2.14 .
, . , , ( ). . , , .
(6)Ed=DQ/Q:DP/P
, :
1. |Ed|>1, . ( 25)
2. |Ed|
-
4. |Ed|=0, . ( 27)
5. |Ed|=, . ( 28)
22
-
, , ( , ) . .
:
, . , ( , ) . , - -, . , "" . , , ( ) ( ). . , . , .
2.15
, , . , , , , .
23
-
2.16
.
(7)Ey=DQ/Q:DY/Y
H , . , , . . , , . .
. , , "" , . , , , . , , .
( ). , . . , , . , , , () . .
24
-
, , , - .
3.
-, , - , . .
, . . , . .
3.1 .
1, 2, ... , :
(8)y = f(X1, X2 ...X)
25
-
:
1. (Total Product -P ): .
2. (Average Product-): . : (9)=/1.
3. (Marginal Product-): , . (10) =()/1.
3.2 .
, , . .
26
-
3.3 .
, , . (Total Cost-TC) (Fixed Cost-FC) (Variable Cost-VC).
(11) TC= FC+ VC
3.4
. :
27
-
3.4.1
:
1. . 2. 3. 4. 5.
, . , (MR). . . , . , . , . , , . (P).
(16)C=MR=P.
. .
3.4.2
, . . , , , . . ,
28
-
, .
. , . , . , . .
3.4.3
, , , . . : ) ( ), ) ) ( ).
. , . , .
3.4.4
. . , . .
29
-
.
, . . , .
, , , . , . , , , , .
3.5 .
, () , () (ceteris paribus). ' , ( ). H :
(17)S=a+bP, b>0
30
-
3.6 .
, . :
1. () , ( ). ( 35)
2. () , ( ). ( 35)
3. , , () , ( ). ( 35)
4. () , ( ). ( 35)
31
-
3.7 .
, :
(18)Es=DQs/Qs:DP/P.
. :
1. Es>1, , , . ( 37)
2. Es
-
4. Es=oo, , , . ( 38)
5. Es=0, , , . ( 39)
.
4. .
(P1) (Q1). .
( 2), (Qs) (Qd)
33
-
. , , .
, , , . , .
4.1 .
1 2, .
( , , ). 1, ( 43 )
34
-
. 1 . , ( 43). , , 1, 1 ( ).
1 2 ( ). 1 1 2 2 ( ). . , , ( , , ).
4.2 .
, Pareto . Pareto , . () .
35
-
...
O Vilfredo Pareto 1948 . , . , , . (utility), , , , , ' (ophelimity).
http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/pareto.htm
:
, , ( ).
. , ( ).
5.
, .
36
-
(.. ). , .
, ( ) , , , . .
: ) , ) . . , .. . .
37
-
1
1.1. ;
1. 2 ;
1.3. .
2.
2.1
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.2.5 .
2.2.6 .
3
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2. .
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1.5.
3.1.5.1 .
3.1.5.2 ...
3.1.5.3 ... .
3.2. .
3.3. : o IS-
LM.
38
-
3.3.1 IS (I)
3.3.2 IS (II).
3.3.3 IS (III):
3.3.4 IS
3.3.5 H LM (I)
3.3.6 LM (II): H
3.3.7 H LM (III)
3.3.8 LM (IV):
LM.
3.3.9 - & .
3.3.10
3.3.10.1 :
3.3.10.2 :
3.3.11
3.3.11.1 & IS.
3.3.11.2 & .
3.3.11.3 : .
4. & .
4.1
.
4.2
4.3
.
4.4
.
5. & .
5.1 phillips ()
5.2 phillips ().
5.3 phillips
5.4 phillips.
5.5 phillps;
39
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6. .
6.1 .
6.2 .
40
-
1
1.1. ;
. () : , , , .
1. 2 ;
, (stability) (growth) . , (aggregate variables), , , .
1.3.
(Labour Force) .
... . , 15 64 ( 15-24, 25-54 55-64 ). , .
41
-
, , ( , ) . , ( = / ). , , , . (European Commission, (2005), The contribution of wage developments to labour market performance) 15-64 (47% 1970-2004 25%), 57% 65% . 1: ( -25)
: European Commission (2005), Employment in Europe 2005 : Recent trends and Prospects. (Unemployment Rate)
, . : = / 2.
2 :
= / + . :
= +
42
-
... ; , . , . : . ( ). . ( ) ( ). (natural unemployment rate). ( / ), , ( ). , , , . , , , . 2: ( -25)
: European Commission (2005), Employment in Europe 2005 : Recent trends and Prospects
43
-
(Employment Rate) .
... ( 2000) , 2010, . , , . , 2010 70%, 67%. , : 67% 2005, 57% 50% 2010. 2005 . , - (Lisbon National Reform Programmes), , : (R&D) . 3:
: European Commission (2005), Report on the Lisbon National Reform Programmes 2005.
44
-
4: &
: European Commission (2005), : Employment in Europe 2005 : Recent trends and Prospects (Inflation)
. .
& , . . ( 1, ), ( L) , . ( 2, ), . , .
45
-
, ( ). , . , . ( ), ... ... "World Economic Outlook Globalization and Inflation", (IMF (2006) World Economic Outlook: Globalization and Inflation ), , . ( 2002-2005 30 ), , . . , , , , , . . , , . , . . , . , ( 1% 0,1%, 1% 0,1%).
46
-
5: ( ).
: EUROSTAT (Gross Domestic Product):
() .
( ), . . , , . , , . , , . , . . , ,
47
-
(!). , , , . , . , . 6 :
: European Commission (2005), Employment in Europe 2005 : Recent trends and Prospects (Gross National Product):
, .
(Potential Output):
(potential output) , , , .
(Actual Output):
() , .
(Output Gap):
. :
(C), (I) ( , S=I) (G).
48
-
()
, . , . (C) (S).
(T) (G) (B).
49
-
(S) () (S=I (4)),
: (3), (4) => S+T=I+G+B => I+G=S+T-B (5)
(5) (I+G) (S+T-B) .
(Consumption): (, ) .
. , , : 1. () ( , , ). 2. ( ) . , , . 3. ( ), , ( ). : 1. : , . 2. : , ( ).
50
-
3. : . 4. 7: & ( )
: OECD (2005) ECONOMIC OUTLOOK 2005, NO 78 (Saving):
. ( ). , , . , . 1980 . , , . 8: (% )
: OECD, (2005): ECONOMIC OUTLOOK 2005, NO 78 (Investment):
. : , . ( ,
51
-
), : 1. 2. ( ) 3. () 4. 5. 6. () (.. ) 7. 8. . 8. 9. 9:
: EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2005) ECONOMIC FORECAST 2005-2007 10:
: EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2005) ECONOMIC FORECAST 2005-2007 11:
: EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2005) ECONOMIC FORECAST 2005-2007
52
-
: .
(Fiscal Deficit):
() ().
, 7 1992. :
, , . , , 2 , . , , , () . , 3% 60% . 60% , .
ECOFIN . , 16 17 1997. , 3%, , 60% .
(Stability and Growth Pact) - .
53
-
. 3% , 2% 0.75 2% ( Ecofin ). (temporariness clause). (Excessive Deficit Procedure). , , , 3%, . 3% 2006. 2003. , - . ECOFIN 25 2003 . ECOFIN , , . ECOFIN : ) , ) . . - 3%. ECOFIN, , , . 2005 ECOFIN , . , 3% , - . , .
54
-
(Fiscal Debt): .
: .
1 1998 . H EKT - , 1999. , . , , - , , , - .
55
-
() (Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices) 2% (0% - 2%). 2% .
. , . . 4,5% . 4,5% 3 4,5%, 3, . O . , , , , , , , , . , , .
, (transmission mechanism) . (transmission channels) .
1999 - 2006
0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
3,00
3,50
4,00
4,50
5,00
1/1/
1999
1/5/
1999
1/9/
1999
1/1/
2000
1/5/
2000
1/9/
2000
1/1/
2001
1/5/
2001
1/9/
2001
1/1/
2002
1/5/
2002
1/9/
2002
1/1/
2003
1/5/
2003
1/9/
2003
1/1/
2004
1/5/
2004
1/9/
2004
1/1/
2005
1/5/
2005
1/9/
2005
1/1/
2006
:
56
-
(Money Demand): , , .
(Money Supply): (
- - ) ( ), ( , , )
1 1998 , , . - . . , - . , . - ... . , Bundesbank. Bundesbank Bundesbank. Bundesbank, , , - ... - . , , . - . , , - .
57
-
, .
.
, , .
(/): . , .
1. ; () (e) (P/P*). , =e (P/P*). , ( ). 2. ;
58
-
. 2 ( 0,5 ). (FIAT) 10.000 . 20.000 (10.000 *2$/=20.000$ ). 1 , 10.000 $ (10.000 *1$/=10.000$). , . , 0,5 1 , . 3. . . , . . , . 4. (). 1979. () (ECU). , +/- 2,25% ( - ). , 1992 1993, +/-15% 1993 1999. , , (.. ), .
: .
1. ; , .
59
-
( ) . , , , . , , () . , () . ( ) , . ( ), ( ), , . , , , , . , , . , . , , . 2. 1990, , "" . 1995 " ", . , 11% 1994, 4% 1997. " " . 1994 , . , , . " ": , . . , , . 1998, , , 12,3%. ( ) ( +/-15%).
60
-
: .
2. 1.
2.1
1. 2. ( ) , 3. 3.
2.2
2.2.1
(L), () .
Y=f (Ld)
, , .
2.2.2 . . (W/P), . (L*) , (W/)* . 3 , , .
61
-
, , ( ). . , ( - - ). 2.2.3 (L*), (Y*=f(L*)), (S) . ( ).
62
-
2.2.4
( ) . , () (V ).
: M V= PY (1) M: Y: V: P: , () () (1).
2.2.5 . (AS) (D) (*) (*). . Say, .
63
-
Jean-Baptiste Say, 1767-1832. Say (laissez fair). " ", "" . , . " " ( Say), , . 2.2.6 . , , . , (), .
, , (*- ).
64
-
, (W) ( ), , (W/P) . , .
( , , ) ( , ), (, ). (, ) ( , ). (, ) ( ), .
Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus John Stuart Mill. Adam Smith " " (1776). , . , : ; " " Adam Smith . 3 3.1 () , o . () ( ):
65
-
, . , : =. 1: .
John Mayard Keynes
John Mayard Keynes 1883. , , 1929. , Keynes Treatise on Money, . Treatise on Money, . Keynes ( 1929), . 1929 " " (The Pure Theory of the Money), 1932 " " (The monetary theory of production). , . , () . , , . .
66
-
3.1.1. , :
(C), ( --), (b) (a), .
C=a+b (Y-T)
, ( ) : =^
(G). 4:
3.1.2. .
, () (, ). , .
5:
67
-
3.1.3 ( 6), , ( ) . 6: .
, (, ) . , .
7:
3.1.4. , , ( ): 1. (G). G, ( ) .
68
-
9:
2. (T). (-), ( ). , . . 11: .
3. ( ). (=C+I^+G), (C=a+b(Y-T)). ... .
69
-
3.1.5. 3.1.5.1 , : 1. : ( , ). , , . 2. , . 3. , . 3.1.5.2 ... , - . () (r), , . , ( ) . 13 :
70
-
- , . , . () . , . , , , , . ( ) . , . 3.1.5.3 ... . , =C+I(r)+G. , () .
, :
1. ( , ), ( , ). .
71
-
2. (r) - (). , , . IS, () .
17: IS
3.2. . , (.. ), (.. W/P) . ( ) . , . , , (W/P) . , , . 3.3. : O IS-LM IS-LM (r) () ( IS) ( LM) .
72
-
3.3.1 IS (I) IS . , () (-S) (-).
= S =
:
=C+I+G => Y-C-G=I (1) :
() . () () . 3.2 IS (I). , , - ; , (Y-C-G), . ( ), (). , (2), (), , (), .
Y-C-G=I(r) (2)
, , IS, . , , .
73
-
19: IS
3.3.3 IS (I): (Y-C-G=vI(r)). , ; , ( ):
, 1. I,r 1, . () () . 21:
. ..................... .....................................................
74
-
3.3.4 H IS , , , ( ). IS .
(--C) + (T-G) =I(r)
22: IS
() . , , , ( ). IS . 23: IS r
3.3.5 LM () LM , . (M/P)s (M/P)d.
75
-
3.3.6 LM (): :
(dy), . (), .
(Mdr), . , , . (ld) .
:
1. ld
-
2. ld=0, .
26: .
3. ld=, .
27:
3.3.7 LM () , :
(M/P)s = (M/P)d => (M/P)s=Mdy +Mdr (4)
(M/P)s, ( Y1 2) (Mdy). (4), ( r1 r2)
77
-
(Mdr). . LM. 29: LM
3.3.8 LM (V): LM. LM , ((M/P)s=Mdy +Mdr). ((M/P)s), () , ( , ). , (M/P)s1 (M/P)s2, LM . 32: LM .
. , LM , ,
78
-
. 33: LM .
3.3.9 - & . IS - . LM - . , (- ) . 34: : IS-LM.
35, (r1, Y1). , r2 2. IS ( LM), . r2 3(>2), . , ( r2) , . , ( ) ,
79
-
. , . 36: .
3.3.10 (r1,Y1) ( 38). ( ). IS (r2,Y2). , ( ). , ( ). , , . , , . 40: .
,
80
-
. ( ), , . ( ), ( ). 41: .
3.3.10.1 : ( r1 41) . ( ) IS , ( 1 2). , , 42 . ( ) . , , . ( ) ( ) "" , .
81
-
42: H LM
3.3.10.2 :
).
), .
( ), ( ).
44:
LM , . , ( ) ( , IS . , ( , LM , ( )
82
-
3
, LM .
.3.11
, ,
46:
.
3.3.11.1 &
( ),
49:
IS.
. , . , .
.
83
-
,
, . , , , .
50:
3.3.11.2 & .
" " ,
.
.
, . , . , , LM. , LM.
. , ,
84
-
52:
3.3.11.3 : .
(
),
LM, . , .
, (/) , . , .
54: .
4. &
:
) () : = C+I+G +(X-M).
1. ( ,
()
2. , - (
85
-
). , (r int), ( ).
3. .
.
, , . , , , . . , .
, .
4.1
4.2
. , ,
. ,
.
86
-
4.3
, , . , . , , , . , . .
4.4
,
. ,
.
.
, ,
.1 PHILLIPS ()
5. &
5
87
-
Phillips
. , , .
g1 se g2,
U1 U2 ( ).
56 : Phillips .
5.2 PHILLIPS ()
Phillips ( ). , (), .
1 2,
U1 U2 ( ).
58 : Phillips
88
-
Phillips : , . , , , . 1970 Phillips, ().
5.3 PHILLIPS
, ( ), () (). (W/P) .
60 : Phillips.
( ),
, , . , Phillips (Un).
61 : Phillips.
89
-
5.4 PHILLIPS
Un 1 ( 63). , . , , (U1), .
,
,
, . ,
( ). , , .
65 :
5.5 PHILLIPS;
90
-
. : ( ).
, .
61 : Phillips
Phillips :
1
2. : ,
63 :
.
Phillips
, ,
Phillips, , Phillips
. 6.
, , , ( ). :
. ,
91
-
1. : , , , . 2. : , , , . 3. : , . 4. : .
6.1
( ), , . , , .
, . , , (.. ). , , , .
6.2
, ,
,
92
-
, , .
93
-
1.1 .
.
1.3 .
1.4 .
2.
.
2.1 .
2.2
.
2.3 Heckscher - Ohlin.
. .
.
3.2 .
3.3 .
. .
.
1. .
1.2
3
3.1
4
5
94
-
1.
1.1
) ,
) , .
)
).
) ( )
, :
(-).
) E .
1.2
:
, (
95
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. , .
) (
1.3
) ,
) ,
.
.
A : (.. , , , , , , , ). 1999 () : , .
- )
:
( ). ( ).
.2 . .3 .
),
.
:
.
.
:
.
.1 :
o .1.1 o .1.2 .
.2
. (
( ).
.1 .
96
-
: .
.
.
,
(,
) ()
2
2.1
:
, , .
,
.
( ), (Qc) (Qw) , (L). , ( ). : aL c : (, ). aLw : (, ). Qc : . Qw : . L : . :
aLc Qc +aLw Qw = < L (1) ( ):
97
-
aLc * Qc +aLw * Qw =L , : aLc , . aLc/aLw. 1.
: Pc/aLc Pw/aLw . ( ), :
Pc/aLc>Pw/aLw > Pc/Pw>aLc/aLw (2) , ( ), , .
, ( , , ), .
, , :
aLc/aLw
-
, () , () .
, "" ,
( ) .
, , . , . , . . , , . , ( ) ( , ). , . , , , . , , , : aLc/aLw
-
Pc/Pw=aLc/aLw, . ( Pc/Pwa*Lw/a*Lc). 2: .
aLc/aLw
-
a*Lc/a*Lw=Pc/Pw, , ( aLc/aLw
-
, , . , , , ( aLc/aLw=Pc/Pw, aLc/aLw
-
Say, James Mill Mc Culloch, Malthus. Ricardo, Smith, , . , , Smith , Ricardo , . Ricardo , . : ) ) .
& " -" : . 100 . : () (). . , 20 , 100 , 10 50 1/5. 10 50 . 1/2, , . , , 25 50 . , , , 1/5 1/2. 1/4. . 100 50 , 50
103
-
1/4, 12,5 (=50/4). , , 50 ( ) 12,5 ( 10 ). , 50 . 37,5 ( 12,5) 50 , . 12,5 (50) . 2.2 , . ,
( , ) . ,
,
. : "- " : , : . . , . , . . . , , , "" . 0,4 (=2/5) . 0,5(=1/2) . . .
2.3 HECKSCHER-OHLIN T Heckser-Ohlin ( ),
-L
( ). ( ), (
104
-
-) ( ). .
,
. . , , :
aLw/aTw>aLc/aTc aLw/aLc>aTw/aTc. , aLw, . aTw, . aLc, . aTc, . , Heckser-Ohlin, . ,
.
, , ,
, Heckser-Ohlin ( ) .
, . . , . . , . ( ), . . , . , , . ( ) . .
105
-
: .
, 80 . 160. 20 . 20. ( !!!). . , 8/1, 4/1. , , ( ). . 2 , . , . 3. , ( )
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