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© 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning, all rights reserved C H A P T E R Measuring a Nation’s Measuring a Nation’s Income Income Economics P R I N C I P L E S O F P R I N C I P L E S O F N. Gregory N. Gregory Mankiw Mankiw Premium PowerPoint Slides by Ron Cronovich 10

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  • 1. 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning, all rights reserved C H A P T E R Measuring a Nations IncomeMeasuring a Nations Income Economics P R I N C I P L E S O FP R I N C I P L E S O F N. Gregory MankiwN. Gregory Mankiw Premium PowerPoint Slides by Ron Cronovich 10

2. In this chapter,In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:look for the answers to these questions: What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)? How is GDP related to a nations total income and spending? What are the components of GDP? How is GDP corrected for inflation? Does GDP measure societys well-being? 2 3. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 3 Micro vs. Macro Microeconomics: The study of how individual households and firms make decisions, interact with one another in markets. Macroeconomics: The study of the economy as a whole. We begin our study of macroeconomics with the countrys total income and expenditure. 4. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 4 Macroeconomics studies the structure of aggregate economies and the impact of policies on their performance. What determines economic fluctuations? (business cycle) Why some countries grow faster than others ? (economic growth) What causes unemployment ? What drives prices changes? (inflation) What is the role of economic policies and the government? (monetary and fiscal policies) How being part of a global economic system affects the economy of a country? 5. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 5 (1) Income and Expenditure Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures total income of everyone in the economy. [later: more formal definition] GDP also measures total expenditure on the economys output of goods and services (g&s). For the economy as a whole, income equals expenditureincome equals expenditure because every dollar a buyer spends is a dollar of income for the seller. For the economy as a whole, income equals expenditureincome equals expenditure because every dollar a buyer spends is a dollar of income for the seller. 6. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 6 The Circular-Flow Diagram a simple depiction of the macroeconomy illustrates GDP as spending, revenue, factor payments, and income Preliminaries: Factors of production are inputs like labor, land, capital, and natural resources. Factor payments are payments to the factors of production (e.g., wages, rent). 7. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 7 The Circular-Flow Diagram Households: own the factors of production, sell/rent them to firms for income buy and consume goods & services Households: own the factors of production, sell/rent them to firms for income buy and consume goods & services HouseholdsFirms Firms: buy/hire factors of production, use them to produce goods and services sell goods & services Firms: buy/hire factors of production, use them to produce goods and services sell goods & services 8. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 8 The Circular-Flow Diagram Markets for Factors of Production HouseholdsFirms Income (=GDP)Wages, rent, profit (=GDP) Factors of production Labor, land, capital Spending (=GDP) G & S bought G & S sold Revenue (=GDP) Markets for Goods & Services 9. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 9 What This Diagram Omits The government collects taxes, buys g&s The financial system matches savers supply of funds with borrowers demand for loans The foreign sector trades g&s, financial assets, and currencies with the countrys residents 10. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 10 (2) Gross Domestic Product One very important (may be most important) concept: Gross domestic product (GDP) Paul Samuelson and William Nordhaus: GDP among the great inventions of the twentieth century (cited in Survey of Current Business, Jan 2000, 6-14) http://www.bea.gov/scb/pdf/BEAWIDE/2000/0100od.pdf To understand macroeconomic issues, we first need information (data). 11. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 11 Gross Domestic Product Data USA: Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), Department of Commerce http://www.bea.gov/ (http://www.bea.gov/national/xls/gdplev.xls) Iran: Central Bank http://www.cbi.ir (http://www.cbi.ir/simplelist/4454.aspx) releases the information every quarter ?!!! 12. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 12 Gross Domestic Product Iran nominal GDP (2007/1389): Rials 4,304,264 billions (US$ 391 billion) GDP per capita: Rials 59.8 million (US$ 5,435) USA nominal GDP (2007): US$14,077.6 billions population (est.): 301,290,332 (US Census Bureau) GDP per capita: US$ 46,724 nominal GDP: measured at current prices 13. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 13 the market value of all final goods & services produced within a country in a given period of time. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Is Goods are valued at their market prices, so: All goods measured in the same units (e.g., Hong Kong dollars, U.S. dollars) Things that dont have a market value are excluded, e.g., housework you do for yourself. 14. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 14 the market value of all final goods & services produced within a country in a given period of time. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Is Final goods: intended for the end user Intermediate goods: used as components or ingredients in the production of other goods GDP only includes final goods they already embody the value of the intermediate goods used in their production. e.g., General Motors (GM) does not produce tires for its cars; it buys them from tire companies (such as Goodyear) Tire: intermediate good; GM car: final good Prevent double counting 15. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 15 the market value of all final goods & services produced within a country in a given period of time. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Is GDP includes tangible goods (like DVDs, mountain bikes, beer) and intangible services (dry cleaning, concerts, mobile phone service). 16. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 16 the market value of all final goods & services produced within a country in a given period of time. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Is GDP includes currently produced goods, not goods produced in the past. e.g. If you bought a Toyota Prius on January 2005, the purchase (say, at $200,000) was included in GDP (of 2005). If you sold it on December 2010, that transaction was not included in GDP (of 2010). Why? 17. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 17 the market value of all final goods & services produced within a country in a given period of time. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Is GDP measures the value of production that occurs within the borders of a country (an economy), whether done by its own citizens or by foreigners located there. 18. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 18 the market value of all final goods & services produced within a country in a given period of time. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Is Usually a year or a quarter (3 months) 19. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 19 (3) The Components of GDP Recall: GDP is total spending. Four components: Consumption (C) Investment (I) Government Purchases (G) Net Exports (NX) These components add up to GDP (denoted Y): Y = C + I + G + NXY = C + I + G + NX 20. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 20 Consumption (C) is total spending by households on g&s. Note on housing costs: For renters, consumption includes rent payments. For homeowners, consumption includes the imputed rental value of the house, but not the purchase price or mortgage payments. 21. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 21 Investment (I) is total spending on goods that will be used in the future to produce more goods. includes spending on capital equipment (e.g., machines, tools) structures (factories, office buildings, houses) inventories (goods produced but not yet sold) Note: InvestmentInvestment does not mean the purchase of financial assets like stocks and bonds. Note: InvestmentInvestment does not mean the purchase of financial assets like stocks and bonds. 22. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 22 Government Purchases (G) is all spending on the g&s purchased by govt. at the federal, state, and local levels. G excludes transfer payments, such as Social Security or unemployment insurance benefits. They are not purchases of g&s. 23. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 23 Net Exports (NX) NX = exports imports Exports represent foreign spending on the economys g&s. Imports are the portions of C, I, and G that are spent on g&s produced abroad. If HK consumers buy $10 million worth of watches made in Switzerland, that spending is included in consumption expenditure. However, the imports do not represent domestic production. Thus, the value of these imports is subtracted from GDP (see the next equation). 24. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 24 GDP and Its Components Adding up all the components of GDP gives: Y = C + I + G + NXY = C + I + G + NX 25. In each of the following cases, determine how much GDP and each of its components is affected (if at all). A. Debbie spends $200 to buy her husband dinner at the finest restaurant in the Central. B. Sarah spends $1800 on a new laptop to use in her publishing business. The laptop was built in Japan. C. Jane spends $1200 on a computer to use in her editing business. She got last years model on sale for a great price from a local manufacturer. D. A car company builds $500 million worth of cars, but consumers only buy $470 million worth of them. A C T I V E L E A R N I N GA C T I V E L E A R N I N G 11 GDP and its componentsGDP and its components 26. A. Debbie spends $200 to buy her husband dinner at the finest restaurant in the Central. Consumption and GDP rise by $200. B. Sarah spends $1800 on a new laptop to use in her publishing business. The laptop was built in Japan. Investment rises by $1800, net exports fall by $1800, GDP is unchanged. A C T I V E L E A R N I N GA C T I V E L E A R N I N G 11 AnswersAnswers 26 27. C. Jane spends $1200 on a computer to use in her editing business. She got last years model on sale for a great price from a local manufacturer. Current GDP and investment do not change, because the computer was built last year. D. A car company builds $500 million worth of cars, but consumers only buy $470 million of them. Consumption rises by $470 million, inventory investment rises by $30 million, and GDP rises by $500 million. A C T I V E L E A R N I N GA C T I V E L E A R N I N G 11 AnswersAnswers 27 28. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 28 U.S. GDP and Its Components, 2007 2,344 8,905 7,037 32,228 $45,825 per capita 5.1 19.4 15.4 70.3 100.0 % of GDP 708 2,690 2,125 9,734 $13,841 billions NX G I C Y 29. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 29 Iran GDP and Its Components, 1389 Consumption = 1767 Trillion Rial (41%) Investment = 1785 T Rial (41%) - Gross domestic fixed capital formation = 1146 T Rial - Changes in inventories = 639 T Rial Government consumption = 481 T Rial (11%) Exports = 1194 T Rial Imports = 896 T Rial GDP = C + I + G + (X - M) = 4333 T Rial (100%) 30. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 30 GDP and Its Components USA vs. Iran (2007) Consumption: 70.3% in USA; 41% in Iran. Investment: 15.4% in USA; 41% in Iran. Government purchases: 19.4% in USA; 11% in Iran. Net exports: negative in USA; positive in Iran (7%). 31. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 31 (4) Real versus Nominal GDP Inflation can distort economic variables like GDP, so we have two versions of GDP: One is corrected for inflation, the other is not. Nominal GDP values output using current prices. It is not corrected for inflation. Real GDP values output using the prices of a base year. Real GDP is corrected for inflation. 32. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 32 Real versus Nominal GDP Nominal GDP of Iran, 1388 and 1389 Consumption 1540 Trillion Rial 1767 Trillion Rial Investment 1424 T Rial 1785 T Rial - Gross domestic fixed capital formation 949 T Rial 1146 T Rial - Changes in inventories 475 T Rial 639 T Rial Government consumption 445 T Rial 481 T Rial Exports 923 T Rial 1194 T Rial Imports 756 T Rial 896 T Rial GDP = C + I + G + (X - M) 3577 T Rial (2006) 4333 T Rial (1389) 33. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 33 Real versus Nominal GDP When GDP increases from one year (1388) to the next (1389) by 21%, can we conclude that the quantity of production increases by 21%? Because GDP is measured in value terms, it can be changed by changes in prices, not quantities. We should be careful about interpreting changes over time. To separate price changes from quantity changes, we introduce a concept called real GDP. Reason for Introducing Real GDP 34. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 34 Real versus Nominal GDP Nominal GDP The value of final goods and services evaluated at current-year prices. = P1Q1+ P2Q2++PnQn Calculating Real GDP Real GDP The value of final goods and services evaluated at base-year prices. n b n bb QPQPQP +++= ...2211 35. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 35 EXAMPLE: Compute nominal GDP in each year: 2005: $10 x 400 + $2 x 1000 = $6,000 2006: $11 x 500 + $2.50 x 1100 = $8,250 2007: $12 x 600 + $3 x 1200 = $10,800 Pizza Latte year P Q P Q 2005 $10 400 $2.00 1000 2006 $11 500 $2.50 1100 2007 $12 600 $3.00 1200 37.5% Increase: 30.9% 36. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 36 EXAMPLE: Compute real GDP in each year, using 2005 as the base year: Pizza Latte year P Q P Q 2005 $10 400 $2.00 1000 2006 $11 500 $2.50 1100 2007 $12 600 $3.00 1200 20.0% Increase: 16.7% $10 $2.00 2005: $10 x 400 + $2 x 1000 = $6,000 2006: $10 x 500 + $2 x 1100 = $7,200 2007: $10 x 600 + $2 x 1200 = $8,400 37. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 37 EXAMPLE: In each year, nominal GDP is measured using the (then) current prices. real GDP is measured using constant prices from the base year (2005 in this example). year Nominal GDP Real GDP 2005 $6000 $6000 2006 $8250 $7200 2007 $10,800 $8400 38. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 38 EXAMPLE: The change in nominal GDP reflects both prices and quantities. year Nominal GDP Real GDP 2005 $6000 $6000 2006 $8250 $7200 2007 $10,800 $8400 20.0% 16.7 % 37.5% 30.9% The change in real GDP is the amount that GDP would change if prices were constant (i.e., if zero inflation). Hence, real GDP is corrected for inflation. 39. Nominal and Real GDP in the U.S., 1965-2007 $0 $2,000 $4,000 $6,000 $8,000 $10,000 $12,000 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Billions Real GDP (base year 2000) Nominal GDP 39 40. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 40 Which measure of GDP represents changes strictly in the quantity of goods and services produced in the economy, not the prices? a. Nominal GDP. b. Real GDP. c. The GDP measure that sums up the value of goods and services evaluated at current year prices. d. None of the above. 41. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 41 Which measure of GDP represents changes strictly in the quantity of goods and services produced in the economy, not the prices? a. Nominal GDP. b. Real GDP. c. The GDP measure that sums up the value of goods and services evaluated at current year prices. d. None of the above. 42. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 42 The GDP Deflator One by-product of real GDP calculation is to compute the general price level. The GDP deflator is a measure of the overall level of prices. Definition: One way to measure the economys inflation rate is to compute the percentage increase in the GDP deflator from one year to the next. GDP deflator = 100 xGDP deflator = 100 x nominal GDP real GDP 43. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 43 EXAMPLE: Compute the GDP deflator in each year: year Nominal GDP Real GDP GDP Deflator 2005 $6000 $6000 2006 $8250 $7200 2007 $10,800 $8400 2005: 100 x (6000/6000) = 100.0 100.0 2006: 100 x (8250/7200) = 114.6 114.6 2007: 100 x (10,800/8400) = 128.6 128.6 14.6% 12.2% 44. A C T I V E L E A R N I N GA C T I V E L E A R N I N G 22 Computing GDPComputing GDP 44 Use the above data to solve these problems: A. Compute nominal GDP in 2007. B. Compute real GDP in 2008. C. Compute the GDP deflator in 2009. 2007 (base yr) 2008 2009 P Q P Q P Q Good A $30 900 $31 1,000 $36 1050 Good B $100 192 $102 200 $100 205 45. A C T I V E L E A R N I N GA C T I V E L E A R N I N G 22 AnswersAnswers 45 A. Compute nominal GDP in 2007. $30 x 900 + $100 x 192 = $46,200 B. Compute real GDP in 2008. $30 x 1000 + $100 x 200 = $50,000 2007 (base yr) 2008 2009 P Q P Q P Q Good A $30 900 $31 1,000 $36 1050 Good B $100 192 $102 200 $100 205 46. A C T I V E L E A R N I N GA C T I V E L E A R N I N G 22 AnswersAnswers 46 C. Compute the GDP deflator in 2009. Nom GDP = $36 x 1050 + $100 x 205 = $58,300 Real GDP = $30 x 1050 + $100 x 205 = $52,000 GDP deflator = 100 x (Nom GDP)/(Real GDP) = 100 x ($58,300)/($52,000) = 112.1 2007 (base yr) 2008 2009 P Q P Q P Q Good A $30 900 $31 1,000 $36 1050 Good B $100 192 $102 200 $100 205 47. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 47 (5) GDP and Economic Well-Being Real GDP per capita is the main indicator of the average persons standard of living. But GDP is not a perfect measure of well-being. Robert Kennedy issued a very eloquent yet harsh criticism of GDP: 48. Gross Domestic Product does not allow for the health of our children, the quality of their education, or the joy of their play. It does not include the beauty of our poetry or the strength of our marriages, the intelligence of our public debate or the integrity of our public officials. It measures neither our courage, nor our wisdom, nor our devotion to our country. It measures everything, in short, except that which makes life worthwhile, and it can tell us everything about America except why we are proud that we are Americans. - Senator Robert Kennedy, 1968 48 49. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 49 GDP Does Not Value: the quality of the environment leisure time non-market activity, such as the child care a parent provides his or her child at home an equitable distribution of income 50. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 50 Then Why Do We Care About GDP? Having a large GDP enables a country to afford better schools, a cleaner environment, health care, etc. Many indicators of the quality of life are positively correlated with GDP. For example 51. GDP and Life Expectancy in 12 countries 51 Lifeexpectancy(years) Real GDP per capita U.S. Germany Japan Mexico Russia Brazil China India Indonesia Pakistan Bangladesh Nigeria 52. GDP and Literacy in 12 countries 52 AdultLiteracy (%ofpopulation) Real GDP per capita U.S. Germany Japan Mexico Russia Brazil China India Indonesia Nigeria Pakistan Bangladesh 53. GDP and Internet Usage in 12 countries 53 InternetUsage (%ofpopulation) Real GDP per capita U.S. Germany Japan Mexico Russia Brazil China India Indonesia Nigeria Bangladesh Pakista n 54. CHAPTER SUMMARYCHAPTER SUMMARY Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures a countrys total income and expenditure. The four spending components of GDP include: Consumption, Investment, Government Purchases, and Net Exports. Nominal GDP is measured using current prices. Real GDP is measured using the prices of a constant base year and is corrected for inflation. GDP is the main indicator of a countrys economic well-being, even though it is not perfect. 54 55. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. Iran GDP (current prices) ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 55 56. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. Iran GDP (fixed prices, 1376) ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 56 57. 2009South-WesternPrinciplesofMacroeconomics,. Iran Economic Growth ECON1002 C/D (2011) Chapter 10: MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME 57