ecosystem services and resilience framework (esr)
TRANSCRIPT
Ecosystem Services and Resilience Framework (ESR) Sarah Jones, Bioversity Interna=onal
What are ecosystem services?
Ecosystem service based approaches
Ecosystem service flows
Haines-Young & Potschin (2010)
Framework for Ecosystem Services and Resilience in Agriculture
1. Meeting the needs of poor people is fundamental
2. People use, modify, and care for nature which provides material and immaterial benefits to their livelihoods
3. Cross-scale and cross-level interactions of ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes can be managed to positively impact development outcomes.
4. Governance mechanisms are vital tools for achieving equitable access to and provision of ecosystem services.
5. Building resilience is about enhancing the capacity of communities to sustainably develop in an uncertain world.
Shocks and disturbances
Novelty, renewal,
innovation
5. Resilience
The challenge in a nutshell: How far can a system be perturbed before a regime shift happens? How much shock can a system absorb before it becomes something fundamentally different? How can active transformations from an undesirable social-ecological state into a better one be orchestrated?
(Folke 2010, Seeds magazine)
5. Resilience
Some ways of applying resilience thinking: 1. Seven principles for applying resilience to ecosystem
services (Biggs et al. 2012)
2. Resilience assessments (www.resiliencealliance.org)
3. Adaptive management and governance (Biggs and Roger, 2003)
4. Detecting early warning signs
5. Metrics and indicators for measuring resilience (Béné 2013)
Informing decisions through research
Stakeholder engagement
Definition of landscape goals
Stakeholder analysis
ES assessment and valuation
Capacity assessment
Create an enabling environment
Decide on best management approach Design and implement
planning / policy changes and create incentive mechanisms
Monitor impacts and outcomes
Review and adapt management
approach
U N I T I N G A G R I C U L T U R E A N D N A T U R E F O R P O V E R T Y R E D U C T I O N
Theory of Change
Entry points for the ESR approach
• Improve farming practices to integrate flow of ES to and from agriculture
• Landscape management for multiple services • Minimizing waste of ES • Managing for trade-offs across and between
sectors and scales • Managing for increasing variability and shocks • Scaling up farm-level ES-based approaches • Identifying effective governance approaches for
creating resilient systems and managing common pool resources
All require improved understanding of how to manage the stocks and flows of ES in the landscape.
Case Study: Assessment of ES in biological corridor, Costa Rica Case study: Beels of Bangladesh
http://wle.cgiar.org/blog/2014/08/05/small-fish-big-benefits/
What it means for projects in the Ganges
Assessment and planning to iden=fy priority ES, understand their flow and the op=ons, trade-‐offs and synergies for their management
Valuing ES – who benefits from them and who loses if they are degraded.
Evalua=ng poten3al and actual impact of different management op=ons on, not only agricultural produc=vity, but on the suite of connected ES
Con=nual engagement with decision-‐makers to encourage and facilitate considera=on of ES context and ES-‐based solu3ons in the decisions that they make.
Some points to consider as you prepare your projects
§ What initiatives have you seen that are a good example of ESR?
§ What entry points do see in your projects for an ESR approach ?
§ What are the opportunities and challenges for incorporating such an approach?
Case Study: Assessment of ES in biological corridor, Costa Rica
THANK YOU wle.cgiar.org
How can we achieve development outcomes through ES?
1. Direct and sustainable supply of goods and services
2. Reduced risk and severity of impacts from system shocks
3. New and alternative sources of income
And health outcomes emerging from research…
Myers et al. 2013
Spatial and temporal lags in ES supply and delivery
Fremier et al., 2013
Governance mechanisms in ES management
(i) public policies and laws;
(ii) customary laws and traditions;
(iii) incentive mechanisms; and
(iv) institutions, capacity development and empowerment.
Tools for ES assessment and valuation
Case Study: Assessment of ES in biological corridor, Costa Rica
Est
rada
da-C
arm
ona,
DeC
lerc
k, 2
011
Case Study: Assessment of ES in biological corridor, Costa Rica
Erosion control services
Est
rada
da-C
arm
ona,
DeC
lerc
k, 2
011
Case Study: Assessment of ES in biological corridor, Costa Rica
Pest control services
Est
rada
da-C
arm
ona,
DeC
lerc
k, 2
011
Case Study: Assessment of ES in biological corridor, Costa Rica
Targeted restoration
Reventazon
Case Study: Targeting soil conservation in the Reventazon watershed
Case study: Targeting soil conservation in the Reventazon watershed
Case study: Targeting soil conservation in the Reventazon watershed
32
Moving Beyond Ideology to Close Yield Gaps and “Nature Gaps” in 21st Century Agriculture: A Review of the Multi-Functionality of Five Systems of Agroecological Intensification Jeffrey C. Milder1,2*†, Kelly Garbach3*, Fabrice A.J. DeClerck4*, Laura Driscoll5, Maywa Montenegro5, and Barbara Herren6
Based on Kellerman et al, 2008; Karp et al, 2013
Six key elements for research in the focal regions
1. Co-design and co-develop research with stakeholders
2. Apply ESR framework to all projects
3. Develop and apply methodologies for baseline assessments
4. Develop a landscape planning methodology
5. Develop a framework for WLE metrics, success indicators, and knowledge base (e.g. for sustainability intensification practices)
6. Advance a WLE basin scale modelling and synthesis platform
Dealing with complexity
ES based approaches § Water quality: an ecosystem service based approach to water quality would include the
protection of a watershed through the protection of riparian buffers and wetlands for example. A non-ecosystem service based approach would be the construction of a water treatment plant. New York City’s protection of the Catskills watershed is an example of an ecosystem service based approach. CIAT’s work in South America is a good example of an ecosystem service based approach to water quality. Similarly Bioversity has been working with the dam operators in Costa Rica to target payments for ecosystem services and land use change in Costa Rican watersheds to reduce erosion, improve water quality, and reduce costs of hydropower.
§ § Hazard Mitigation: For example, the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 sparked a debate regarding
using an ecosystem service based approach (construction of reef, mangrove, sea grass or other forms of green infrastructure) versus the construction of a system of dams and levies (grey infrastructure). Both provide the same service through very different approaches and active debate as to the effectiveness and resilience of each. IMWI’s work on the role of wetlands in regulating hydrological flows and impacts on flood reduction is a good example of an ecosystem service based approach to hazard mitigation.
§ § Pest Control: an ecosystem serviced based approach would focus on biological control of pests
and diseases. This recognizes the multiple ecological processes that drive pest and disease regulation from increasing field level genetic diversity (work by IFPRI, CIAT and Bioversity amongst others), supporting gene flow in agricultural landscapes, increasing habitat for natural predators, and supporting the movement of these predators and parasites in agricultural landscapes, while reducing the habitat quality, and dispersal ability of pests and diseases by altering landscape composition and configuration. This differs from approaches that use agrochemicals, or sanitation measures for the same impact.
A vision for integrated agroecology
Minimum goals for 2050
Adapted from Foley et al, 2011
Steffen et al. 2004
Changing preconditions
in the Anthropocene
• Rapid environmental change
• Altered and new disturbance regimes
• How to ensure capacity to cope, adapt and transform?
5. Resilience
Why worry about regime shifts?
Suprising, sudden shifts of stability domains/ development trajectories
Often leads to unintended shifts in
bundles of ecosystem services
Once a threshold is crossed it is difficult to go back (assymetry and/or hysteresis)
Management practices will need to adapt,
or try to transform