ecosystems and energy chapter 3. chapter 3 primary themes 1.distinguish ecological levels 2.define...
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Ecosystems and Energy
Chapter 3
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Chapter 3 Primary Themes
1.Distinguish ecological levels2.Define and explain energy3.Laws of thermodynamics4.Reactions for photosynthesis & respiration5.Explain pyramids & webs in terms of energy,
biomass, and relationships6.Describe life in terms of GDP and NPP
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What is Ecology?
Ecology –
study of the interactions among organisms (biotic) and their abiotic environment.
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Level of organization – Ecology in a System: Ecosystem
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Spheres of Organization
Landscape Ecology –
encompasses larger area and several ecosystems
Biosphere –
the whole earth
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Energy Drives Life
What types of energy are there?
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The Energy of Life
Potential vs. Kinetic Energy
All energy forms summed into two forms
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Types of Energy1. Chemical - energy stored in bonds2. Radiant - wave energy: electromagnetic3. Thermal - energy flow from high heat to low4. Mechanical - the energy of motion5. Nuclear - atomic nuclei6. Electrical - flow of charged particles
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The Energy of LifeThermodynamics – the study of energy
and its transformations.
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The Energy of Life1st Law of Thermodynamics –
energy can change forms, but is not created or destroyed
2nd Law of Thermodynamics –
“Entropy Rules!” amount of usable energy decreases as energy changes forms
1st Law deals with quantity of energy
2nd Law with quality of energy
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The Energy of Life
Photosynthesis
6 CO2 + 12 H2O + radiant energy
C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2
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The Energy of Life
Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O
6 CO2 + 12 H2O + energy
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The Energy of Life
Case-in-Point: Life Without the Sun
Hydrothermal Vents or Black Smokers • Chemosynthesis• Tube Worms
See You Tube - black smokers
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Chemosynthesis
An extremophile is any microbe that thrives in extreme conditions of temperature, pressure, salinity, or concentrations of hostile chemicals.
Extremophiles commonly belong to the kingdom Archaebacteria.
Hydrogen sulfide chemosynthesis 6{CO2}+6{H2O}+3{H2S} → C6H12O6+3{H2SO4}
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The Flow of Energy Through Ecosystems
Producers, Consumers, and Decomposers
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The Path of Energy Flow
Food Chains –
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Food Webs –
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The Path of Energy Flow
Ecological Pyramids
Pyramid of Numbers Pyramid of Biomass
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The Path of Energy Flow
Ecological Pyramids
Pyramid of Energy
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The Path of Energy Flow
Example: Thermodynamics in Action
Desert: Primary producers = 100 g / m2
Temperate forest: Primary producers = 1,500 g / m2
Food webs very simple, very few tertiary consumers
Food webs very complex, more tertiary consumers, some quaternary.
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Primary Production
Desert Biomass Pyramid
Primary producers = 100 g / m2
Primary consumers = 10 g / m2
Secondary consumers = 1.0 g / m2
Tertiary consumers = 0.1 g / m2
Tertiary consumers must range over large areas to obtain enough energy to subsist.
such as . . .13.5 kg coyote must range ~12 ha to subsist (30 acres).
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Primary Production
Temperate Forest Biomass Pyramid
Primary producers = 1,500 g / m2
Primary consumers = 150 g / m2
Secondary consumers = 15 g / m2
Tertiary consumers = 1.5 g / m2
13.5 kg coyote only needs ~1 ha to subsist (2.5 acres).
Also, possibility of quaternary consumers, like bears.
NOTE: just relative examples, not accurate
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The Path of Energy Flow
Ecosystem Productivity
Net Primary Productivity
Gross Primary Productivity
Plant cellular respiration=
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The Path of Energy Flow
Ecosystem Productivity