DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 402 361 UD 031 375

TITLE Welcome to the United States. A Guidebook forRefugees. First Edition.

INSTITUTION Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, DC.Refugee Service Center.

SPONS AGENCY Department of State, Washington, DC. Bureau ofPopulation, Refugees, and Migration.

PUB DATE 96

NOTE 97p.; Replaces an earlier publication "A Guide toResettlement in the United States," see ED 289369.

AVAILABLE FROM Refugee Service Center, Center for AppliedLinguistics, 1118-22nd Street, N.W., Washington, DC20037; phone: (202) 429-9292; fax: (202) 659-5641(English and other language versions).

PUB TYPE Guides Non-Classroom Use (055)

EDRS PRICE MF01/PC04 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS *Acculturation; Adult Education; Civil Rights;

Cultural Awareness; Elementary Secondary Education;Employment; Health; Housing; *Immigrants;Immigration; Language Proficiency; *Refugees;*Relocation; *Social Services

ABSTRACTThis guidebook provides refugees being resettled in

the United States with general information about what they willencounter and the services they can receive in their first months inthe country. Available in several languages, the book is distributedto overseas processing agencies and refugees overseas who have beenapproved for U.S. admission. It is also distributed to serviceproviders. Refugees are advised that most Americans valueself-reliance and individual responsibility, but that'in generalpeople respect those who ask questions about the new culture they areentering. All refugees are assigned to a relocation agency as theyenter the country, and housing is made available for the first month.The following topics are addressed: (1) pre-arrival processing; (2)

the role of the resettlement agency; (3) community services; (4)

housing; (5) transportation; (6) employment; (7) education; (8)

health; (9) managing your money; (10) rights and responsibilities ofrefugees; and (11) cultural adjustment. Among the topics discussed isthat of the American educational system, both for children and foradults. A general outline of the public school system includes adiscussion of the American tradition of public participation ineducation. A map of the United States is included. (SLD)

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Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be madefrom the original document.

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EDUCATIONAL RESOURCESERIC)

INFORMATIONRESOURCES

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WELCOMETO THE UNITED STATES

A Guidebook for Refugees

First Edition1996

Prepared by the Center for Applied LinguisticsRefugee Service Center

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The contents of this book were developed and printed under acooperative agreeement with the Bureau of Population, Refugees,and Migration of the U.S. Department of State. The book, how-ever, is not an official publication of the U.S. Department of State.

The book may be reproduced in its entirety. However, photos andquotes may not be used for any other publication or for any otherpurposes without the express consent of the donor organizations.

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Representatives from the following agencies contributed to thewriting of Welcome to the United States: A Guidebook for Refugees..

African Services Committee of New YorkCenter for Applied LinguisticsChurch World ServiceInternational Catholic Migration CommissionInternational Institute of Erie, PennsylvaniaInternational Organization for MigrationInternational Rescue CommitteeIowa Department of Human ServicesJewish Family Services of BaltimoreLutheran Social Services of the National Capitol AreaLutheran Social Services of Fargo, North DakotaMaryland Office of Refugee AffairsOffice of Refugee ResettlementRefugee Services Alliance of HoustonUnited States Catholic ConferenceWorld Relief Refugee Services

Donor organizations for photos and quotes are as follows:Photos: Arizona International Refugee Consortium, Inc.

Center for Applied LinguisticsLutheran Social Services of Fargo, North DakotaLutheran Social Services of the National Capitol AreaPhotoDisc Inc.

Quotes: Scattered Children (Save the Children Refugee Programs)Bosnian Refugee Resettlement in the US.-Part II: RefugeeResponse (Center for Applied Linguistics)

Cover and Design by SAGARTdesign

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Welcome to the United States: A Guidebook for Refugeesprovides refugees being resettled in the United Stateswith general information about what they willencounter and services they will need during their firstmonths in the country. Welcome aims to help theseU.S.-bound refugees develop realistic expectations aboutemployment, education, health, and other aspects of lifein the United States.

The guidebook was written under the direction of theU.S. Department of State Bureau of Population,Refugees, and Migration. Federal and state officials,representatives of resettlement agencies, and recentlyresettled refugees contributed to the writing of the guide.

Available in several languages, Welcome is distributed tooverseas processing agencies and to refugees overseaswho have been approved for U.S. admission but havenot completed their processing. It is also distributed tothose who assist refugees during their initial resettle-ment, so that these service providers are aware of theinformation their refugee clients receive prior to arrivalin the U.S.

Welcome to the United States: A Guidebook for Refugeesreplaces an earlier publication for refugees, A Guide toResettlement in the United States.

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Preface 3

Introduction 5

Pre-Arrival Processing 9

Role of the Resettlement Agency 17

Community Services 21

Housing 27

Transportation 33

Employment 37

Education 53

Health 63

Managing Your Money 69

Rights and Responsibilities of Refugees 75

Cultural Adjustment 81

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This guide to resettlement will assist you in preparingfor your first few months in the United States. Itdescribes the initial stages of resettlement and providesinformation on fundamental aspects of life in theUnited States. No orientation guide can possibly tellyou everything you need to know, because resettlementis a long, complicated process that is unique for everyindividual refugee. If you do not understand somethingdiscussed in this book, or if your questions about life inthe United States are not answered here, the staff ofyour resettlement agency will help you find answersafter you have arrived. An inquiring, open attitude maybe your most valuable asset in adjusting successfully tolife in the United States.

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The United States is a large, diverse country, so general-izations about it are difficult to make. It contains withinits borders enormous contrasts in geography, a widerange of climates, and a great diversity among the peo-ple who call themselves Americans. Americans are ofmany different racial and ethnic backgrounds, and theyhold a variety of religious beliefs and values.Consequently, much of what you have heard aboutAmerica may not be true for you. Even informationfrom friends or others already in the United States maynot be true in your case.

Every community in the U.S. is different, and each hasits own procedures and system of working with new-comers. Staff members at your resettlement agency willhelp you learn about your new country and the localcommunity in which you live.

One lesson that you will learn quickly is that mostAmericans value self-reliance and individual responsibil-ity. You will be expected to go to work as soon as youcan find a job and begin to support yourself and yourfamily. Lack of English will not prevent you from work-ing, but you will need to learn more English to progressto a better job. In most communities, you will findclasses that will help you take advantage of opportuni-ties for advancement.

A second lesson you will learn is that resettlement is apermanent decision. It is the first step to becoming apermanent resident and a citizen of the United States.

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After one year you will be eligible to apply for perma-nent resident alien status; after four and a half years, youwill be eligible to apply for American citizenship.

As a refugee, you may have lost everything, but in theUnited States you are offered a chance to start over andrebuild your life. Starting over may not be easy, but itcan be done. Over a million refugees have come beforeyou, and most have done well. You can succeed also.You bring the gifts of your special talents, your back-ground and culture, and your courage.

Refugees who came before you might share the follow-ing advice:

Keep an open mind.Do not rush to make judgments.Make every effort to learn and speak English.Attempt to understand American culture withoutcriticizing it in comparison to your own.Participate in American life.Concentrate on how far you have come, not how faryou have to go.Become employed as soon as possible, and makeplans for better employment in the future.

The following chapters contain information aboutyour new life and new country to help you in yourresettlement. The information is necessarily brief andis certainly not complete. Remember that althoughmost Americans admire self-reliance, they also respectsomeone who asks questions. It is the best way tobegin learning.

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Now that the U.S. Immigration and NaturalizationService (INS) has approved you for admission to theUnited States, there are only a few more steps beforeyou travel to the United States.

You and your family must have medicalexaminations.A resettlement agency in the United States mustprepare for your arrival so that your move goessmoothly.Your trip to the United States will be arrangedafter all other preparations for your resettlementhave been completed.

While you are still awaiting resettlement, processingstaff will help make appointments for your medicalexaminations, ensure that your resettlement agency hasadequate information about you and your family, andarrange travel to your destination in the United States.If you will need a wheelchair, crutches, or other kind ofspecial assistance during your trip to the U.S., be sure totell the processing agency. While you are waiting is agood time to learn as much as you can about the UnitedStates and to learn some English, if possible.

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Medical ExaminationMedical examinations are required for you and yourfamily. In most places, they are free. The medical exam-ination will:

determine if there are medical problems that must beaddressed before departure for the United States,ensure that there are no medical conditions thatwould make you or others in your family ineligible totravel to the United States, andgive resettlement agencies in the United States infor-mation on any medical problems which require fol-low-up care after you arrive in your new community.

If you do not travel within one year of your medicalexamination, you must have another one before leavingfor the United States.

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Pre-Andvall Processiing

Pre-Departure InterviewProcessing staff will interview you to obtain informationto help your resettlement proceed more smoothly. If youhave relatives or friends living in the United States, youwill be asked to provide their names, addresses, andtelephone numbers. If your immediate family, such as aspouse or a child, is already in the United States, youwill be resettled in the same town. If your relative in theUnited States is more distant, such as a cousin, or if youask to be resettled near a friend, the resettlement agencywill make a placement decision which also takes intoconsideration whether necessary services would be avail-able and whether you would be likely to find employ-ment in that community. If relatives of yours are alsobeing considered for U.S. resettlement, you can requestplacement in the same community, but there is no guar-antee that this will be done.

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Be sure to provide as much accurate, up-to-date infor-mation as possible to the processing agency prior toyour departure, so that the resettlement agency canmake the best decision about your resettlement site.After arriving in the United States, you will find it dif-ficult to change quickly to a new site, because such amove is often quite expensive. Also, most resettlementservices will be available to you only at your originalresettlement site.

Resettlement AgencyA resettlement agency in the United States will beassigned to assist you during the early stages of yourresettlement. The agency will receive biographic infor-mation on you and your family, including the names,ages, and occupations of family members; your ethnici-ty, country of origin, and religion; any medical problemswhich require follow-up attention; and addresses of rel-atives already in the United States. The resettlementagency will select the town in which you will be reset-tled, considering such factors as whether you will be

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joining other family members already in the UnitedStates, the availability of jobs, and the availability of ser-vices. You will be told before you leave where you willbe living in the United States. Your resettlement agencywill ensure that you are met at the airport when youarrive, that housing is ready for you, and that youreceive necessary information about your new commu-nity. (More detailed information may be found in "Roleof the Resettlement Agency," p. 17.)

Travel to the United StatesYou may make your own travel arrangements, or youmay ask the processing staff to arrange your travel.When making your own travel arrangements, you arerequired to inform processing staff of your travel plansbefore you leave.

If a processing agency purchases your tickets, the pay-ment for the tickets is a loan which you must repay.Before your departure to the United States, you willsign a promissory note to repay your travel costs. About

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three to six months after you arrive in the UnitedStates, you will begin to receive monthly bills whichallow you to repay this loan over a period of three years.The money you repay goes into a fund which helpsother refugees travel to the United States.

Like other international travelers flying coach class, youand your family will be allowed a maximum weight ofbaggage per person. Ask the processing staff for theexact rules to follow on your flight. Payment for trans-port of baggage in excess of that amount is your respon-sibility and is expensive. If you are taking a pet, youmust pay the cost of the pet's transport and follow U.S.Customs laws and airline regulations regarding trans-port of animals. It is important to inform the processingagency if you are traveling with a pet, so that the reset-tlement agency in the United States can try to findhousing which allows pets.

U.S. Customs does not allow anyone to bring certainitems into the United States. These include narcotics,fruits, plants, vegetables, and fresh meats. Prescribedmedications can be brought in, but should be clearlylabeled. If you have questions about what can be takento the United States, ask the processing staff.

If your journey requires that you go through severaltransit points, you will be assisted at most points by rep-resentatives of the International Organization forMigration (TOM). If you have any difficulties on yourjourney (for example, if a family member becomes ill),

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IOM representatives will assist you and will notify yourresettlement agency if your arrival is delayed. In theUnited States, IOM representatives will meet you at theport of entry and assist you with immigration formali-ties. They will assist you to get to a connecting flight, ifnecessary.

Before you depart, you will receive a package of docu-ments required for entry, including immigration, med-ical, and resettlement documents. Be careful not to losethese documents during your trip. You must carry thesedocuments with you; do not open them or pack them inyour suitcase. These documents must be given to immi-gration officials at the first U.S. airport at which youarrive. There, officials will open the package, inspect thedocuments, and return some to you. The resettlementagency will ask to see these documents when you arriveat your resettlement site and will make copies of them.

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A unique aspect of the U.S. resettlement program is thecollaboration between the government and private orga-nizations. The government sets laws and guidelines andprovides funding for some of the services that refugeesreceive. Resettlement agencies deliver the required ser-vices and may offer additional assistance.

Every refugee who is accepted into the United States isassigned a resettlement agency prior to arrival. Theresettlement agency may be a religious-based organiza-tion, a private organization, a state agency, or an ethnicorganization. Your resettlement agency will have a localoffice in or near the town where you will live, with staffwho will assist you. If you have relatives living in thearea, they may help in your resettlement. Some agencieshave volunteers to assist you when you arrive.

Although some resettlement agencies are affiliated withreligious groups, you are not obliged to participate intheir religious activities, and resettlement agencies areprohibited from encouraging refugees to join their reli-gious groups.

Upon arrival at your final destination, you will be met atthe airport by a relative, a friend, or a representativefrom your resettlement agency. Housing will have beenarranged for you. This may be temporary housing withyour relatives or in a hotel, or it may be permanenthousing, such as an apartment. (More detailed informa-tion may be found in "Housing," p. 27.)

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Resettlement workers aided by relatives, friends, andvolunteers will help you find your way around your newcommunity. With their help, you will:

find long-term housing,obtain household furnishings and clothing,obtain a Social Security card (Proof that you haveapplied for this card is necessary to begin the searchfor employment.),learn to use the local public transportation system,begin to learn about American customs and laws,enroll your children in school,find a job,learn about the U.S. money system,arrange for a medical examination or follow-upmedical care, if necessary, soon after arrival,find English language programs or volunteer tutors,andlearn about community services available in your area.

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Resettlement agencies ensure that all your necessaryexpenses and basic living costs are covered for the first30 days in the United States. Some agencies will paythe expenses; others may give the money directly to youor your relative, and you will be expected to pay some orall of your expenses. In addition, the resettlementagency will provide advice and other services for at least90 days after arrival. After that time, services varydepending on individual needs and your resettlementagency. You may be referred to other agencies and orga-nizations for answers to questions or to meet specificneeds.

The resettlement agency is not responsible for payingyour bills or debts. You will need to work, because youare responsible for your own expenses. If you considermoving to another community, remember that yourresettlement agency is not responsible for transferringyou. And the resettlement agency in the area you moveto is not required to assist you. With the decision tomove, you assume the responsibility for your own sup-port. If you have a question about moving, talk to yourresettlement agency staff.

Americans value self-reliance and will expect you totake the initiative in building your life in the UnitedStates. Success in your resettlement will depend asmuch on your attitude and efforts as on the type of helpyou receive.

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In addition to your resettlement agency, there are federalprograms and community service agencies that help peo-ple to help themselves. Refugees are eligible for socialservices such as income support and family counseling,but the specific services and their availability vary fromplace to place. You will also need to find out if, as arefugee, you are eligible for additional services and howto apply. Your resettlement agency will help you learnabout the types of services in your local community.

There are organizations and programs that will providetemporary assistance, if necessary, while you are workingtoward self-sufficiency. Eligibility for a service is oftenbased on need, considering personal income, residency,age, or other factors. If your circumstances change oryou fail to meet program requirements, these servicescan be terminated or reduced.

The resettlement agency is your first link to informationand access to community services. Some of the organi-zations or services that resettlement staff may connectyou with include the following:

Mutual assistance associations (MAAs), which existin many communities, are organizations formed by for-mer refugees and immigrants to help their own people.Some MAAs provide such services as community ori-entation, transportation, clothing, and furniture assis-tance to refugees and other newcomers.

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Social service agencies provide a variety of services tothe community as a whole, including refugees. Theseagencies generally assist people with special needs suchas low-income families, the homeless, and people withdisabilities.

Religious institutions such as churches, mosques, andsynagogues not only serve as places of worship, but alsomay offer a variety of other services. Some have librariesor weekend classes for children; some distribute usedclothing and furniture; others offer programs for new-comers or the elderly.

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CommunKy SeMess

Food stamps is a federal program to provide adequatenutrition to people with low incomes. Refugees mayapply for food stamps at a designated local governmentoffice. Applicants must complete forms that requireproof of income and other personal information. Theamount of food assistance is based on family size andincome. Food stamps can be used to purchase fooditems only; non-food items, such as cigarettes, alcoholicbeverages, diapers, paper products, or soap cannot bepurchased with food stamps.

Energy assistance is a federal program which helpspeople with low incomes pay their heating expenses.Refugees are eligible to apply for energy assistance at adesignated local government office. Applicants mustcomplete forms that require proof of income and otherpersonal information.

Cash assistance programs, intended for people whocannot secure employment, are administered at the locallevel and may differ between communities. Refugeesmay apply at the designated local office. Applicants mustcomplete forms that require proof of income and otherpersonal information. These cash assistance programs arelimited to a number of months, and many have addi-tional requirements, such as active participation in a jobsearch or regular attendance at training programs.

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) is a federal pro-gram for people 65 and over or who are blind or dis-abled. Refugees who meet SSI eligibility requirementsmay apply at the local Social Security office, the sameoffice where you apply for a Social Security card.

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The police are responsible for enforcing the law andensuring public safety. They also help people in less for-mal ways, such as responding to medical emergencies,working in inner city neighborhoods to improve commu-nity relations, and giving directions to those who are lost.

All communities have fire departments and emergencymedical services. If you need help in an emergency, thetelephone number to dial in most areas of the UnitedStates is 911. If you have to use the 911 emergency num-ber, be prepared to tell the operator the nature of youremergency ("police," "fire," or "ambulance") and your loca-tion. If you cannot explain the problem in English, justsay, "Help" or "Emergency," and do not hang up the tele-phone. The open phone line will indicate where you are.

Knowing about services in your community and usingthem wisely will ease your adjustment to life in theUnited States. If you are fortunate enough to havefriends or family near you, their support will be veryimportant also. (More detailed information about com-munity services may be found in "Education," p. 53, and"Health," p. 63.)

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When you first arrive in the United States, there will bea place ready for you to stay. You can expect that theinitial accommodation will be furnished with necessitiesand will probably be in a working-class neighborhood,racially and ethnically mixed. Your first accommoda-tions may be temporary. For your initial time in theUnited States, you may be staying with previously set-tled family members, in an apartment, in a hotel, or in awelcome center (usually associated with the resettlementagency). If single, you may be placed with other singlerefugees, at least temporarily.

The resettlement agency is responsible for ensuring thathousing is provided for your first month in the UnitedStates. If you have relatives in the United States, theymay be asked to make housing arrangements for you,and they may receive financial assistance from the reset-tlement agency.

Long-term housing arrangements will be discussedwith you soon after you arrive. Finding a suitable placeto live is not easy for most Americans and may be dif-ficult for you. Your first home, although affordable,may not be your first choice. You will want to considerlocation, type of housing (apartment or house), andproximity to school, work, public transportation, andstores. You will need to talk with your resettlementagency, family, friends, and others about locations toconsider when looking for housing. Expect that thesearch will take several weeks.

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There are several types of housing in most Americancommunities:

apartment buildings,single-family houses,trailer homes,room in a house or an apartment.

Resources for locating housing include:

friends,co-workers,resettlement agency,"For Rent" signs on or near buildings,rental offices in apartment buildings,newspapers ("Classified" section), andreal estate agencies (which may charge a fee forservice).

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Housring

A rental apartment generally includes a kitchen withstove, sink, and refrigerator; a bathroom; one (or more)bedrooms; closets; and a living and dining room. Insmaller apartments some of these rooms are combined.

You can expect housing rental costs to constitute a largepercentage of your monthly expenses. The cost of hous-ing differs from state to state, from city to city, andbetween communities within one area. The rent mayinclude the cost of utilities (electricity, heat, water, gas,trash and garbage removal), or the utilities may becharged separately. Before signing a rental agreement, itis important to ask the landlord if utilities are includedin the rent.

When renting an apartment or house, you must sign arental agreement or lease. This is a legal paper that is forthe protection of the tenant and the landlord. A leaseprotects you from unfair treatment by your landlord.And housing laws require that landlords meet minimumstandards of safety and sanitation for rental property.

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For us it was such a beautifulapartment, full of things we had

never seen before.

...Today I know that the peoplewho live in this neighborhood are

very poor. The apartments aresmall and boxy.

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But together,my children and I scrubbed the

walls of the apartment until theyglowed in the weak sunlight, and

we basked in the comfort of ournew home."

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In a lease you agree to the following items:

the number of people living in the apartment,the date the rent is due (usually between the firstand fifth of the month),that the apartment will be kept clean and withoutdamage,the number of months you agree to stay (usually 12months), andthe terms for terminating the lease.

In addition to signing a lease, you may also be requiredto provide proof that the rent will be paid. If you are notworking, you may need to find a "co-signer," someonewho will sign with you. Renters are usually required toprovide a security deposit when they sign the rentalagreement. This amount, often equal to one month ofrent, is returned to you when you leave the apartment ifyou have fulfilled the terms of your lease.

If you break the agreements in the lease, you can beevicted and lose your security deposit.

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Public transportation varies greatly across the UnitedStates. Many cities offer extensive public transportationsystems (bus, subway, or commuter train) that allow peo-ple to lead active lives without a car. Taxis are also avail-able, but are usually expensive. In other areas, publictransportation is not easily available. Detailed informa-tion about local public transportation will be provided byyour resettlement agency soon after your arrival.

In areas where public transportation is not available orconvenient, newcomers may want to acquire their owncar as soon as possible. However, there are manyresponsibilities in owning and driving a car in theUnited States.

To drive a car legally, a local driver's license is required;an international driver's license is not acceptable as asubstitute. The minimum age at which one may obtaina driver's license varies from state to state. A driver'slicense can be obtained at the local department ofmotor vehicles after passing a written test, a visiontest, and a driving test. Most states require that a carbe insured.

cc The other day I was riding the bus...When I looked around, I saw so many differentkinds of people. There were white people, and

African-American people and Hispanic people.And no one was paying attention to anyone, no one

was looking at anyone, staring orpointing. I wasalso on the bus, and no one was paying the least

attention to me or how I looked

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DIVISION MOTOR VEHICLES

When considering buying a car you should keep inmind the cost of the following items:

insurance (differs from state to state, but fees arehigher for those who have no driving record in theUnited States),maintenance of the vehicle,gas,licenses, registration, required inspections, and taxes,parking.

A driver's license is not permanent. It must be renewedregularly, and breaking certain laws may result in losingyour license. For example, driving while under the influ-ence of alcohol can result in losing your driver's license,significant fines, and a jail sentence.

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In the United States, great value is placed on beingemployed. Therefore, working and becoming self-sufficient is one of the most important priorities fornewly arrived refugees. You will be expected to take ajob, even if it is not highly paid or in your formeroccupation.

One of your first goals after arriving in the UnitedStates will be to find a job. While you may receive somehelp from employment services which have been estab-lished to help refugees find jobs, your personal effortsand attitude are even more important. Employment isnot guaranteed by the government or your resettlementagency. You will be competing with others for the samejobs, so it is essential to develop a positive attitude anddemonstrate that you are ready to go to work.

Your first job will almost certainly be one of several thatyou will hold, and it will be an important step in estab-lishing a work history in the United States. As yourEnglish skills improve through study and informal con-tacts with other Americans, your chances of moving toa better, higher-paying job also improve. Staying on thefirst job at least six months is an important step in cre-ating a good work history. It is also important that youtry to use English as much as possible, at work and else-where in the community.

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Both men and women work in the United States.Women make up half the work force and perform thesame jobs as men at all levels. Although it may not havebeen acceptable for women to work in your homeland,it is normal for them to do so in the United States.Having two incomes in the family will further yourfamily's progress towards financial self-sufficiency.Children over the age of 15 may also work part-time,and many young people start their first job by workingafter school and during vacation time.

While your first goal should be to take any job, youshould also begin setting long-range employment goals.These might be to acquire skills to get a better job orenter a new field, or return to your former profession.This will take careful planning, an understanding of thejob market, and learning about special requirements toobtain certification or licensing. You will need to bepatient during this process. You may find help andinformation from an employment counselor in yourcommunity, at your resettlement agency, or at a nearbycommunity college or university.

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EmpO©yment

Above all, remember that the United States is known asa land of opportunity for those who work hard. MostAmericans believe in the importance of adults workingto support themselves and their families rather thanrelying on cash assistance from the government. Mostrefugees continue to work on English language skillswhile they are employed, because a better command ofthe language often means better job opportunities.While life in the United States may seem confusing atfirst, as time passes you will learn more about your newcountry and the opportunities it provides.

Finding a JobYour attitude is a key element in the search for a job,and potential employers will judge this by your appear-ance and behavior. Even if you speak little or noEnglish, a smiling face and eagerness to work will helpa great deal. Arrive on time for the job interview, look-ing clean and dressed appropriately. You will probablybe quite nervous, but try to relax. Everyone feels anxiousin this situation, regardless of how long they have livedin the United States. Don't be discouraged if you aren'thired after your first interview. It may take many inter-views before you are hired. This is normal for all jobseekers in the U.S.

You may receive help in finding your first job from reset-tlement agency staff or a refugee employment service.Staff at your resettlement agency are experienced in deal-ing with refugee employment. They have helped manyother refugees find their first job in the United States.Discuss your ideas with them, but listen to their advice.They will try to provide a clear picture of the type of jobyou can expect to find with your skills and experience.

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Most newspapers in the United States have 'HelpWanted" or "Employment" sections which list job openings.

In addition, every state has public employment agencieswhich can help you without charging a fee. Your resettle-ment agency can tell you where those offices are located.

Friends, relatives, and members of the refugee communi-ty who arrived before you are also important sources ofinformation about job openings. Ask if they know of anyjob vacancies where they work. Most newspapers in theUnited States have "Help Wanted" or "Employment"sections which list job openings.

There are also private employment agencies whichcharge a fee for helping you find a job. Some of thesefees are quite high, and you should be certain that youunderstand their policies before signing a contract. If youdo not understand, ask your resettlement agency forassistance.

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Day CareIn many American families, both the mother and fatherwork full time. This means they must make arrange-ments for their children to be cared for either all day or,in the case of older children, before or after school.Some schools, employers, and private companies pro-vide this service, but usually the parents must pay a fee.Private individuals can also provide day care at home orin the neighborhood. Your resettlement agency staff canadvise you about day care services in the community.

Types of EmploymentThere are three general types of employment in theUnited States, demanding different levels of experienceor training:

Entry-level jobs are those which require little trainingor experience, such as hotel housekeeper, restauranthelper, or factory worker. They usually pay an hourlywage and don't require a high level of English. Manyrefugees work in these jobs while studying English orlearning other skills.

Skilled labor jobs usually pay more, but require formaltraining, a higher level of English, and a demonstratedskill. Auto mechanic, beautician, electrician, or comput-er repairperson are examples of skilled labor jobs.Generally, skilled jobs pay an hourly or weekly wagewhich is higher than for most entry-level jobs, and evenhigher than for some professional jobs. Many skilled jobsrequire licensing or membership in a union; licensesfrom your homeland may not be accepted.

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Professional jobs usually require at least a collegedegree, advanced English, and specific skills in thatfield. These take a long time to obtain, and may involverepeating training you already had in your homeland.Many professional jobs, such as medicine or dentistry,also require a license or certification for the state inwhich you work. Even if you are licensed in your owncountry, additional study and recertification tests will berequired before you can practice in the United States.Most professional jobs are salaried, which means thatthe pay is a fixed amount for regular weekly or monthlytime worked, rather than an hourly wage.

When developing your short-term and long-termemployment goals, keep in mind that you will probablyhave to work at several different jobs before reachingyour final goal. Perhaps this is different from what youexperienced in your home country, but most Americanschange jobs more than three or four times during theirworking years.

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Pay, Deductions, and BenefitsThere are federal and state wage laws which apply to alltypes of work. Before accepting a job, always determinewhat the regular pay will be. If you don't understand,make sure to ask. In addition to the actual pay, a varietyof benefits may be included. Ask about these also. Onceemployed, you will be required to complete a formwhich reports your earnings to the Internal RevenueService, the government agency which collects taxes.

Your paycheck will be given to you at the end of a regu-lar period of time. This may be every week, every twoweeks, or once a month. Some smaller companies maypay in cash, but you should always receive a pay stub orreceipt that lists all hours worked, gross pay, net pay, anddeductions. The first paycheck can be very confusing toa new worker, so ask a friend, relative, or your resettle-ment agency to explain it to you if you do not under-stand. It is important to check that payment anddeductions have been figured correctly.

Gross pay is the total amount earned during the timeperiod before any deductions are made. Look at the paystub to check that the gross amount matches the wagelevel at which you were hired, multiplied by the numberof hours you actually worked.

Deductions are the amounts taken from your gross payduring a pay period. Most deductions are required by lawand include money for federal income tax, Social Securitytax, Medicare tax, and, in most states, a state income tax.In addition, you may choose to have additional moneydeducted to pay for such things as medical insurance,union dues, life insurance, or a company savings plan.

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Net pay is the amount you actually receive in yourcheck after all deductions have been made.

Benefits are provided either by the employer directly orby the government through the taxes that are deductedfrom your pay as described above.

Health insurance is a benefit an employer may provideeither at no cost to you or by your paying part of thecost. Some companies offer health insurance as a bene-fit to employees after they have worked for a set periodof time, such as three months or six months. In manycases, your family can also be included in the insuranceplan if you pay an additional amount. Not all employerspay health benefits, but many do. Health costs can bequite high in the United States, so this is an importantbenefit to consider.

Additional benefits which may be offered by youremployer include sick leave, vacation time, andretirement plans. Company policies differ greatly, soyou should learn as much as possible about youremployer's policies when you are hired. In some cases,

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benefits change the longer you work for the company.For example, workers who have spent a number of yearswith an employer receive more vacation time thannewer employees. It is important to ask questions ofyour employer's personnel office, resettlement agencystaff, friends, sponsor, or others who can help you gainfull and accurate information about benefit programs.

Other work-related benefits include the three describedbelow.

Social Security is a federal government retirementinsurance program. The cost is shared between theemployer and employee. Social Security benefits arebased on your U.S. wage history and are available toworkers who have contributed to the program throughtaxes.

Unemployment insurance, supported by taxes paid bythe employer, is available to those who lose their jobsthrough reasons outside their control.

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Workers' Compensation is available in most states andprovides some salary and medical coverage for workersinjured on the job.

Employment RightsAs a refugee, you have the same employment rights in theUnited States that every American citizen has. Anemployer may not discriminate against you because ofyour refugee status or deny you a job or a promotionbecause of your age, color, handicap, marital status, ethnicor national origin, race, religion, or sex. There are, howev-er, some jobs that are open only to American citizens,such as most jobs with the Federal government.Employment laws also protect workers from unsafe work-ing conditions and sexual harassment in the workplace.

On the Job: Tips for SuccessResettlement agencies and many refugees find thatthere are several things to keep in mind when you firststart to work in the United States. They are importantnot only in helping you keep your job, but also in help-ing you advance and find better jobs in the future.

Be on time for work. Punctuality is a highly valuedquality in the United States, and you will make a posi-tive impression on your employer if you are always ontime. If you arrive late to work, your pay may bereduced by any time missed. Take time off for illnessonly if you are very sick. Most Americans continueworking if they have a minor cold, and many pridethemselves on never missing a day at work. Always callyour supervisor if you are going to be late or absent forany reason.

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Be friendly with your supervisor and co-workers. Lunchhour and break times can be a good time to socialize.Casual conversation topics in the United States includethe weather, weekend activities, food, and sports. Therewill also be many opportunities to share your culturewith them, especially around traditional holiday periods.

Be productive at work. You can be friendly withoutspending too much time talking to co-workers orfriends. Ask questions if you don't understand the job,but avoid personal conversations and phone calls duringwork time.

Ask questions. If you do not understand something,don't be afraid to ask a co-worker or your supervisor.You will do a better job and your employer will respectyou.

Take the initiative to learn new tasks and responsibili-ties. Advancement in any job can begin with yourdemonstrating an interest or willingness to assumeadditional responsibilities.

You may switch jobs to take a new or better job with adifferent company. However, always give your employerat least two weeks notice. Never quit one job beforefinding a new one, and try to keep the first job at leastsix months to establish a good work history.

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In the United States, education is accessible to every-one, regardless of a person's age, race, religion, or socialclass. Public education is free and required by law for allchildren ages 6 to 16, and may also be available for chil-dren older or younger, depending on local school districtregulations. Alternatively, parents may enroll children inprivate schools, many of which have religious affilia-tions, but tuition at these schools is often expensive.Beyond high school, education can be quite expensive.

Most Americans view education as a way to qualify formore satisfying jobs and improve their standard of liv-ing. After deciding to continue their education, adultsusually continue working full-time and attend courses inthe evening or on the weekend.

Public Education for ChildrenIn American public schools, children from differentracial, religious, and socio-economic backgrounds studyand interact together in classrooms and during out-of-class activities. Children with physical or mental disabil-ities must also attend school. In these cases, the schoolassesses the child's disability and discusses with the par-ents a plan for the child's education.

Children should be enrolled in school as soon as possi-ble after arrival. Your resettlement agency will help withschool enrollment. Most schools require the child'simmunization records and medical histories. Althoughpublic education is free, there are expenses which par-ents pay, such as those for pencils, paper, other supplies,and fees for special activities.

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In general, there are three levels of education. Primaryeducation starts at kindergarten when children are fiveyears old and continues to the end of fifth or sixthgrade. Junior high or middle school follows (usuallygrades six to eight), and senior high school (usuallygrades nine to twelve) is the last level. Students whosuccessfully finish high school receive a high schooldiploma. Newly arriving students are generally placed ina grade on the basis of age and previous academic study.Younger children speaking little English may be placedin a lower grade at first.

Classes usually begin in August or September and endin May or June. Most children attend classes about sixhours a day, Monday through Friday. If the school is toofar from your home for your child to walk, school busesmay provide free transportation to school. Children cantake lunch to school or buy low-cost, nutritious lunchesin the school cafeteria.

School attendance is very important. When studentsmiss school, parents are expected to provide a written

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explanation, and students are expected to make up theschool work they missed.

Boys and girls are taught together in the same class-room in almost all public schools. The American way ofteaching may be very different from that in other coun-tries. Teachers encourage children to learn by thinkingand analyzing more than through rote memorization.Students participate by asking questions and joining indiscussions and activities, even if they do not yet speakmuch English.

There is no national curriculum in the United States;each state and local school district decides what shouldbe taught. In general, however, most students studyEnglish, mathematics, social studies, science, and physi-cal education. Art, music, and foreign languages are alsousually offered. In addition to classes during the regularday, most schools, particularly at the high school level,offer a range of sport and club activities during andafter school hours.

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One of the biggest challenges for children is learningEnglish, especially the language needed for school work,and most learn quickly. Many schools have specialEnglish as a Second Language (ESL) classes for newarrivals; others offer assistance through a special teacheror a tutor. Most newcomers face adjustment problemsin their first year of school. Children may feel lonely atfirst, but as their ability to communicate improves, theymake friends and feel more comfortable at school.

Many students and their parents are surprised by theinformal behavior and dress of American students.American public schools give students freedom to makechoices, but they are also expected to obey school rules.If they break the rules, students may be required to doadditional homework, stay after school, be denied per-mission to participate in certain activities, or be suspend-ed from school for a few days. Physical punishment isnot permitted in most U.S. schools.

Some schools, particularly large ones in big cities, haveproblems with youth gangs and fighting between racial

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or ethnic groups. In some areas, there have also beenproblems with students bringing drugs or weapons toschool. If students feel threatened or confused, theyshould avoid confrontation and talk to a teacher, schoolcounselor, or tutor.

Parents or guardians are expected to play an active rolein the education of their children. They are encouragedto visit the school, get to know their children's teachers,and attend school meetings, even if they do not speakmuch English. Many schools offer information specifi-cally for limited-English-speaking parents. Schools inthe United States. try to help parents understand theirchildren's education.

Education for AdultsMost Americans view education as a life-long process,and many enroll in courses at some time during theiradult life. Because few can afford to quit their jobs andstudy full time, most Americans work at the same timethey are studying.

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While newcomers are expected to work, they can alsopursue their education. Many take English classes.Others seek employment training, although most voca-tional and professional training requires advancedEnglish. Once you are settled into the community, youwill learn more about the educational opportunitiesavailable. You will probably have little opportunity forhigher education during your first year in the UnitedStates. Over time, however, work on an advanceddegree or professional certification is possible. It isimportant that families work together to plan how toobtain and finance education for adults in the family.

English as a Second LanguageMost communities offer English classes through adulteducation programs. These classes are open to everyone.Men and women of different ages, education, and eth-nic background study together. Classes usually focus oncommunication in the community and the workplace.Beginning-level classes usually emphasize the spokenEnglish necessary to meet basic needs and become self-

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sufficient. In intermediate and advanced classes, there ismore attention to grammar, reading, and writing.

Studying with a volunteer tutor is another way to learnEnglish, and can also be a good way to learn aboutAmerican culture and customs. Adult education staff oryour resettlement agency may have information aboutvolunteer tutoring programs. Commercial languageschools also offer English classes, but these are usuallyexpensive.

In addition to ESL classes, adult education programsoffer a variety of classes for the general public. Typicalsubjects include bookkeeping, foreign languages, andcomputer instruction. Most are not designed for stu-dents with limited English. General EducationDevelopment (GED) classes help adults earn highschool diplomas; other classes help with citizenshippreparation. Refugees must pay the same fees as otherresidents for adult education.

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" And that is how I learned I said, I will makeEnglish the key. If the door to the house is locked,

you cannot get in without the key. To understandhow to do in this country, you must have English.

English is the key to unlock the door intoAmerica.

Other Training and Higher EducationVocational and technical schools train people for specif-ic skilled occupations, such as auto mechanics, comput-er programming, and medical and dental assistants.Usually these programs require a high level of Englishand payment of a tuition fee.

There are two major types of higher education in theUnited States: junior or community colleges and univer-sities or colleges. Community colleges offer two-yearprograms which also prepare students for specific voca-tions, such as electronic repair or nursing. Studentsqualify for some licenses in two years, or they can beginin a two-year academic program and then transfer to afour-year program. Colleges or universities offer four-year programs. College students are usually required tocomplete a general curriculum before specializing in afield such as physics, mathematics, or history, or inpreparation for advanced study in law or medicine.These institutions require very high levels of English

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proficiency and may require that non-native speakers ofEnglish pass a language test before enrolling. Highereducation is expensive, but most institutions have afinancial aid office that provides information about stu-dent loans and scholarships.

People with advanced degrees from their native countryin areas such as medicine or engineering may need U.S.recertification before being allowed to practice theirprofession in the United States. This process can beexpensive and take a long time. It requires proof of edu-cation and qualification in the individual's native coun-try, plus qualifying scores on English language tests.Refugees seeking to re-enter their professions frequent-ly take a less-specialized job in their field while theyprepare for recertification. A physician, for example,may work as a laboratory assistant until recertification isobtained.

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Health care in the United States includes a variety ofsystems offering different types of services. It is impor-tant that you ask your resettlement agency for informa-tion on health care in your community.

Soon after arrival in the U.S., you and your family maybe contacted to arrange for a preventive healthscreening. The purpose of this screening is to identifyand treat any health problem which may interfere withyour resettlement, including your ability to obtainemployment or attend classes. The screening, which isfree of charge, may be at a public health office, a com-munity health center, or a doctor's office.

In the U.S., each individual, not the government, isgenerally responsible for paying for health services. Thecost of health care is high, so most people rely on insur-ance programs, often through their employer.

Health insurance can be obtained for a monthly pay-ment. Some employers offer insurance and may pay allor part of the monthly payment. There is usually a wait-ing period from the time you are hired until youbecome eligible for health insurance. There are manyinsurance companies offering different types of pro-grams. Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) arean increasingly common form of insurance program.Through this system, care is provided by a group of pri-vate doctors and clinics. Each member of an HMO hasan assigned doctor who provides primary care and mustapprove any visits to emergency rooms, hospitals, orspecialists. In some situations, the full cost of medicalcare will be paid by the insurance company; in othersyou will be required to pay part of the costs.

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To assist people with low incomes, there are govern-ment programs which cover some medical expenses.The government programs described here may bechanging. Ask staff at your resettlement agency to helpyou obtain accurate, up-to-date information abouthealth services available to you.

Refugees are eligible to apply for Refugee MedicalAssistance(RMA) or Medicaid at a designated localgovernment office. Both programs pay for medical carefor people with low incomes. Applicants must completea form (or forms) that require proof of income andother personal information.

Health care services are different in every community.In most cases, an appointment is required for medical,dental, or mental health care. You will need to learnabout the health services available in your community,some of which are described below.

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The Public Health DepartmentMost offices provideimmunizations against diseases and offer other preven-tive health services, including testing and treatment fortuberculosis. For refugees, these services are free or veryinexpensive. Parents should be sure to check with thePublic Health Department about immunizations fortheir children. All children enrolling in public schoolmust submit proof of receiving required immunizations.

Private doctorsThese physicians provide general andspecialized health care. The doctor's office usuallyrequires proof of ability to pay or insurance informationat the time of appointment. Some doctors work as partof a private clinic or in a group with other general prac-titioners and specialists.

Community clinics or health centersThese are sup-ported by government and private sources. They acceptprivate insurance and Medicaid, or charge fees based onthe uninsured patient's income.

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HospitalsThese institutions may be found in almostevery American community. Doctors or clinics referpatients with special problems to the hospital for testsand surgery. Hospital care is expensive, and hospitalsrequire proof of insurance or ability to pay for thoseservices.

Emergency roomsThese facilities in hospitals orelsewhere are for sudden, extreme health problems.Often busy, emergency rooms require no appointment,but a long wait may be necessary. For most health prob-lems, you should call or make an appointment with adoctor. Use the emergency room only when absolutelynecessary. Emergency care is usually provided regardlessof your insurance or ability to pay.

Ambulance serviceThis service provides transporta-tion and medical help when needed immediately andthere is no other way to take the injured or sick personto receive emergency medical care. Ambulance servicesusually charge a fee after service has been provided.

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Dental careThis is provided through private dentistsand through clinics. Free or low-cost dental services arerare, but may be available through public health or com-munity clinics. Not all health insurance plans includecoverage for dental services.

Mental health careThis can be provided throughprivate doctors and therapists and through clinics. Somemental health services may be available through mutualassistance associations and family service agencies. Someresettlement agencies provide counseling services andcan help you find other mental health services.

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Living expenses in the United States are often high, andrefugees need to be extremely careful about budgeting,saving money, and using credit.

Managing Your incomeIt is essential to know how to manage your moneywhen living on a limited income. Typically, your "fixedexpenses" will be:

RentThis will usually be the largest item and the firstone for which you should budget.

UtilitiesElectricity, gas, water, and garbage collection.Some of these may be included in your rent, but youmay have to pay for one or more separately. Costs forheating or air conditioning fluctuate with the seasons.

FoodWhen possible, shop at larger stores, whereprices are often lower. Compare products to find thebrand that gives more for the best price.

TransportationYou should consider the cost of travelto and from your job each day, shopping trips, and otherroutine transportation needs. In many places, monthlydiscount passes for buses or subways are available.

TelephoneRemember that long distance calls arevery expensive. Long distance calls are generally lessexpensive on Saturday and Sunday and late at night.

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Where to ShopThere are many different types of stores and markets inthe United States, and the sorts of goods and servicesoffered by each vary greatly. Here are five types of shop-ping places:

SupermarketsThese are the most common type offood store. In addition, most also sell cleaning products,cosmetics, magazines, some clothing and householditems, and non-prescription drugs. Many people reducethe cost of shopping by using discount coupons andpurchasing supermarket store brands or brands beingsold at temporarily lower "sale" prices.

Department storesThese stores sell clothing, furni-ture, appliances, hardware, shoes, and other non-fooditems. Some of them are "discount stores," where pricesare lower.

Thrift shopsThese shops sell used items at very reason-able prices. Most people take pride in finding "bargains."

Ethnic foodstoresThese food stores, often ownedand managed by immigrants or former refugees, maybe found in your community or a nearby city if there isa large population of an ethnic group there. You mayfind familiar foods from your homeland in an ethnicfood store.

Yard sales or garage salesThese are advertised inthe newspaper or on signs in the neighborhood. Atthese sales, people sell items from their homes, usuallyat very low prices. They are excellent places to buyhousehold items, furniture, or clothing.

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Sales TaxConsumers in most states pay a sales tax in addition tothe cost of the item. (Some items, such as food or med-icine, may be exempt.) This tax is a percentage of thecost of the item and is calculated at the cash register.The price on an item or on the store shelf usually doesnot include the sales tax.

Other TaxesThe federal, state, and some city governments collectincome taxes. Also, local governments collect propertytaxes on homes, buildings, land, and sometimes person-al property such as automobiles. These taxes help sup-port many of the services used by all residents, includingrefugees.

BankingTo keep their money safe from loss or theft, Americansgenerally keep their money in a financial institutionsuch as a bank, savings and loan association, or creditunion, rather than at home or with them. Financialinstitutions pay interest on the money kept in sometypes of accounts, but usually charge fees for services

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such as checking accounts or credit cards. Most peoplehave a checking account from which they write checksto pay their bills.

Using CreditCredit card purchases and "buying on credit" (buyinggoods or services and paying for them over a period oftime) is common in the United States. Many businessesoffer goods and services on credit to enable people tobuy things they cannot otherwise afford. Newcomersshould be cautious about using credit cards or creditplans to buy such items as appliances, furniture, or auto-mobiles. The total cost of such purchases is especiallyhigh because of interest charges added on to the price.If a purchaser misses a payment, the company can takeback the product without refunding the money alreadypaid, and the purchaser may have problems obtainingcredit or loans in the future. Also, beware of advertisedcredit card schemes that sound "too good to be true."

Refugees should set aside part of their income to repaytheir travel loan. This will help establish a good creditrating in the United States. It is much easier to get aloan if you can show that you have repaid a loan in thepast. Ask your resettlement agency for informationabout how to repay the travel loan.

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Transitional Resettlement Services: A Review"Role of the Resettlement Agency," p. 17, discusses theservices you are entitled to receive from your resettle-ment agency. It is your responsibility to make the bestuse of these services, which are available for only a brieftime. Keep the resettlement agency informed of yourprogress in resettlement, speak candidly with the staffthere about your desires and concerns, and try to beflexible.

"Employment," p. 37, discusses your responsibilities asan employee. Even if your first job is not as profession-ally satisfying as you would like, your performance onthat job will be considered carefully by future employers,so it is critical that you do your best in any job.

"Education," p. 53, discusses the responsibilities of par-ents who have children in school. Try to take an activepart in your child's education.

Laws in the United StatesAs a refugee, you are entitled to many of the samerights as everyone else living in the United States. Allresidents are entitled to protection of these rights inemployment, housing, education, and eligibility for gov-ernment services, regardless of race, religion, ethnicity,national origin, gender, or other differences. Laws in theUnited States are intended to protect your rights. As aresident of the United States, you should have a basicknowledge of your legal rights and responsibilities.

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If you are accused of a crime in the United States, youare considered innocent until proven guilty. You have aright to an attorney who will represent you in court. Ifyou cannot afford an attorney, the court will appointone to represent you. However, if you break the law, theresettlement agency cannot "solve" the problem byintervening.

American Laws That May Differ from Laws inYour Country

In many places in the United States, it is illegal tosmoke in public places such as theaters or offices. Inother places, such as restaurants, people who smokemust remain in designated areas. If you smoke, askyour resettlement agency about the laws in your area.It is illegal to purchase, sell, or use narcotics or otheraddictive drugs and controlled substances. Youshould check with your resettlement agency regard-ing drugs that may have been legal in your homecountry but which are controlled or illegal in theUnited States.

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It is illegal to drive a car if you do not have a U.S.driver's license or if you have been drinking alcohol.Many states have laws regarding the safety of chil-dren in automobiles. For example, parents may berequired to use seatbelts for children and specialsafety seats for infants. There are similar seatbeltlaws for adults.Physical abuse of your spouse or your child is illegal.Sex with minors (under 18 years of age in moststates) is illegal.Offensive comments or behavior ofa sexual naturein the workplace (sexual harassment) is illegal.Male refugees between the ages of 18 and 25 mustregister with the Selective Service, a governmentagency which can call individuals for military service,usually in time of war. At present, all members of theU.S. armed forces are volunteers.In most places, it is not legal to hunt game or fishwithout a license, and you must learn and obey otherlaws relating to these activities.

82 77

Legal Status and CitizenshipAdmission as a refugee allows you to reside permanent-ly in the United States and eventually to apply for citi-zenship. For your first year in the United States, youwill be in refugee status. It is advisable to carry your I-94 card with you at all times as proof of your legal sta-tus. As a refugee, you can:

travel anywhere within the United States,buy property,be employed,attend school, andsponsor your spouse and unmarried children under21 years of age if you have been separated fromthem. If you wish to have your spouse or childrenjoin you in the United States, your resettlementagency will explain the necessary requirements andprocedures to you.

Basic freedoms, such as freedom of speech, freedom ofreligion, and freedom of assembly are protected foreveryone in the United States, including refugees.(Some resettlement agencies are affiliated with religiousgroups, but you are under no obligation to participate intheir religious activities.)

While you hold refugee status, you cannot obtain a U.S.passport, join the military, vote in U.S. elections, or beemployed in government jobs which require U.S. citi-zenship. You may not travel outside the United Stateswithout receiving permission from the INS. If you musttravel overseas, your resettlement agency will explain

78 83

Mghis and nesponsbnMes of Refugees

how to request permission. If you return to your countryof origin while you are a refugee, you may jeopardizeyour refugee status and may not be permitted to re-enter the United States.

After one year in the United States, you can apply tobecome a "permanent resident." Permanent residents cantravel overseas (although they should not stay more thanone year abroad) and can be members of the U.S. mili-tary, but they cannot vote in U.S. elections, work for aforeign government, or hold U.S. government jobs forwhich citizenship is a requirement. Your resettlementagency will explain how to become a permanent resident.

After four and a half years in the United States, you canapply for citizenship. The INS or your resettlementagency can explain the requirements for citizenship.Among them are a good moral character and a basicknowledge of English and of U.S. history and govern-ment. Naturalized citizens enjoy the same rights andprivileges as native-born Americans.

84 79

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The United States is a nation of immigrants whobrought with them a variety of cultural traditions andpractices. This unique diversity means there is no singleuniform "American culture." However, there are certainstandards of behavior which are accepted in the UnitedStates, and they may be different from your own cul-ture. Some of these customs and attitudes may seemstrange or even contradict some of the accepted behav-iors in your country. The process of learning aboutAmerican behaviors and values and coping with them ispart of cultural adjustment. Making this adjustmentdoes not mean you have to give up all aspects of yourcultural identity.

Americans value the principle of equality of all people,whatever their race, religion, gender, or ethnic back-ground, believing that we all should have the samehuman rights and protections. Most Americans hold anegative opinion about people who express prejudice ordiscriminate unfairly against other individuals. There arestrict laws related to housing and the workplace pre-venting discrimination based on race, religion, or ethnicbackground.

The roles of men and women in the United States maydiffer from those in your home country. Americansbelieve in equality of the sexes and value self-sufficiencyand independence for both men and women. You mayfind that roles within your family change, but this is anormal part of the resettlement process. More than oneincome is often essential to meet basic expenses. As a

86

.=

result of this, both parents may need to be employedand to share child care responsibilities.

Laws govern some aspects of relationships within thefamily, such as those that protect women and childrenfrom physical abuse. Domestic violence laws prohibitthe use of physical force against a spouse or familymember. There are also laws which restrict the use ofphysical force in disciplining children. Not taking prop-er care of children can be considered "child neglect,"which may lead to intervention by child protectionagencies.

Many misconceptions about American life exist, partlybecause movies and TV do not present a balanced viewof life in the United States. These media, which usuallyseek to entertain rather than educate, do not generallypresent typical American values, realities, or behavior.All newcomers to the United States arrive with somemisconceptions about this country. You must try to beobservant, flexible, and open to change. A good begin-ning is to ask questions about behavior that puzzles you.

82 87

Cu °two° AclusmauTit

Coping With Culture ShockCulture shock includes the normal feelings of beinghelpless or frustrated in a country where one neitherspeaks the language nor understands the culture.Anyone going to live in a new country will experience acertain degree of culture shock. Symptoms include:

frustration at not being able to accomplish daily taskssuch as shopping or taking public transportation,difficulty in sleeping or feeling tired during the day,irritability or feelings of anger,loss of appetite or feelings of indifference.

These feelings are usually temporary and diminish overtime. Many newcomers to the United States have expe-rienced these feelings and have become stronger andmore capable as they dealt with them. Ways to copewith culture shock vary among cultures and individuals.It may be helpful to get back to a favorite activity or lis-ten to familiar music. One strategy used by nearly allnewcomers is to join groups, particularly mutual assis-tance associations formed by and for a particular nation-ality or ethnic group.

88 83

To rebuild a life requires patience and hard work. Yourdays will be very busy, but the more active you are, andthe more you take responsibility for your own life, themore successful you will be in resettlement.

Tips for Everyday LivingInformalityAmericans tend to be very informal. Insocial situations first names are usually used. In businesssituations, last names are used more often, especiallybefore a formal introduction has taken place. Manysupervisors and most co-workers may prefer to be calledby their first name. Professional titles, such as "Doctor"(Ph.D.) are generally reserved for formal business situa-tions. The smile is very important and is used in greet-ing both friends and strangers.

PunctualityTime is highly valued. Americans try tobe punctual and expect punctuality from others. Makingand keeping appointments is necessary in private andpublic life. If you do not make an appointment before

89as

CuOivro0 AcIPIDstmentr

visiting a business office, you may not be seen, and ifyou cannot keep an appointment or you expect to bemore than 15 minutes late, you should call and explainwhat has detained you.

PrivacyAmericans place a high value on personal pri-vacy, despite the informality of their lifestyle. People sel-dom visit each other's homes without calling ahead orbeing invited first. Financial matters are considered tobe private. It is considered impolite to ask how muchsomeone earns or what he paid for his house, car, etc. Itis also considered impolite to ask personal questions ofsomeone you don't know or have just met.

Personal hygieneMost Americans bathe or showerevery day, brush their teeth often, shampoo their hairvery often, and wash their clothes frequently. There arehundreds of productsdeodorants, mouthwashes,shampoos, and detergentsespecially formulated forthese purposes.

TippingIt is customary to give a tip of 15% or 20% ofthe bill to a waiter in a restaurant or to a taxi driver. It isnot appropriate to give money or tips to a police officeror any government official as thanks for assistance.

SmokingMany Americans do not smoke, and theymay expect others to refrain from smoking in theirhomes or places of work. There are also some restau-rants and other public places, such as stores and publicbuses, where smoking is prohibited, or allowed in onesection only.

AlcoholAlthough alcohol is consumed in the UnitedStates, there are many laws regulating its sale and use.These laws vary from locality to locality, and in someplaces are very strict. In all parts of the U.S., drivingwhile under the influence of alcohol is a serious crime.Doing so may result in imprisonment, fines, and/or lossof your driver's license. Children may not drink untilthey reach the age of 18-21, depending upon locality;nor may young people under these ages buy liquor instores. It is never impolite to refuse to drink liquor inthe U.S.

SafetyAlthough crime and violence exist in theUnited States, the crime rate differs throughout thecountry. No matter where you live, however, you shouldtake basic precautions, such as locking your home andcar, never carrying large amounts of cash with you, andknowing which neighborhoods to avoid at night.

Papers to carryYou should always carry a copy ofyour Form 1-94. You should also always carry the name,address, and phone number of your resettlement agency.If you do not speak English, carry your own telephonenumber and address, or the address and telephone num-ber of anyone you are about to visit.

86 91

CUOIVFOO Aclushmen

(( My feelings about this countryare now very different from whenI first came here. When I was in

Vietnam, I thought coming toAmerica was like heaven or some-

thing. That's what people weretelling me. Now, I don't imagineit's like a heaven. It's just better

than Vietnam.

(( Although we are living inAmerica, we still have the right toremember and keep our traditions.

We still learn about Americanlives and customs. We still copyand follow some of them, but atthe same time we have to knowthat although we don't have ourown country, we still remember,

recognize and treasure our culture.Welcome to all of you who are to

come here. ))

(( You cannot learn everythingabout this life in two months. It

takes years and years.

«I have changed in the pastyear. I don't feel so homesick nowas I was in the beginning and I'mnot afraid of new things anymore.I learned how to get a better job

by learning English.22 87

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Resettlement is a long process. You may need from twoto five years to adjust fully to life in your new commu-nity. Try to be observant and non-judgmental, and setgoals for yourself. Honest communication, patience, anda cooperative attitude toward those trying to helpalong with respect for the American values of self-reliance and independencewill help greatly in youradjustment. Discovering a new culture can be enrichingand fulfilling as well as challenging.

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Refugee Service CenterCenter for Applied Linguistics

1118 - 22nd Street NWWashington, DC 20037

(202) 429-9292fax (202) 659-5641

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