education 4 08-14

PowerPoint Presentation - Slide 1

Why do we go to school?Class: think for a minute or two. We will make a list on the board.1

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Why do we go to school?Because our parents say we have toTo get a good jobTo make more moneyTo get a bigger world viewTo wizen ourselvesTo better participate in a democracy2

What are we taught?

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4How to line upHow to be respectful of authority

5The process of passive consumption

Acceptance of thecurrent social order

The Hidden Curriculum*This is the process in which we learn the norms and values of the status quo. We learn nationalism (flag salute), passive learning (raise hand and be quiet), and other items mentioned already.

*Pierre Bourdieau6

The Hidden CurriculumDoes our school system encourage cooperation or competition? Try this, A cute harmless and inspiring little song from a Pearson Publishing 6th Grade course introduction: If I win that means that's your loss/I guess that makes me the new boss ...7

Cultural CapitalCultural capital is a concept that was conceived by Pierre Bourdieu in the 1960s. It refers to the cultural exposure that a student receives from his/her family in the way of art, music, and literature as well as a world view that is very broad encompassing more of the world. How much one has as a child (according to Borurdieu) has a direct effect upon future socio-economic status (SES). 8

Cultural CapitalHow much cultural capital do you have? Is it the same amount as the wealthy have?

You are accumulating it now. As you pass it on to your offspring they begin with an edge that they might not have had otherwise.

Cultural capital can be acquired through education.

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Social PromotionHow are we promoted through school?Should we be socially promoted or promoted only on merit?

Consider the following link: (note: you must be logged in to EBSCOhost prior to connection)"What if we ended social promotion?See research synopsis in Thomas Homes study on page10

Tracking (within school effects)The process of categorizing students into groups by IQ and achievement scores. The intent is to better facilitate them into higher achievement.The result is labeling and self-fulfilled prophesy.Consider the Rosenthal and Jacobson studyConsider the Jennie Oakes study. (note: if link fails place cursor in address bar to right of address and hit return again.)11

Between school effects:According to the Coleman study (1966) material resources in schools made little difference to educational performance.

The decisive influence was the childrens background.

FROM YOUR EXPERIENCE, DO YOU AGREE?

(Giddens et al, 2008)12

Social Economic Status and EducationThere IS a relationship between social class and wealth to educationthis is not the same as intelligence.Most of a students success is correlates with the parents education. But teachers appear to be the single most important factor in a general sense.So what is causing what?13

Social Economic Status and Education

Look at the following graphs and see how race and ethnicity and class overlap. See the numbers and consider the causes for them. 14

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Can we safely assume that the more education the more income? This graph certainly looks like it. But that was before 2008.

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According to Adjunct Action (2014), adjunct professors in the United States make $3,000 per 3-unit course, on average. This translates to $33,000 per year.

(APA 2015)1 in 5 families of part-time faculty receive Earned Income Tax Credit payments.7 percent of families of part-time faculty members receive food stamp benefits.7 percent of adjuncts and 6 percent of their children receive Medicaid.Families of close to 100,000 part-time faculty members are enrolled in public assistance programs.

(NBC NEWS 2015)

Then why are so many adjunct professors at or below the poverty line?

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Who gets the best education?If primary and secondary education is financed by property taxes, which districts flourish and which dont?

Consider Jonathan Kozol and his comparison of impoverished schools to affluent ones?25

Who gets the best education?

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ContrastSuch extreme contrasts do exist. South Central Los Angeles, East Saint Louis,

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And do we all have access to those resources?30

How is education paid for?

Do you know? Is it OK with you?31

Who pays for educationState taxes (from personal property taxesyour home)mostly for primary and secondary education).Federal funds ( although this is minimal)mostly for primary and secondary education).Tuition for college (your direct cost of education)32

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Who pays for educationShould education be free and tax paid?If so, should this apply to college?Medical school?

Consider Northern Europe: in Denmark a college education is completely free to participating and qualified students.

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PrivatizationSchool vouchers: Government money granted to parents who want their children to attend an alternative to a public school.Home schooling: Teaching your children at home via a qualified curriculum. Charter schools: Private schools that nonetheless receive public money.Religious schools: Private schools that receive public and private money but emphasize a particular religion. 36

The College EducationJohn Merrow (in the film Declining by Degrees, 1995) discusses the following issues:Grade inflationDebt for an educationHaving to work while going to collegeGovernment cuts in education overallLack or lessening of grant opportunitiesDifferent educations for different income bracketsmore ->

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The College Education

Lack of counselingSpecial privileges to special groups (athletes, high school honor students)An eroding social contract (gone is the easy access to a college education as is available in other developed countries)

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Who pays for a college education?

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You do! Note the ratio of decreases in Pell Grants:

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Want to know why?41Who is this guy anyway?

The Governor Ronald ReaganOnce elected, [1966]Mr. Reagan set the educational tone for his administration by: a. calling for an end to free tuition for state college and university students, b. annually demanding 20% across-the-board cuts in higher education funding,[2] c. repeatedly slashing construction funds for state campuses d. engineering the firing of Clark Kerr, the popular President of the University of California, and e. declaring that the state "should not subsidize intellectual curiosity,[3] http://www.newfoundations.com/Clabaugh/CuttingEdge/Reagan.html 42

FurtherMr. Reagan's denunciations of student protesters were both frequent and particularly venomous. He called protesting students "brats," "freaks," and "cowardly fascists." And when it came to "restoring order" on unruly campuses he observed, "If it takes a bloodbath, let's get it over with. No more appeasement!" Several days later four Kent State students were shot to death. In the aftermath of this tragedy Mr. Reagan declared his remark was only a "figure of speech." He added that anyone who was upset by it was "neurotic."[4] One wonders if this reveals him as a demagogue or merely unfeeling.

http://www.newfoundations.com/Clabaugh/CuttingEdge/Reagan.html

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Finally the Nail in the CoffinProposition 13 in 1978 limited property taxes.Section 1. (a) The maximum amount of any ad valorem tax on real property shall not exceed one percent (1%) of the full cash value of such property. The one percent (1%) tax to be collected by the counties and apportioned according to law to the districts within the counties.The proposition decreased property taxes by assessing property values at their 1975 value and restricted annual increases of assessed value of real property to an inflation factor, not to exceed 2% per year. It also prohibited reassessment of a new base year value except for in cases of (a) change in ownership, or (b) completion of new construction.

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Who goes to college?

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Social problemAll of these issues and more compound to make education in the United States a severe social problem.

How does this affect you and your educational experiences?46

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ADDENDUM

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Percentage of 3- to 4-year-old children enrolled in preschool education, by country: 2012 U.S. Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences National Center for Education Statistics

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Charter Schools New Orleans before and after Katrina

It is called Disaster Capitalism

It is now 100 percent. See why:http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mercedes-schneider/on-the-success-of-a-100-c_b_5415246.html 50

A cute harmless and inspiring little song from a Pearson Publishing 6th Grade course introduction:51If I win that means that's your loss/I guess that makes me the new boss ...Stand your ground teachers and parents. It is this very notion of zero-sum competition that is at the heart of nearly every social problem in this country. Competition over cooperation is just fine if you want to see a "last man standing" on the globe at the expense of everyone else. But bear in mind, it probably won't be you. Or me for that matter.

Teaching to the Test:52

ADDENDUM53

54A 2009 study done by Stanford University found that, on average, charter schools perform about the same or worse than their traditional public school virtual twins.

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The Bell Curve controversyResearchers Herrnstein and Murray (1994) did a study that claimed that minority groups and those in lower SES had lower IQs, and that this was about 40 percent genetically based.

Do you recall the concept of social Darwinism?

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The Bell Curve controversyThe eight major claims of the study are:General intelligence exists.At least half of the variation in intelligence is genetically transmitted.Intelligence has become more necessary in the work world than before.Colleges have shifted their entrance priorities away from inherited wealth to those based upon merit.Society is now dominated by a cognitive elite.As the elite forms a social group it reproduces itself through marriage.As well, poor people tend to marry those alike passing on their modest abilities to their children.Because of this genetically passed on intelligence we should see the poor as having higher crime rates and drug abuse.

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Response to The Bell Curve StudyAssertion (1) Intelligence is a single, unitary phenomenon consisting of a "core human mental ability." This "general intelligence" underlies all forms of "complex mental work." 58

Response to The Bell Curve StudyResponse: People may be smart in some respects, in some contexts, and at some tasks, but not in others. Some may have a facility for numbers, others for wordsThe kind of intelligence facilitating high performance in one arena does not necessarily have the same payoff in another. [R]anking on a single intelligence continuum cannot explain much about their social and economic outcomes. 59

Response to The Bell Curve StudyAssertion (2) Standardized intelligence tests provide a precise measure of general intelligence, making it possible to rank individuals on a linear scale according to their intelligence quotient.60

Response to The Bell Curve StudyResponse: There are many kinds of cognitive abilities and many kinds of social endeavors as well, each favoring a somewhat different set of skills and talents. IQ scores, therefore, tell us little about people's overall practical competence, nor do they dictate social and economic destinies.61

Response to The Bell Curve StudyAssertion (3) Intelligence is "substantially inherited," with genes accounting for at least 40 percent and as much as 80 percent of the variation among individuals in cognitive ability. 62

Response to The Bell Curve StudyResponse: The Bell Curve, according to many critics, overestimates the genetic basis and heritability of IQ and underestimates the influence of the social environment. [..] While they claim the heritability of IQ may be as much as 80 percent, other research, drawing on a wider range of studies, suggests a much lower figure, somewhere between 30 and 50 percent. 63

Response to The Bell Curve StudyAssertion (4) People at birth are either blessed or doomed with a level of intelligence that is largely unalterable. Social and educational interventions cannot appreciably raise the cognitive ability of persons born with low IQs.Though it is not impossible to boost IQ, they admit, it is impractical because of insufficient knowledge and limitations in "the available repertoire of social interventions." 64

Response to The Bell Curve StudyResponse: The problem is not that nothing can be done, but that an "inexpensive, reliable method of raising IQ is not available." This is a political, not a scientific, judgment, however65

Icing on the CakeThe ordinary routine of neutral reviewers [peer review] having a month or two to go over the book with care did not occur. Another handpicked group was flown to Washington at the expense of the American Enterprise Institute and given a weekend-long personal briefing on the book's contents by Murray himself just before publication. The result was what you'd expect: The first wave of publicity was either credulous or angry, but short on evidence, because nobody had had time to digest and evaluate the book carefully.

(The Bell Curve Flattened - Slate Magazine 1997)66

Response to The Bell Curve StudyFor a more complete critique of the work of Murray and Herrnstein, see the following link:Critique of the Bell Curve study(NOTE: You must already be logged in to Hartnells EBSCOhost for link to work.)67

FINLAND AND EDUCATION WHY?Finnish students only take one standardized test during their entire primary and secondary schoolingThe Finnish test, called theNational Matriculation Examination,is taken at the end of high school and graded by teachers, not computersThe test also doesn't shy away from controversial or complex topics.

68http://www.businessinsider.com/4-things-finlands-schools-do-better-than-america-2015-4

MORE ON FINLAND:Here are some typical questions, according to Sahlberg:In what sense are happiness, good life and well-being ethical concepts?Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels predicted that a socialist revolution would first happen in countries like Great Britain. What made Marx and Engels claim that and why did a socialist revolution happen in Russia?69

Hours per year teachers required to spend teaching for 2012.70

Telegraph.co.uk

Homework around the world: how much is too much?

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http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/11453912/Homework-around-the-world-how-much-is-too-much.html Note that Shanghai and Finland have about the same PISA rating but what is all the HW about for Singapore?

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