education, homogamy, and inequality a twenty-two year intergenerational perspective of canadian...
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Education, Homogamy, and Inequality
A Twenty-two Year Intergenerational Perspective of Canadian Women and Men
Lesley Andres
University of British Columbia
SLLS, 2010
InterviewsInterviews
Paths on Life’s Way Sample
1989
Interviews with Gr. 12 students
1990
First Follow-up
1993
Second Follow-up
2003
Fourth Follow-up
1998
Third Follow-up
2010
Fifth Follow-up
Phase 1: how young people made choices about post-high school destinations
Phase 2: influence of social and cultural capital on individuals’ eventual educational and occupational attainment
Phase 3: the extent to which various forms of capital were endurable over time
Phase 4: multifaceted nature and sequence of life events, in comparison with Australia
Phase 5: transitions and lives as lived; intergenerational transmission of capital
Data
Post-secondary Education
Work
Background and Household
Health and Wellbeing
Purpose
• the extent to which today’s couples are homogamous
• the changes in homogamy between respondents’ parents and respondents
• how homogamy translates into – levels of family income
– how the current recession had an impact– wellbeing
Theoretical PerspectivesDegree to which individuals of similar social origin and with similar
characteristics marry or partner with each other
• social class, religion, race/ethnicity, education
Educational Homogamy
Increased or decreased educational homogamy?
• higher participation in post-secondary education
• higher labour force participation by women
• ascriptive homogamy vs achievement homogamy
non-Participant
universityparticipant
non-universityparticipant
non-participant
non-univcompleter
univ non-completer
university completer
1989 1993 1998 2003 2010
non-participant
non-participant
non-participant
non-completer
non-completer
non-completer
university completer
university completer
university completer
34%
19%
21%21%
2%
18%
43%
21%
18%
22%
37%
41%
non-univcompleter
non-univcompleter
non-univcompleter
15%
78%
5%24%
71%
10%
85%
7%
5%
non-univnon-completer
Low homogamy Heterogamy
High homogamy
m 100,000f 87,500
m 125,000f 110,000
m 145,000f 120,750
Median income $
Single, < bach Single, bach >
m. 41,000f 37,000
m 62,000f 79,760
Median income $
British Columbia median income all families 65,780couple families 71,880
Canada net worth of family units 35 – 44 135,408
Financially Well Off from 1 Year Ago
Financially Well Off from 1 Year Ago
How did the 2008 Recession Affect You?
Females Males
Low High Low High
No effect 39 56 28 43
Job negative 28 16 17 8
Job positive 3 5 7 10
Two incomes 14 15 2 5
Savings 21 21 22 41
Savings 21 9 2 14
Feeling pinch 15 11 11 4
Negative Effect 54%
Had decrease in yearly salary/benefits/etc.
I still receive the same amount of pay as a teacher, but there were cuts to education . . . . My husband's work was more severely affected
which meant cutting back on the "extras,” as well as less savings.
Job Loss 46%
My husband experience 3 months of reduced/nowork.
My husband has lost his job 2x in past 3 years.
Not my work - my husband's.
Negative Effect 36%
I had to take a 6% wage decrease since last May + my husband’s business he startedin 2007 has been affected as well.
Our office has downsized, additional stress/pressure, less hours not when wanted.
Job Loss 64%
Have been on and off E.I. Currently on EI waiting for economy to turn around. Relationship of 21 years split up.
My husband was laid off in 2008 & with this our main income disappeared.
While our total family earnings + my own business were negatively affected, a sharp decline in real estate prices allowed us to afford the home we wanted, and a car. (high homogamy female)
My career changed for personal reasons and has not affected my ability to earn an income. The negative side is we can’t sell our expensive house and that is affecting our finances. But we did take a significant advantage in the stock market after it crashed but that’s all in [retirement savings]. (low homogamy female)
14% High Homogamy25% Heterogamy 2% Low Homogamy
Low mortgage rates allowed for lower payments.
There was a small +ve effect on my RRSP because of investments I made at the bottom.
My family is currently shopping for U.S. vacation property… low prices & a strong Cdn dollar should prove very beneficial.
Challenges
•untangling quantitative and qualitative findings to be true to people’s lives
•complementarity of mixed methods approaches
•adding other dimensions of the life course across time
CooperativeSkills
Culture
EducationalEnrichment
comlit03
readsk03
mathlit03
scilit03
closefr03
largefr03
coopsk03
compks03
expcul03
knocul03
knosoc03
othlan03
french03
spelea03
finart03
edenr03
ledopot03
AcademicLiteracy
AcademicLiteracy
0.30
0.76
0.55
0.36
0.61
0.59
LISREL 2 (107)=177.71 <.001; RMSEA=.041
3rd Generation
Transmission of Capitalto Paths Respondents’ Children
CulturalCapital
PrimarySocialCapital
AcademicCapital
Dispositions1989
Post-secondary
Status
Dispositions1998
0.15
0.33
0.79
0.11 0.09
0.62
0.27
LISREL 2 (530)=717.36 <.001; RMSEA=.031
-0.0
1
AcademicLiteracy
CooperativeSkills
Culture
EducationalEnrichment
0.40
0.13
0.12
-0.03
0.10
0.2
0