educational project for loreto
TRANSCRIPT
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“LORETO REAL” EDUCATIONAL COMPLETED PROJECT
Autonomic and Free Region School of Leadership
2006-2008
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Executing Entity:
Instituto de Libre Empresa
(Free Enterprise Institute)
Civil Association
Web: www.ileperu.org
Project Director:
José Luis Tapia Rocha
General Manager
Email: [email protected]
Telephone/Fax: 511 592-1175
Calle Barajas 522, San Borja, Lima, Peru
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INDEX
What is ILE and what does it do?......................................................................
Summary of the Loreto Project “REAL”
Objectives………………………………………………………………………..
Loreto people are able to…..…………………………………………………….
Loreto people can have…………………………………………………………..
Strengths of Loreto………………………………………………………………
Causes of Loreto’s underdevelopment …………………………………………..
How to obtain wealth?...........................................................................................
In order to reach prosperity, the project requires aiming………………………...
Bill creating the ZDE for Loreto…………….…………………………………..
School of Leadership - Cadre training program 2006-2007
for the Loreto Project “REAL”………………………………………………..
Objectives, great topics, schedule and evaluation……………………………….
Methodology……………………………………………………………………..
Entities participating in the Project………………………………………………
Compulsory Bibliography...……………………………………………………...
Plan of Liberal Government: Letter of the 11 rights
Part I: Recitals and Foundations
1. Self-determination and social systems……………………...…………………
2. Free Enterprise System…..................................................................................
3. Public and private spheres…………..………………………………...............
4. Interpretation of this Letter…………………………..………………………..
Part II: The 11 rights
Section I: Within the public sphere of politics, the right to a
limited and respectful government……………………………………………
Art. 1. Right to a government which meet its functions……….........…………..
Art. 2. Right to a respectful government…………………………….…………...
Art. 3. Right to a neutral State…………………………………………………...
Art. 4. Right to moderate taxes…………………………………………………..
Art. 5. Right to a government exempt from debts……………………………….
Section II: Within the private sphere of economy, the right for free markets
of monopolies and oligopolies…………………………………………………..
Art. 6. Right to use a freely-chosen currency…………….…………………….…
Art 7. Right to participate in the privatizations of assets and state enterprises…..
Art. 8. Right to compete in open markets exempt from state regulations………..
Art. 9. Right to have institutions, groups and associations such as unions,
media, political government, churches and religious congregations which
are totally free from any type of state meddling………………………………….
Art. 10. Right to be involved in the state institutions privatizations
of teaching, medical care and prevention services………………….…………….
Art.11. Right to coupons for education, medical care, prevention
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in case of extreme poverty……………………………………………………….
Objectives of the Latin American Liberal Conference
Anti-system choices………………………………………………………...……
The classical liberalism…………………………………………………………..
The statement of objectives……………………………………………………...
1. Politics……………………………………………………………………
2. Liberal measures…………………………………………………………
3. Legal, constitutional reforms and autonomies…………………………..
4. The letter of the 11 rights..........................................................................
5. Philosophy and religion…………………………………………………
6. Massive liberal political education and activism………………………...
7. Network or resources pool ………………………………………………
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About the Free Enterprise Institute (ILE)
What is ILE?
The civil association “Institute of Free Enterprise” is a non- profit making private-oriented centre
founded in 1998 which promotes free enterprise ideas in Peru, in order to achieve the actual
progress of the country as a whole, the improvement in the business environment, an essential
and quick improvement in the levels of Peruvian lifestyles, as a result of the application and
practice of values and virtues of the State which is limited to the execution of its essential
functions, and to the fulfilment of private property, the free market and open competence and
individual and business freedoms.
What are its objective and its reason of existence?
ILE promotes values of free enterprise to entrepreneurs, businesses, scholars and professionals
through training, diffusion and research.
It strives to achieve the public recognition of individuals and enterprises’ moral rights to incomes
and revenues they earn (profits); to an improvement of the economic welfare of businessmen,
enterprise and working people through individual liberty (“right for progress”); and to expect
security, justice and sufficient public works; without avoiding or diminishing the social activities
and private economic systems which are not violent or fraud. These are able to produce and to
distribute wealth and welfare, as long as they are put into practice within an institutional and
legal environment of such values and principles.
Which are the means and instruments through ILE carries out actions?
In ILE, we believe in objective truths and trust their convincing power. For that reason, we work
through four programs: events and training; business leadership; institutional relationships and
media. The activities consist of study groups, workshops, conferences, forums, seminars and
publications. We talk and interchange information from other organizations in order to promote a
free-enterprise capitalist and open society where all people can undertake and execute personal
projects, earn money and enjoy freely and peacefully the fruits of our honest efforts, our service
support and our creativity.
What does ILE want for Peru?
Three aims: a limited State; free markets; and free institutions separated from the government
and politics. Likewise, ILE wants a change of cultural values and standards, starting with a
public recognition of the moral role of businessmen and their rights to gain profits.
What does ILE do in order to preserve its independence?
It does not accept any government funds. The donations are offered by companies, individuals
and also ILE has other incomes obtained through publication sales and services.
Work Areas
Nº1. REPOSITIONING STATE. Focus of the state actions for security, justice and public
works and re-allocate the public expenses for these purposes in order to eliminate the unfair
competence of the state observed in the several business activities hence these must be
privatized.
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Nº 2. UNTAXATION. All the economic activities of society are enriched through the cutting
and elimination of taxes; individuals, workers and enterprising people are benefited by
increasing their capacity for consumption, saving and private investment.
Nº 3. DEFLATIONS. The sustainable decrease of the price and cost levels is absolutely
possible to achieve while the companies raise their sales and national and international
competitiveness – with the increase of employment. Thus, the progress of the country will not
stop and there will be abundance of high-quality goods and services at low prices.
Nº4. DEREGULATIONS. The increase in number, size and competence between companies
are carried out through the elimination of excessive regulations.
Nº 5. BUSINESS ETHICS. The profits can not be considered ethical but the means to achieve
them can. Therefore, any business is moral provided that they neither imply violence, coercion or
fraud nor attempt against people’s life, their integrity, property and liberties. On the contrary,
businesses are actually immoral when they accept privileges, allowances, monopolies and any
entrance barrier into the market, imposed against the competitors by the State.
DIRECTORS AND FOUNDERS
José Luis Tapia Rocha (1965). Executive Director and Founder of the Instituto de Libre
Empresa (Free Enterprise Institute). Graduate in Economics at Ricardo Palma University with
post graduate studies in strategic management in Lima and in Foreign Trade in South Korea. He
is a professor of economics at the School Business Administration of University of San Martin
de Porres and San Juan Bautista. He has a broad professional expertise in the public and private
sector for over a decade. He has worked as an economical advisor in the ex Vice Ministry of
Integration and Foreign Trade Affairs, dealing with subjects related to the World Organization of
Commerce. He has been involved in the opinion journalism for five years in daily newspapers
such as Síntesis, Gestión, Expreso, Correo. Currently, he writes in his column La Salida in La
Primera. He has hosted radio and TV programs between 2003 and 2005.
Myriam Janet Ortiz Herrera (1970). - Director of Economics and co-founder of ILE. She has a
Master degree in University Education and she got a professional title as economist. She is a
professor at the School Business Administration and Communications of the Private University
San Juan Bautista and at University San Martin de Porres. She enjoys professional expertise in
execution of investment projects. She hosted radio and TV liberal programs between 2003 and
2005.
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LORETO “REAL” EDUCATIONAL PROJECT
May 2006- August 2008
The Loreto Project “Real” is a plan which pursues to transform this region into a prosperity
emporium through a principle-based framework which allows the rule of a free market and a
maximum individual freedom. The project aims to train people in order to transform the Loreto
Region into a Región Autónoma y Libre (Autonomic and Free Region “REAL”) with its own
government and statutes, enjoying all the rights and features of an independently administrated
territory.
Objectives: 1. This project does not seek to separate the Loreto Region from the rest of Peru but to get it
administrated with autonomy and economic freedom.
2. Make ethnic groups and nations comprised in this region in order to recover their own self-
esteem and, for first time after several centuries, they can enjoy the liberty to choose their
destiny.
3. Show that through the most humane juridical-institutional framework, it is possible to
transform one of the worst regions of Peru into a paradise undergoing a material, intellectual,
spiritual and environmental progress.
Loreto people can:
1. Put an end to poverty and unemployment.
2. Minimize the existing crime
3. Reach high levels of welfare and competitiveness
4. Overcome racism and discrimination
Loreto can have:
1. An luxury international airport
2. Millionaire commerce volumes
3. Efficient and economical airports
4. High-level roads
5. Excellent healthcare centres
6. Incomparable phone services
7. Dignified houses for everyone
8. Abundant and cheap goods and services.
Loreto’s Strengths:
Natural Resources: Its climate and excellent soils are perfect for numerous options regarding
livestock, agriculture, mining, oil and fishery.
Tourism:
Its climate, its landscapes, the Amazonas River and the wide range of natural resources are
perfect for the receptive tourism.
Services:
Due to its strategic location, Loreto may become a main centre for trade, air and land
transportation, finance, insurance and telecommunication services between Brazil and Peru.
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Causes of Underdevelopment of Loreto:
Until now, Loreto has not taken off, mainly due to several reasons which include its bad politics
boosted by the central government.
1. Economic interventional politics
2. Restraints to international commerce
3. Monopolization of the markets
4. Excessive regulations for the economic activities
5. Imposition of excessive taxes
6. A low private investment
7. Currency devaluation
8. Lack of rights of the individual property
9. Weakness and inefficacy of the market institutions.
How to obtain wealth?
In order to materialize all the Loreto’s potentials, it is required to attempt economy liberty. It is
already shown that the less taxes, business and personal restraints, state control and meddling in
the trade affairs exist; the bigger prosperity will be achieved. Hong Kong, Singapore, The
Cayman Islands, The Bahamas and other countries have staked on economical liberty
successfully.
In order to achieve PROSPERITY, the project requires attaining:
1. A thinking and attitude change
2. Uphold the individual rights
3. Eliminate the obligatory issuance of the official currency
4. Totally liberate commerce between Loreto and the rest of the world.
5. Eradicate the unnecessary regulations
6. Replace taxes with payments according to services rendered.
7. Transfer the state companies to Loreto’s people
The means to achieve prosperity are:
The Congress approval for the Law creating the Special Development Zone for Loreto. To intend
sanctioning an autonomic statute comprising free- market laws and rules through a political act
(covenant) among Loreto people.
Before we need to train potential political leaders to change of political environment and to gain
political support among people of Loreto. With those people in political arena, can change laws
and political ideas according with free market system. The School of Political Leadership is the
pivot of Loreto Real project to transform the region in a prosperous and wealth part of Peru.
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Bill creating the ZDE for Loreto
Bill Nº.00……/20….CR
……..……,…………………………………………………………………..
And ………………., Congressmen of the Republic, representatives of the Loreto Region, in
accordance to the Article 107º of the Constitution of Peru and to the Article Nº 75 of the
Congress of the Republic, hereby submit the following:
BILL
LAW CREATING THE SPECIAL
DEVELOPMENT ZONE OF LORETO
Recitals,
Whereas, if sanctioned, this legal text will not affect the legal ordinance of the whole Peruvian
territory, except for the Loreto Region, in accordance to the articles.
Whereas, the proposed rule is based on the principles and constitutional articles mentioned in
the Foundations and Reasons of this Bill.
Whereas, the present bill does not aim to separate Loreto Region from the rest of Peru but to
make this region administrated in an autonomic way and with an economic freedom.
Whereas, it intends to make the ethnic groups and nations of Loreto Region recuperate their
self-esteem and that, for first time after many centuries, they can live in real freedom to choose
their own destiny.
Whereas, it aims to demonstrate that it is possible to transform one of the worst regions of Peru
into a paradise which enjoys a material, intellectual, spiritual and environmental progress via a
more humane juridical-institutional framework.
Whereas, the present bill will have a demonstrative effect that other regions can also apply for
the legal vacancy in accordance to the above mentioned recitals.
THEREFORE,
THE CONGRESS OF THE REPUBLIC
HAS PASSED THE FOLLOWING LAW:
BILL
“LAW CREATING THE SPECIAL DEVELOPMENT ZONE IN THE LORETO
REGION”
Article 1. Zone of Special Development
The Loreto Region becomes a Special Development Zone, Zona de Desarrollo Especial (ZDE),
under the system of individual rights, a private initiative and of free market.
Article 2. Equality of Individual Rights
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All the people of the ZDE are recognized equal before law and are gifted by God inalienable
rights of life, freedom and property. There is no other type of equality and other human rights
that are opposed to the above three subject rights; where the rights of each individual limit the
equal rights of the other people.
Article 3. Freedoms
Under the principle established in the final part of the previous article, the entire and effective
validity of the human freedoms are recognized within ZDE. These freedoms include:
1. Working, making business and enterprises; maintaining the whole result of one’s own
productive activity and creativity and having them at one’s disposal.
2. Expressing thoughts, opinions and beliefs in a free way.
3. Teaching, learning and practicing arts and occupations
4. Transition, settlement and association
5. Defending people and property against offences.
Article 4. Principles
In ZDE, the following principles are substantial:
1. Government which are limited to perform their own functions: restrictive functions of the
real crimes -violence and fraud against people and properties-; judicial functions and
genuinely public work contracts. Another function is to administrate restitutive or
compensatory justice instead of purely vindictive justice.
2. Markets free from violence and fraud, enjoying a total contracting freedom.
3. Social institutions which are autonomic and independent from power and politics.
Companies, schools, healthcare centres and institutions of culture, sports, sciences,
recreation, religion and philanthropy are of exclusively private-nature and are strictly
separated from State and government powers.
Article 5. Good Laws
The ZDE is ruled by the Civil, Commerce, and Penalty Codes and by the respective procedural
laws which ordinances will be compatible with the rights, freedoms and principles established in
the above articles; and when the ordinances are not in accordance with these, any rule or
disposition will be inapplicable in the ZDE.
Article 6. Individuals, activities and goods
The following principles are also substantial in the ZDE:
1. Individuals and activities are free. Any special law, rule or disposition contrary to the
above articles or to the liberal spirit of this Letter, whether in the whole or in part of their
content depending on nature of contradiction, will be inapplicable in the ZDE.
2. The goods available in the ZDE, or in transit to or from this zone –of whatever origin or
destiny –are also exempt from any taxation, obligation, burden which are contrary to this
Law.
Article 7. Government and Public Treasure
The ZDE refuses and declines any kind of help, subvention or participation in the National
Public Treasure. As a reward for this refusal, the following rights are recognized:
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1. Paying taxes, only in the necessary amounts, to the National Tax Administration in order to
financially support the functions that the State can effectively perform in the ZDE, in the
terms of the article 4, numeral 1.
2. Substituting execution of such functions performed by the regional authority.
3. Provide in concession certain national goods and properties located in the ZDE, which
include lands, ways and roads, schools and hospitals furnished with appropriate facilities
and equipments.
Article 8. Validity term
This law has a 7-year validity, which can or can not be extended to a similar term after every 7
years, in accordance to the express will of people and as long as the expected results of this law
application can be observed.
Article 9. Agreement
Complementary dispositions of this Law will be arranged and will agree with domestic
authorities, being established through a Writ of Agreement for the ZDE.
Article 10. Legal Effects
Any disposition contrary to this law must be revoked.
Lima………….………., 20………
Signed by
………………………………………Congressman of Frente de Centro
……………………………………… Congressman of Perú Posible
……………………………………… Congressman of Alianza por el Futuro
……………………………………… Congressman of UPP
……………………………………… Congressman of Restauración Nacional
……………………………………… Congressman of Unidad Nacional
PURPOSE ARTICLE
The population of the Loreto Region is very disappointed and frustrated after having listened to
many populist and state promises for over many decades.
People have realized that they are mere fantastic and unfeasible dreams. Despite their good
intentions, these promises are not fulfilled because they can not be fulfilled due to their nature
contrary to the immutable laws of nature, society, economy and government.
However, they have learned that such projects and plans are materialized in bad laws which take
power and capital away from them. These dreams end by turning into nightmares, which cause
stagnation, unemployment, poverty and backwardness.
People consider that the National Constitution protects and upholds the supreme principle based
on the respect for the human being dignity, which is contained in its Article 1. Consequently, the
current Constitution recognizes in the same way other rights related to: the equality before Law
and individuals (Art. 2); the free private initiative (Art. 58), the creation of wealth and economic
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liberties (Art. 59); a free competence (Art. 61); the private property (Art. 60º), and the regional
decentralization (Art. 188º), among others.
Therefore, Loreto people think it is completely fair to recover their rights and capabilities, thus
agreeing with the National Government in the following articles.
COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS
Given the evident and revealed superiority of the free market system, the effect of the subject
Law will be boosting the creation of wealth, prosperity and welfare for all the population of
Loreto Region. This result will cause, in turn, a positive effect in all over Peru.
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LORETO REAL EDUCATIONAL PROJECT
Cadre Training Program 2006-2007
Mayo 2006- August 2008
OBJECTIVE
Train and develop skills and design strategies which help to strengthen the human capital of the
organizations, and liberal movement in order to achieve the growth and a better development of
the political environment of a country.
GREAT TOPICS DIVIDED INTO MODULES:
Politics: 1.Liberalism – Philosophy – Ideology - Doctrine. 2. Liberalism sources – Austrian
Economics School – Methodological Individualism – Economics and Law. 3. Private Property –
Origin – Implications and Consequences. 4. Property Rights – Life Rights – Iusnaturalism,
Contractarianism – Utilitarism. 5. - Individualism – Colectivism. 6. The State –Origin –
Implications –Limits 7.-Democracy – Government of Majority – Limited Government. 8-
Democracy – Redistribution –Destruction of Property. 9- Positive Liberty – Negative Liberty.
10. - Liberal Government – Democratic Government. 11. Enemies of Liberty – Social
Democracy – Social Christianity – Socialism – Marxism. 12. Common Welfare – Social Justice
–Distributive Justice.
Economics: What is a free market?. Foundations of economic behaviour. Offer and Demand.
Monopoly and competence. Costs. Theory of Business Enterprise, Factors of the production:
Natural Resources, Manpower, Capital and Entrepreneurship. Added Offer and Demand and
Economic Cycle. Ideas and interest groups concerning economy and public policies. Capture
Theory, Antimonopoly and Rent Seeking. Public Policies, Public Election and Regulation. The
knowledge problem in public policies and enterprise activities. Critical Analysis of
Interventionism. Market Failures?, Austrian Economics School, Analysis of healthcare,
commerce, education, currency, banking policies and others. Eliminating the great myths about
economy and politics.
History: History of Liberalism. Great Achievements and Liberal Politicians who made history.
Economic History & Peruvian and World Politics.
Law: Law and privileges, and an iusnaturalist approach of liberalism. The relationships between
Law and Economics. Law: Spontaneous Juridical Order I. Praxeology. Social Science. Rules and
Institutions. Law: Spontaneous juridical Order II: Competitive Nature of the Law Sources. Law
and Legislation. Property. Coase`s Theorem. Contract Law. Civil Law: Theory and Reality.
Competence Law. Neoclassical Foundation vs. Austrian Perspective. (Racionalist) Legislation
and economics. Cases such as BCR, labour market, education.
Political and Electoral Engineering: Network Strategy. Community-based Organizations.
Local Agenda. Liberal Communication. Political and Electoral Strategies. Design and Making
liberal agendas in community-based organizations. Electoral Legislation. Calls for Referendums
and Plebiscites. Registrations of political movements. Presidential, council and regional
elections. Alliances. Fronts.
Leadership: How to lead people?. How to designate tasks?. How to generate effective
meetings?. How to organize successful political events?. How to make effective presentations?.
How is the current political participation of young people?. Political diagnosis of Loreto in 3D.
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Opportunity of a political leadership: participative budget. Opportunity of a political leadership:
citizenship security. How to develop a strategic plan of political communication?. Making the
electoral campaign: Loreto Real.
Organization: Fundraising. Administration, planning and management principles for political
organizations.
SCHEDULE:
Monday through Friday, 9:30 - 12:30 p.m & 3:30 to 6:30 p.m.
Saturdays, 10:00 a.m. - 12:30 p.m. & 3:00 - 7:30 p.m.
EVALUATION
The lecturers will be free to evaluate following the methodology that can best be applied to these
potential cadres. This constitutes an admission requirement for the rest of the 9-month period.
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LORETO “REAL” EDUCATIONAL PROJECT
The Loreto Real Project (Autonomic and Free Region) – Cadres Training is comprised in
the mission of Free Enterprise Institute which claims “ILE promotes values of free enterprise to
entrepreneurs, businesses, scholars and professionals through training, difussion and research.
ILE is limited to help achieving the following strategic objectives: 1) Reassign the natural
functions to the State, 2) Untax the economic activities, 3) Deflate prices and costs, 4)
Unregulate the enterprising activities and 5) Emphasize the enterprise ethics.
One of ILE´s programs is training, having as a purpose searching leaders who boost the free
enterprise system in the country or regions based on the approach from Hans Hermann-Hope, so-
called autonomic liberalism. The Autonomic Liberalism intends that the liberal people can reach
a legislative, tax, economic, administrative and political autonomy of a particular region. This
means that it is necessary the political and social support of the organized population in the
favoured region. The Hispanic American Liberal Conference is impelling the Autonomic Statute for
any Latin American region, which is inspired in the Letter of the 11 Rights..
At this initial stage, the project consists of the training of 10 cadres for one calendar year. This
training strengthens regional leaders who will raise the flag of liberty, private property, free
markets and limited governments in the region.
In order to achieve this goal, they should be cadres who are highly prepared to face any kind of
circumstances. This preparation does not only imply doctrine but also leadership, organization,
strategy and fund raising.
When the 10 cadres` training is finished, they will have to get back to their region with a totally
strong determination to form a regional political movement in order to accomplish the autonomic
liberalism of the region. The economic and naturally political result will be achieving wealth and
freedom with the presence of justice.
The methodology to be applied is pyramidal. First, the cadres must transmit the same message
and training given to them, by organizing in cellules some study groups with other 10 potential
cadres so that they can, in turn, do the same with another 10 potential cadres. At the end,
reaching 100 potential cadres will be enough to make this small army distribute their tasks into
organized sectors of the society.
We have support of 300 churches leaded by Pastor Elias Valles, a bishop of Loreto. This
organizational infrastructure lets project to begin it process of disseminating in this region. Each
pastor has 100-300 people who follows him and is very important to get support him. For this
purpose we have regular contact with pastor through seminars to persuade to support the project.
This project consider that it is necessary a 3-month trial period for cadre candidates in order to
select those who meet the requirements and, consequently extend their participation for 9
additional months. The total educational project period is 36 months which is not renewable.
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LORETO “REAL” EDUCATIONAL PROJECT
Training Program 2006-2008
ENTITY PARTICIPATING IN THE PROJECT
Executing entity:
Instituto de Libre Empresa (Free Enterprise Institute) (www.ileperu.org)
Responsible: José Luis Tapia Rocha, General Manager
TRAINEES OF SCHOOL OF LEADERSHIP
Johnny Rafael Coquinche Chumbe
Luis Daniel Montes Valles
Marco Orbe B.
Neizer Max H.
Elías Sánchez Sh.
Alberto Angulo M
David Canayo Ch.
Rubén Manrique E.
Jimmy Zaragoza
Ramiro Celis G.
Caleb Paredes A.
Juan Luis Alvarado
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LORETO “REAL” EDUCATIONAL PROJECT
Training Program 2006-2008
MANDATORY BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Public Studies, 1990.
Jesús Huerta de Soto, Socialismo, Cálculo económico y función empresarial (Socialism,
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Jesús Huerta de Soto, La Escuela Austríaca: Mercado y Creatividad Empresarial (The
Austrian School: Market and Enterprise Creativity).
Douglas Hyde.Dedication and Leadership, 12th Edition 2005,USA.189 pgs.
Israel M. Kirzner, Competencia y Empresarialidad, (Competente and Entrepreneurship),
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Pierre Lemieux, Individual Sovereignty. Foundations and Consequences of the New Liberalism,
Spain: Unión Editorial, S.A. 1992.
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Isaiah Berlín, Dos Conceptos de Libertad (Two Concepts about Liberty) – IPL – Lima –Peru -
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Principles) – IPL – Lima – Peru – 2004.
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Murray Rothbard –Property and Interchange – FOR A NEW LIBERTY “LIBERTARIAN
MANIFESTO” – Macmillan Publishing Co. – New York – 2004.
Jacob Hornberger – Visión de una Sociedad Libre ( Vision of a Free Society) – ILE - Lima –
Peru - 2001.
Friedrich Hayek – Individualism and Colectivism -THE ROAD TO SERFDOM –Unión
Editorial – Madrid –Spain -2004.
Mariano Grondona – Chapter 1 John Locke – THE THINKERS OF LIBERTY – Buenos Aires
– Argentina – Editorial Sudamericana – 1994.
Mario Grondona – Chapter 7 Juan Bautista Alberdi – THE THINKERS OF LIBERTY –
Buenos Aires – Argentina – Editorial Sudamericana- 1994.
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Buenos Aires – Argentina – Editorial Sudamericana -1994.
Mario Grondona – Chapter 3 – The Federalist. THE THINKER OF LIBERTY Buenos Aires –
Argentina – Editorial Sudamericana -1994.
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Spain – Unión Editorial -2004.
Murray Rothbard – State against Nature –THE ETHICS OF LIBERTY, Madrid, Spain –Unión
Editorial -2004-
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IN AMERICA –Madrid –Spain – Ediciones Aguilar -1971.
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MONARCHY, DEMOCRACY AND NATURAL ORDER –Madrid –Spain –Ediciones Gondo –
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–Argentina – Editorial Agora -1959.
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Joseph Schumpeter – Can Socialism work? CAPITALISM, SOCIALISM AND
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ODCA. Doctrinary Sources of Christian Democracy – Gutemberg Martinez- Santiago- Chile –
Ediciones ODCA -2002.
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LETTER OF THE 11 RIGHTS
We, the above subscribers, members of the Latin America Liberal Conference, acting as
representatives of our respective groups, parties and institutions, hereby submit The Letter of
Rights, subscribed below jointly with their previous Recitals and Foundations for public opinion
in our countries, in countries of America and of the rest of the world.
For a long time, we, the classical liberals, have lacked a concrete political program to offer,
which can comprise our principles and doctrines, and at the same time, which can be easily
recognized, understandable and attractive to people and applicable in a short time period. Hence,
our thesis have been distorted, deformed, confused and misunderstood by our opponents, by our
followers and by the indifferent people as well.
However, nowadays we have this Political Program: THE 11 RIGHTS.
Our Political Program represents in the XXIst century what the Spanish Law of the 7 Divisions
represented in XIIth century, or the Magna Charter in XIIIrd century, the English Provisions of
Oxford, the Bill of Rights and The United States´ Constitution in 1776 in the New World, or the
Spanish Constitution of Cadiz in 1820.
In the following lines, we present:
Part I: FOUNDATIONS
1. Self-Determination and Social and Government Systems. Whereas, people are free to
choose and adopt their social system and their preferred government in accordance with the
principle of Self-Determination of People - liberty so-called sovereignty. Whereas, the respect to
reality is the best philosophy. Whereas, as an objective evidence and for sufficient reason, the
Free Enterprise is the best System of Government, Economy and Social Coexistence and the
most appropriate system for achieving progress, welfare and freedom of people for justice, order,
peace and harmony. Therefore, people choose with sovereignty the Free Enterprise System and
adopt its principles and rules like theirs.
2. The Free Enterprise System. This system, also called The Free Market or Classical
Liberal System, is composed of the essential and featuring elements of its nature:
A. In a political order of society: a limited and respectful government which performs their
own natural functions and which is limited only to such functions, moderating its power and
expenses.
B. In the economical order of society: markets free from monopolies and oligopolies. This
means they are free from privilege positions and from state meddling which grants, causes or
creates these positions.
C. In the spiritual, ethical, cultural order of society: Some private institutions which are
separated from State and consequently, not subject to power and politics.
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3. Public and Private Spheres. Considering that any Constitutional Letter is an Agreement
of Limits between a country´s society and the state – that is to say, a separation of public and
private spheres, this Letter outlines them as follows:
A. In the political order, Only State Powers, Government and the opposition to it belong to
the public sphere; while the rest of the elements of the political reality belongs to the private
sphere of politics: parties, associations, groups, currents of opinion as long as they have a
political involvement.
B. In the economic order, the public sphere of economy only includes the Public Finance:
the State expenses for achieving its own and natural functions, the taxes collected in order to
support such functions. Likewise, the state debt certificates and others – business, enterprises,
markets, etc, even currency - belong to the private sphere of the economy.
C. In the spiritual, ethical and cultural order, This is basically banned for the State action,
and almost concerning to the private sphere. This aspect is free from the meddling of authorities,
except for the manifest and patent crimes. It is about individuals and their family, their
education, physical and intellectual life, information, health and moral care, related associations
among others, having the following private realities: sports, science and technology, recreation,
art and culture, religion. In this aspect of the social reality, the public sphere is only related to the
morality of the state administrations and to the justice of the Magistrates` decisions.
4. Interpretation of this Letter: The previous principle based on the separation between
private and public is a valid criterion for the interpretation of this Letter in all its content. The
principles and concepts featuring the Free Enterprise system are also valid interpretative criteria,
in the way they are presented through the Realistic Philosophy, The Austrian School and other
Schools of Economics, associated to this system and to the constitutional tradition of the
Classical Liberalism.
Part II: LETTER OF THE 11 RIGHTS:
The constitutionals inalienable, imprescribable and mandatory human rights of the citizens are:
Section I
In the public environment of politics, the rights for a limited and respectful government.
This right is based on the political and democratic liberties of the citizens and includes the
followings rights.
Art. 1. Right for a Government who commits to its functions. Paragraph One. The own
natural functions of the State are three:
a) To offer external and internal security for people`s property, and their individual rights and
liberties.
b) To manage impartial and expeditious public justice that helps to solve disputes, and which
forces guilty people of crimes to make restitutions or compensation to their victims.
c) To make contracts for the execution and maintenance of the genuine public work.
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Paragraph Two. The Government is only instituted to act in its own functions, the ones
corresponding to the State, and respecting the private functions which are managed by
companies and other particular institutions.
Art. 2. Right for a Government that is respectful. Paragraph One. The Government is limited
to its functions, in its attributions required to be fulfilled, and in the expenses necessary to
maintain them; therefore the government attends to the above functions but not to others. Within
the category of "social" or collectives rights, or within any kind of intended justification, there is
no place for rights which are contradictory with the ones recognized and declared in this Letter.
Under any excuse, the State can create privileges or overrun economic or non-economic private
environments.
Paragraph Two. The right for a respectful and limited Government also comprises these other
rights:
a) The right for a legal order that limits the government. The statutes and laws of the Republic,
as well as the Decrees, Resolutions and Decisions of its authorities, are totally complied, but are
fulfilled and applied only under their laws and orders which are compatible with the liberties and
rights already mentioned and numbered for the citizens in this Letter.
b) The right for an Opposition that restrains the State. In order this opposition is effective, two
solid politicians are required, they may be particular associations, completely independent from
the State, which operate in the private sphere of the politics.
c) The right for a Judicial Power separated from the others Powers of the State, which
understands and sentences the disputes between individuals, between individuals and the State,
and between the services and Departments of the State.
d) The right for a limited democracy: no popular majority, regardless as big and numerous it may
be, is authorized to decide against the liberties and rights guaranteed to the citizens by this
Letter.
Art. 3. Right for a neutral State. An state that neither interferes in the private life or in the
conduct of citizens, nor it intends to decide what citizens can, must, or must not do, via
regulations and, excepting for promotion and defence of the guarantees confirmed to citizens in
written and spirit by this Letter, it is not to instruct them regarding what they must or must not
think, believe or feel.
Art. 4. Right for moderate taxes. The taxes are only for physical people, and with the unique
aim to support the expenses incurred by the state services. They are uniform and non-
progressive, even and without exceptions, neutral and non-discriminant, and stable during time.
Art. 5. Right for debt-free government. Via exception, issues of bonds are only admitted, and
only for executing extraordinary public works – establishing their layout as a popular
consultation regarding these works-, or for cases of extraordinary public calamities and really
unforeseeable.
Section II
In the private environment of the economy, the right for trades exempt from monopolies and
oligopolies.
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This right is based on the recognition of the private property, and on the liberties of companies,
commerce and industry, on the change and on other economic liberties. This includes the
following rights:
Art. 6. Right for use of a free-chosen currency. The currency is voluntarily chosen by people,
for any type of payments and contracts, businesses, budgets and financial statements, loans and
debts, deposits and banking accounts.
Art. 7. Right for participating in privatizations of assets and state companies. Paragraph
One. The State is not the owner or co-owner neither of natural resources nor of other economic
assets or companies, excepting for the buildings, facilities and equipment strictly required for its
functions.
Paragraph Two. The assets and the currently state-owned companies have to be privatized
through three serials of actions, A, B and C (international, national and popular), respectively
oriented to the international private capital, to the domestic private capital, and to the general
citizenship in preferential conditions. The main objective and goal of the privatization in the
Serial A consists of the payment for the external domestic debt; and in the B, and especially the
C, the aim is the popular capitalization, as a compensation for people who underwent so many
damages caused in decades of statization.
Art. 8. Right to compete in opened markets, exempt from state regulations. First of all, the
State establishes general laws, but not special regulations, excepting from the regulations
corresponding to its own operations and to its services and departments. In matter of laws, the
ordinary Codes are sufficient – substantive or procedural -; and consequently all the present state
regulations for economic private activities and markets of goods, services and factors are
revoked. The private companies commit to their natural own functions without rights or special
duties established by the State, which are subject to the discipline of the market.
Section III
In the private environment of the spiritual, ethical and cultural matters, the right for enjoy
private institutions separated from the State.
This right is based on the liberties of thoughts, research and expression of information, belief and
other individual liberties including the following rights:
Art. 9. Right to have institutions, groups and associations such as labour unions, mass
media, political parties, churches and religious congregations totally exempt from any type
of state meddling. Similar to the case of the companies in the economic environment, these
private organizations fulfil with their own natural functions conferred without subsidies, aids, or
state regulations that offer certain privileges for them, and/or which establish special obligations
or conditions of functions and activities for them.
Art. 10. Right to participate in the privatizations of the State institutes that offer education,
medical care and welfare service. Paragraph One. The State does not need to be owner of these
institutes, and those which are now State-owned institutes need to be privatized especially
through the granting of a full and complete ownership to its operators, in exchange for their
outstanding obligations. For this purpose, their respective associations will be formed by
teachers and professors by the medical personnel, paramedical and nurses; and by employees and
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officers of the Social Insurance, and also in each case by the administrative employees and
workers of all these current State-owned institutes. Similarly, it will be privatized the state
entities in charge of sports, recreation, culture, science, technology, arts, etc., which functions are
not appropriate and inherent to the State.
Paragraph Two: The enterprises are also entitled for this right as well as the companies,
professional and technical associations and labour unions that fulfil with their own main natural
functions in the System of Free Enterprise:
a) Intermediation (Labour exchange) performed in a pacific way and in a free labour
market, without privileges.
b) Professional training and teaching without purposes of exclusivity.
c) Management and administration of medical centres and pension and retirement funds in a
regime of open and free competition.
Art. 11 Right for vouchers in education, medical care and welfare, in case of extreme
poverty. Via unique exemption, and as long as there are people who undergo extreme poverty
and thus, are unable to cover their education, medical and welfare expenses, they will only have
the right to claim for state aid and assistance regarding these needs and only through coupons or
“vouchers” like Educupon, Medicupon, Segucupon. The respective coupon bonds are reimbursed
to the institutions who offer the services for education, medical care and welfare chosen by the
beneficiary, whether they be privatized or currently private, and all of them will compete equally
under Law, without regulations, controls or state supervisions.
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HISPANIC AMERICAN LIBERAL CONFERENCE (CLH)
STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES
Huge hopes for change are held in the hearts and minds of millions and millions of Hispanic
Americans. They live in bad conditions and foresee an even worse future for them and their
children. However, they are unaware about the real reasons and solutions for their suffering and
consequently, they vote mistakenly.
However, they vote mistakenly because there is no offers and political programs structured
within a classical liberalism, which are the unique capable to lead to a good electoral course for
their wills, according to their authentic rights and their best interests.
What do the great majority of voters want in each of our countries? They want solutions now.
They wish for a big and notorious change for the best and which may be quick. They suspect that
only a radical change can meet these conditions: a system`s change. For this reason, they do not
vote for any of the discredited and worn-out politicians of the system, who are related with the
old mercantilist right wing or with the old populous left wing, whether it be the old-fashioned
socialism or communism.
Anti-system alternatives. They vote for candidates in vogue who introduce themselves as anti-
system alternatives. What do they bring? The usual populous promises and statism offers but in
a current new language of the new left wing, talking about matters of ecology, feminism, women
and children ´s right and rights of the Indian towns. As the left wing usually does, the new left
wing now also rants and raves about the market and capitalism, but they now neither mention the
proletariat nor do they talk about their dictatorship but about a new democracy . They also talk
about a big and heterogenic collection of alleged human rights to be complied by the State.
As usual, the left wing does not call for the reason but control emotions and feelings through a
distinct way, perhaps more dangerous: the current New Communism is identified with the
military people and they are so-called Nationalists. They declared to be very spiritual and even
religious. They are frequently “politically correct” and include a big part of Postmodernism and
New Age. For this reason, they highly confuse people who do not receive any other proposal
more interesting.
Nevertheless, people are right when saying that the old system has failed, and that urgent and
radical changes are necessary and feasible without a long wait. (People look forward to the
results of the central plan- or of the neoclassical macroeconomics belonging to the “Neo”
Liberalism; or they expect for “a New Man”, resulting from a “new public education”, or from a
“cultural change” or from other similar very long-term conditioning factor.)
People vote mistakenly because their “guides” of opinions get confused and make people
confused when they describe and explain about which system failed and why, which one will
have to be replaced successfully and which ways are appropriate to get an immediate transition
that leads to a happy end.
The classical Liberalism. Then, what happens with the classical liberal parties who, through their
doctrinarian formation, are in charge to explain and give offers? Do they get most of the
population informed about the Government measures proposed and their justification? Do they
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explain and describe the expected results? Do they propose measures for a transition? Are they
arranging and forming their political and party proposals in every country aiming at the
elections?
In the past, the Marxism, despite of the meager number of their members at the beginning and of
their division and subdivisions, they attained to materialize their requirements into a very
attractive Program with very specific items to know: Agrarian reformation, labour and trade
unions laws; “education and free public health; statization of the mines and of the Central Bank,
retirement and pensions funds which are in charge of the State; municipalization of the public
transportation, etc. In that way, the groups and social and communist parties with attractive
proposals positively projected, get more followers and undermine the reputation of the old
principles and institutions. Their shrewd propaganda convinced the public opinion and, in that
way, the press and nearly all the parties adopted their Program. Likewise, the governments begin
to put their measures into practice and get the results we can notice.
Today, it is necessary to alter this process. How? With Destatization and deregulation and by
clearly placing limits to the State so the society can live, grow and get developed according with
their spontaneous requirements and with coupon bonds for poorest people, at least for the time
being. However, to achieve this goal, it is needed to design a Liberal Program of Government
which is as comprehensive and thorough as possible, clear and convincing so it can be explained
and conveyed in simple terms. It is also needed to organize parties as it happened during
Cobden, Bright or Frederic Bastiat `s times.
However, and excepting for honourable exceptions, the current classical liberals do not apply
them. Most of them criticise the anti-liberal measures and foresee their terrible consequences;
however they do not express their attractive but feasible and realistic own proposals in a positive
way, even when they have an adequate doctrine towards this goal, however most of people only
know these proposals in a superficial way. Frequently, classical liberals get worn out in useless
and precise struggles against the decisions of the Government. The decisions are based on anti-
liberal laws or in anti-liberal rules belonging to constitutional status. For this reason, they are
seen as purely critic and negative and considered out of the population and their hopes. Even
worse, they get stuck in endless “internal” arguments (¿?), about matters which are not always of
high importance, including spokesmen from other trends like the anarchism and the social
democracy. They show the deformation sponsored by the IMF and WB which failed in the 90`s
and which is sometimes wrongly called “Neo” liberalism.
As a result, the classic liberalism has lost its whole political validity and is in danger to loose
even its own identity and die away.
In view of this environment, the HISPANIC AMERICAN CONFERENCE (CLH), identified with
the classical liberalism is born in order to contribute to meet these needs, setting as a main task
the fulfilment of the following STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES:
1. Politics: Collaborate with the aperture of political ways to the classical liberalism and
closing the breach between the political opponents and the liberals from the academic and the
companies´ world. Intellectuals and liberal businessmen are to support liberal politicians thus
businessmen will not have the need to accept transactions and shady deals. The struggles for
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separated liberties- like political, academic, economic, belonging to worship etc; are lead to
failure.
Help to avoid doctrinarian confusions and the loss of identity, by focusing on the three historic
symbols for meeting with these needs of the classic liberalism in order to describe the liberal
society: a limited Government – to their specific functions for security, justice and public works;
free markets; and private institutions separated from the State.
The CLH aims to recover the identity of the classical liberalism, and to take it apart from
anarchism and from the “moderate terminology”: social democracy, social Christianity, and the
wrongly called “Neo” Liberalism. Likewise, CLH wants to separate it from the old mercantilist
right parties as well as from the old left parties. In order to face the new anti-system left wing
without any difficult; once it is well politically- structured, there is no other more serious
opponent than the classical liberalism.
2. The liberal measures: Help to get a Liberal Program of Government in every country, in
four axis or mainstays:
i. Reform of the State: In order to place the Governments in charge of their own functions:
Security, justice, public works with moderate expenses.
ii. Populous privatization without benefit for the State Treasure, in order to capitalise and
give power not to the States and the Governments but to people, in the fields of the
economy, bank and business as well in education, medical care and welfare.
iii. Deregulations and apertures for any types of markets and activities, avoiding monopoly
opportunities; in order to create and distribute wealth equally for everyone.
iv. Programs of Transition for poorest people through the employ of coupon bonds for
education, medical and pension and retirement services.
This implies the immediate cancellation of bad or anti-liberal laws: the fruit “laws” of the social
engineering in a Hayekian sense. The CLC wants to help liberal politicians to define their
consistency with the doctrine, and to provide intellectual tools to be used as a guidance and
conceptual defence not to strongly criticize the statism but to explain their alternative proposal in
a positive way.
Is it difficult to explain the liberal proposal? Which is this? It is a society in which companies,
centres of teaching medical and welfare services, churches and any type of particular
associations operate with competence and without depending on the State. It is a State which is
only concerned about their affairs and only about them and not about banks, lands, schools,
hospitals, retirement Funds, etc, because the State neither is made for doing business, whether
they be good or bad, nor for providing services. The State is to offer the unique services that can
not be offered by the society in a spontaneous coordination- security, justice, public orders- and
its subsidiary function may be understood within this restricted sense.
Certainly, all this will be established under the juridical rules that respect individuals, families,
properties, contracts, and private environments. Also, an independent Judicial Power that solves
the litigations regarding the damages or harm shown through individual decisions, following
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their due process with their own warranties and not through the general rules approved as laws
by the Congress, which allege purpose of prevention, or as Decrees approved by the Executive
Power or as Resolutions by Ministries or by its powerful executive agencies.
If we add the concept of compensatory justice, it is not so difficult to explain the sense of the
reform of the State and of other measures but there is not any substitutes for these classical
liberal policies, having beneficiary and immediate effects, they do not require palliatives or
countermeasures for compensation. In this way, there is not any substitute for words: call a spade
spade and call the privatization, privatization.
3. Legal and constitutional Reforms and Autonomies: Helping in the preparation and in the
writing of the law changes in order to make the liberal measures effective, once their frame,
philosophy, goals and operational principles are well known.
A) Whether it be, through the constitutional reform for a country as a whole with vocation and
willing to put the liberal system into practice.
B) Or whether it be, through the Autonomic Statutes for a certain region of the country, once the
public opinion has been led to the liberal principles and linked with their proposals.
In a very close future, the public opinion can be convinced and political forces that go for a new
majority in favour of the reforms can be structured. Once the measures have been adopted-
without delaying tactics and without any compromises or shady deals but with positive results -
the opinion and these political forces will turn into the guarantees of permanence for the liberal
system.
4. The Letter of the 11 Rights: Provide a brief, emphatic, ideologically consistent and, at the
same time, feasible and liberal anti-system program as a reference in the four axis or serials of
liberal measures herein described. The 11 rights, in order to be approved in Constitutions and/or
autonomic Statutes, can turn, at the same time, into doctrine, program and strategy for the
classical liberals as well into a symbol and an identity sign.
Getting the prosperity and welfare would take a very short time after the implementation of the
liberal measures: a few years, maybe only months would take to observe the first results. A lot of
recent literature of the Austrian School of Economics shows that the solutions and achievements
do not come from the executives and political activists but from the own people who gather
business, companies and any type of relationships for co-operation if they are not impeded from
doing so. Historical experiences like the Industrial Revolution in England, the German and
Italian “miracles” of the II Post war and some others more recent in Asia-Pacific show that when
applying certain reforms, even if they are partial, no much wait is needed, and even it will be
much better if the reforms are complete.
Excellent News for poor people and medium class! For urban districts and rural towns, which
today are equally overwhelmed by poverty, insecurity and lack of employment, and which are
desperate because of so much bad news from the specialists in anti- liberal “solutions”, who
always predict long waits to observe the results expected, even when all of us, the liberals, are
aware that these solutions will never arrive.
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5.Philosophy and Religion. Highlight the links between the classical liberalism and the
philosophic realism, refining the concept of politics as a favourable instrument of change for the
big majorities who collaborate to cause their own damages.
Likewise, underline the Bible foundations of the classical liberalism- without recognizing its
other basis- and help believers to get out from the left-winged ranks, who are now blinds lead by
other blinds (Luke 6:39) and certainly to live within an environment of mutual respect and
harmonious coexistence between liberal believers and non-believers. Currently, in the entire
world, a new and increasing biblical and Christian literature is coming up regarding economical
and government matters. It has a big content and comes from distinct identities and theological
traditions but it is in favour of a limited Government, a free market as well as of the separation of
the State from the private institutions. It is one of the goals of the CLH to convey these ideas to
the millions of Christian believers in Latin America.
6.Mass liberal political education and activism. Among the political tasks, it is essential a
training regarding the values of a liberal society, its modes of operation and the way to reach to
such society. In other words, to get an instruction regarding how a certain society is, which are
distinctive features and regarding the enormous differences with the current society and how to
reach to it.
A) It is essential to describe the various practical advantages of the social change proposed for
every type of individual according to his particular conditions, whether he be a trader, housewife,
student, teacher, workers, policeman, countryman, an unemployed person or a professional. To
explain in each particular case how and why we will be able to earn more and live in better
conditions with less work and needs.
B) Once this is rightly understood, the individual is able to know the theoretical foundations of
the classical liberalism, like the Austrian School of Economics, the philosophic realism and the
Natural Rights.
C) Also, once the person is well-instructed about the classical liberalism, if he has a vocation; he
can initiate other political tasks: Such as communicating this message to other people and help
them to be part and to be active in a political group. The CLH aims to collaborate with the
training of liberal politicians so they can gain sympathizers and get the enrolment of adherents,
funds collection, surveys, internal government actions, propaganda, events, manifestations,
elections and communication. Obviously, the School of Ideologies and the instructional material
are essential in the life of any political group.
There are excellent academic centres of production of liberal ideology but this so valuable
material does not reach people by chance. The CLH wants to cooperate with these centres by
announcing and spreading the set of ideas and the program of classical liberalism to majorities.
These ideas will be previously “translated” into common and practical terms, in a simple
language but without being disloyal with them, and if possible to use graphical and audiovisual
ways, music, theatre and other non-conventional resources.
7.Financial resources. To help to promote business in order to get a financial support for the
ideological, academic- teaching, communicational, political and electoral activities, by applying
the practices we go for. We can mention among other means or ways to obtain this support, a
global network of foreign trade companies which operate in each of the distinct Latin American
countries.
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8.Resources pool or network. To act as a gate and bridge for the cooperation between
institutions, liberal political groups and personalities including their similar fellows of the
academy, the companies, churches and religious institutions, advertisement and mass media
based on the several countries of the Latin American world. To offer reciprocal support
regarding intellectual, technical, ideological and political resources –as well as to provide
business opportunities – coming from supporting groups, institutions and personalities.
Also, put these resources, which are in benefit of the classical liberalism, as an adequate political
path for rescuing Latin America and its towns from the exasperating situation of poverty,
ignorance and backwardness that still remain in the region.
In this current situation, Latin America’s towns still continue as a result of an unfortunate set of
prejudices and wrong and misunderstood concepts in addition with false values and evil rules set
within a jumble of a totally evil culture joined with certain interests sheltered in evil institutions
which are created pursuant to trends of the human nature which are not less evil.
However, there is a solution. There is a way out. If, this is finally the time for Liberalism, the
true Liberalism, The classical Liberalism, then the CLH aims to become their best instrument.
Directors & Founders of CLH:
Alberto Mansueti, Director President (Venezuela)
José Luis Tapia Rocha, Executive Director (Perú)
Pedro Trujillo, Director (Guatemala)
Santos Mercado, Director (México)
Félix Hurtado, Director (México)
Oliver Laufer, Director (España)
Hans Peter Muller, Director (Colombia)
Luis René Baptista, Director (Bolivia)
Myriam Janet Ortiz Herrera, Directora (Perú)
Humberto Pérez Fry, Director (Perú)
Walter Puelles Navarrete, Director (Perú)
Marco Polesel, Director (Venezuela)