Winter Review PacketOnly 32 class days until the EOC!

EWHSBiology

WORD DEFINITION EXAMPLE or DIAGRAM

Element

Compound/ Molecule

Organic Compounds/ Molecule

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides

Polysaccharides

WORD DEFINITION EXAMPLE or DIAGRAM

Lipids

Hydrophobic

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Macromolecules: At the beginning of the year we focused on the importance of carbon based molecules. These molecules are the building blocks of life- they form your cells provide the nutrition required to live. Complete the following exercises to insure that you have mastered this concept. Ask yourself: If I took a test on this would I get an 80% or higher? If you think you could then you are on your way to success on the EOC!

Use your textbook, classzone.com, or your notes if you get stuck! Remember! Now it’s up to you.

Proteins

Amino Acids

Nucleic Acids

Nucleotide

1. What are lipids made up of? (1 pt)a. Amino acidsb. Monosaccharidesc. Glycerol and fatty acidsd. Glucose and fatty acids

2. Lipids are unique in that they are… (1 pt)a. Hydrophilicb. Hydrophobicc. Made up of only monomersd. Both b and c

3. A polymer of amino acids is commonly referred to as… (1 pt)a. Polypeptideb. Polysaccharide

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c. Nucleic acidd. Lipid

4. Three of the four macromolecules function as support structures in our bodies. Which macromolecule does not function as a supportive structure? (1 pt)

a. Proteinb. Macromoleculec. Lipidd. Nucleic acid

5. Orthostatic proteinuria is a disease detected by the presence of protein in the urine. It is also an indicator of kidney disease. Describe two body functions that may be lacking in individuals with orthostatic proteinuria. Hint: think about protein functions in your body. (2 pts)

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Below are the images two of 20 naturally occurring monomers. Identify what type of monomer they are and the polymer that they make up. (2 pts)

Monomer:

______________________________________________________

Polymer: ______________________________________________________

Read the passages on the left to answer the questions on the right

FLIP FLOPEvery living thing has a set of characteristics inherited, or passed on, from its parent (asexual reproduction) or parents (sexual reproduction). This is known as heredity, or the transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring. Genetics is the scientific study of

What is genetics in your own words?

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heredity, which holds the key to understanding what makes each species, and individual, unique.

An Austrian monk named Gregor Mendel was one of the most important contributors in the study of genetics. Mendel was in charge of the monastery garden and he began performing simple experiments on some very famous pea plants. He knew that plants could reproduce sexually or asexually. If they produced asexually, also called self-pollination, they were clones of themselves. These pea plants were known as “true breeding” because they would produce genetically-identical offspring if allowed to self pollinate.

Who was Gregor Mendel?

What type of organism did he use for experiments?

What does true breeding mean?

Mendel wanted to see what would happen if he forced different true breeding plants to reproduce sexually. Mendel studied 7 different pea plant traits that he observed in his true breeding plants. A trait is a specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another. Each of the 7 traits had an “either-or” possibility. The 7 traits were: seed shape, seed color, flower color, pod shape, pod color, flower position, and plant height.

Mendel crossed plants with each of the 7 contrasting traits together and observed the offspring. We call the original pair of parent plants the P (parental) generation and the offspring are called the F1 generation, or “first filial.” (Filial= son/daughter). The offspring of parents with different traits are called hybrids. Think of a hybrid car as the offspring of a gasoline car and an electric car- the

What is the original generation in crosses called?

What are the offspring called?

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hybrid has some characteristics from each! We are also hybrids because we have different traits from our mother and father!

What would the offspring of the second generation be called?

Mendel was shocked by his results! After performing this experiment, all of the F1 offspring inherited the trait from only one parent! For example, when the smooth seed plants were crossed with the wrinkly seed plants, all of the seeds were smooth! In each cross, the other trait had seemed to disappear!

From this set of experiments, Mendel drew two conclusions.

The first was that biological inheritance is determined by factors that are passed from one generation to the next. Today, we call these genes. The different forms of a gene, such as wrinkly or smooth, are called alleles.

His second conclusion is the Principle of Dominance. This principle states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive. An organism with a dominant allele will always exhibit that form of the trait. An organism with a recessive allele will only exhibit that trait if it has two copies of the recessive allele-one from the mother, one from the father.

Using what you know about inheritance, make a prediction about why this is:

Draw a flow chart to depict the cross that Mendel made between the smooth seeds and wrinkly seeds. Label each of the generations!

Generation: ___

Description:

Generation: ___

Description:

What is Mendel’s first conclusion?

What is Mendel’s second conclusion?

Is smooth seed or wrinkly seed dominant? __________ Which is recessive? ____________

How do you know?

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Mendel still had another question: Had all of the recessive alleles disappeared or were they still present, but hidden in the F1 plants? To find out, he allowed the F1 plants to self-pollinate. When he looked at the results, he found that the F2 plants showed some recessive traits again!

Mendel then made his 3rd conclusion: each organism has two copies of each gene- one from each parent.

What did Mendel find in the F2 generation of plants?

What is Mendel’s 3rd conclusion?

Mendel realized that the alles for each trait segregated from each other during the formation of the gametes (independent assortment…). This would allow different combinations of dominant and recessive alleles to come together during fertilization! This is Mendel’s 4th and final conclusion, the Law of Independent Assortment.

Describe the Law of Independent Assortment in your own words:

At the right is a diagram showing the possible alleles for short and tall plants from the P generation to F2. Capital letters represent dominant alleles and lower case letters represent recessive alleles.

Write what each plant will look like, tall or short, underneath the description:

TT= ________ Tt= _________ tt= _________

What percentage of the F2 generation will be short?

Label the generations

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Complete the following Punnett Square and then answer the questions about it. D=dimples and d=no dimples

D d

1. What percentage of these offspring are heterozygous for dimples? _______________

2. What percentage of offspring are homozygous dominant for dimples? ______________

3. What percentage of offspring are homozygous recessive for dimples? ______________

4. Which genotypes will have dimples? _________________________________________

5. What percentage of offspring will have dimples? ____________

6. What percentage of offspring will not have dimples? ___________

Define the terms in your own words in the blanks. After defining all the terms, write how the terms relate to each other in the blank spaces.

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D

d

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