ee 360 lecture presentation(copy)

8/12/2019 Ee 360 Lecture Presentation(Copy)

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By

E. A. Frimpong

EE 360 HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING(3 0 3)


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COURSE CONTENT

Propertie o! "ig" #o$t%ge in&$%tion %n' re%'o*n p"enomen%in m%teri%$ %n' %ir *it" 'i!!erent type o! e$e+tro'e

Tr%nient- $ig"tning p"enomen% &rge in tr%nmiion $ine'&e to $ig"tning %n' *it+"ing. Prote+tion o!

e/&ipment%pp$i%n+e %g%int &+" tr%nient.

Tr%n!ormer- H%rmoni+% &n%$%n+e' $o%'ing 31*in'ing HVtr%n!ormer imp&$e teting.

Hig" #o$t%ge tet e/&ipment in+$&'ing imp&$e gener%tor %.+.%n' '.+. HV tet et %n' port%$e in&$%tion tet et &e' inin'&trie !or oi$ %n' ot"er in&$%tion teting. 2etr&+ti#e %n'non1'etr&+ti#e teting in+$&'ing p%rti%$ 'i+"%rge te+"ni/&e.App$i+%tion o! HV te+"ni/&e in io1me'i+%$ engineering.


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COURSE INTRODUCTION

T"e r%pi'$y in+re%ing tr%nmiion #o$t%ge $e#e$in re+ent 'e+%'e i % re&$t o! t"e gro*ing'em%n' !or e$e+tri+ po*er %n' 'it%nt po*erp$%nt.

Hig" #o$t%ge permit gre%ter po*er tr%n!er *it"minim&m $oe

It i imper%ti#e to g%in &n'ert%n'ing in %re%&+" % "ig" #o$t%ge in&$%tion "ig" #o$t%ge tet%n' tet e/&ipment.


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HV INSULATION

P&rpoe o! e$e+tri+%$ in&$%ting m%teri%$ in&$%te t"e $i#e p%rt o! e$e+tri+%$

int%$$%tion !rom one %not"er in&$%te t"e $i#e p%rt o! e$e+tri+%$

int%$$%tion !rom e%rt"e' tr&+t&r%$+omponent

Pre#ent e$e+tri+ "o+ In&$%tion $e#e$ %!!e+t e/&ipment /&%$ity

%n' +otForm o! in&$%tion('ie$e+tri+)- g%eo&

$i/&i' or o$i'


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ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF

DIELECTRICS

on'&+ti#ityA me%&re o! +&rrent +%rrying +%p%i$ity2etermine' y reit%n+e- reiti#ity

$engt"(t"i+ne) %n' +ro1e+tion%$ %re%on'&+ti#ity m&t e $o*($o* $e%%ge +&rrent)In&$%tion reit%n+e 'epen'- temper%t&re

"&mi'ity &r!%+e +ont%min%tion

In&$%tion reit%n+e me%&re' &ing %nin&$%tion reit%n+e teter


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DIELECTRICS

2ie$e+tri+ $o A me%&re o! e$e+tri+ energy %ore'

E#i'en+e' y "e%t

4&t e $o*

= power loss in the dielectric (in watts )= !pplied "olt!#e (in volts )

= !n#$l!r %re&$enc' = is the %re&$enc' o% the !pplied "olt!#e

= c!p!cit!nce o% the dielectric (in Farads).

= dielectric or loss %!ctor


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DIELECTRICS

2ie$e+tri+ $o (+ont.)

Lo !%+tor

w

r

Itan

I

=


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DIELECTRICS

E5%mp$e

A F 'ie$e+tri+ i &7e+te' to % 8kV

0Hz #o$t%ge. 2etermine t"e 'ie$e+tri+$o i! t"e $o !%+tor o! t"e 'ie$e+tri+ i0.09.


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DIELECTRICS

2ie$e+tri+ $o- (+ont.) Lo !%+tor- T"e gre%ter t"e $o !%+tor %$$

ot"er !%+tor eing e/&%$ t"e "ig"er t"e

'ie$e+tri+ $o t"%t i t"e poorer t"e /&%$ityo! t"e 'ie$e+tri+. Lo !%+tor i in!$&en+e' y temper%t&re

%n' moit&re

Typi+%$ $o !%+tor !or tr%n!ormer in&$%tion%t 800 0 H: r%nge !rom 0.00 to 0.08.


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DIELECTRICS

Permitti#ityA me%&re o! 'ie$e+tri+ po$%ri%tion2ie$e+tri+ po$%ri%tion i t"e e$%ti+

'ip$%+ement o! e$e+tri+ +"%rge &n'er t"ein!$&en+e o! e$e+tri+ !ie$' !or+e

Hig" po$%ri%tion imp$ie "ig" +%p%+it%n+e%n' "en+e "ig" energy tore

T"e 'ie$e+tri+ po$%ri%tion i /&%ntit%ti#e$ye#%$&%te' in term o! t"e re$%ti#epermitti#ity .


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DIELECTRICS

Permitti#ity (+ont.) Permitti#ity m&t e $o*

Permitti#ity i in! $&en+e' ytemper%t&re %n' !re/&en+y


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DIELECTRICS

E$e+tri+ !ie$' trengt"A me%&re o! #o$t%ge *it"t%n' +%p%i$ity In+re%ing #o$t%ge %+ro in&$%tor re'&+e

it trengt"Vo$t%ge %t *"i+" re%'o*n o++&r i +%$$e'

re%'o*n #o$t%ge

E$e+tri+ !ie$' trengt" m&t e "ig"E$e+tri+ !ie$' trengt" in+re%e *it"in+re%ing m%teri%$ t"i+ne


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DIELECTRICS

E$e+tri+ ! ie$' trengt"(+ont.)

ExampleA 'ie$e+tri+ o! t"i+ne mm i &7e+t to %re%'o*n #o$t%ge o! 900V. 2etermine t"ere%'o*n tre on it.

= electric (re!)down stress *in kV/mm+

= electric (re!)down "olt!#e *in kV+

= thic)ness o% the dielectric *in mm+


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NON,ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF

DIELECTRICS

T"erm%$ t%i$ity He%t *it"t%n' +%p%i$itie

Ageing o! m%teri%$ +%n re&$t !rome5po&re to "e%t2ie$e+tri+ m&t e t"erm%$ t%$eoo$ing i emp$oye' to impro#e t"erm%$

t%i$ity


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NON,ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF

DIELECTRICS

"emi+%$ e"%#io&r Re$%te to e!!e+t o! oper%ting en#ironment on

'ie$e+tri+

O5i'%tion %n' "y'ro$yi +%n %rie o++&r ;$tr%#io$et reit%n+e i re/&ire' *"en

'ie$e+tri+ i e5poe' to r%'io%+ti#e e$ement orroion %n' o$#ent reit%n+e %re %$o e

re/&ire'


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INSULATION -REA.DO/N

2e!inition- T"e $o o! in&$%ting propertie

Ho* it "%ppen- Intro'&+tion o! +on'&+ti#e&t%n+e ioni%tion or ot"

%&e-He%t imp&ritie Hig" #o$t%ge "ig"!re/&en+ie e5po&re to r%'i%tion

E!!e+t-


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-REA.DO/N IN 0ASES

TO=N2O=N PROE


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-REA.DO/N IN 0ASES


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-REA.DO/N IN LI1UIDS

Li/&i' "%#e "ig"er 'ie$e+tri+ trengt" t"%n g%e

Li/&i' %re &&%$$y +ont%min%te'%tegori%tion o! imp&ritie

Imp&ritie *"i+" "%#e re%'o*n trengt"$o*er t"%n t"%t o! t"e $i/&i' ite$!

T"e e$e+tri+ !ie$' E in % g% &$e *"i+" iimmere' in % $i/&i' o! permitti#ity 9

i gi#en y


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-REA.DO/N IN LI1UIDS

Imp&ritie o! $o* trengt"o G% e$ong%tiono re%'o*n o! g% +%&e 'e+ompoition o!

mo$e+&$e

Imp&ritie *"i+" %re &nt%$e in t"e e$e+tri+!ie$' (eg- g$o&$e o! *%ter).

o re&$t in % $o* reit%n+e ri'ge %+rot"e e$e+tro'e

Imp&ritie *"i+" re&$t in $o+%$ en"%n+ement o!e$e+tri+ ! ie$' in % $i/&i' (eg- +on'&+tingp%rti+$e).


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-REA.DO/N IN SOLIDS

E$e+tro1me+"%ni+%$ re%'o*n A me+"%ni+%$ !or+e gener%te' '&e to

!or+e o! %ttr%+tion n &r!%+e +"%rge Re'&+tion in 'ie$e+tri+ t"i+ne '&e to

%pp$ie' e$e+tri+ !ie$'


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-REA.DO/N IN SOLIDS

Bre%'o*n '&e to intern%$ 'i+"%rge Preen+e o! #oi' o! *e% 'ie$e+tri+

trengt" %roni%tion %n' eroion re&$ting

!rom 'i+"%rge %roni%tion %n' eroion re&$t in

re'&+tion o! 'ie$e+tri+ t"i+ne


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-REA.DO/N IN SOLIDS


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-REA.DO/N IN SOLIDS

Tr%+ing- !orm%tion o! % perm%nent+on'&+ting p%t" %+ro % &r!%+e o! t"ein&$%tion

Eroion- Re&$t !rom #o$%ti$e'e+ompoition

T"erm%$ re%'o*n- E5+ei#e "e%t in'ie$e+tri+


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-REA.DO/N IN SOLIDS

T"erm%$ re%'o*n-(+ont.)


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-REA.DO/N IN SOLIDS

E$e+tro1+"emi+%$ re%'o*nno 'ie$e+tri+ i !ree !rom ionion re%+t *it" e$e+tro'ee!!e+t o! e$e+tro$yi

%tt%+ on 'ie$e+tri+ %n' e$e+tro'e re$e%e o! g%e 'epoition o! &t%n+e on e$e+tro'e

r%te o! e$e+tro$yi i gre%ter *it" 'ire+t tre

t"%n *it" %$tern%ting tre


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-REA.DO/N IN SOLIDS

"emi+%$ 'eterior%tion

+"emi+%$ int%i$ity- pont%neo& re%'o*n o! t"etr&+t&re o! 'ie$e+tri+ epe+i%$$y %t "ig" temper%t&re

o5i'%tion- re&$t in poi$e &r!%+e +r%+ in !ore5%mp$e po$yet"y$ene %n' r&er

"y'ro$yi- re&$t in 'eterior%tion o! 'ie$e+tri+m%teri%$ in+omp%tii$ity-eg. R&er %ge %t e$e#%te'

temper%t&re in t"e preen+e o! +opper


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TRANSFOR2ER INSULATION

Tr%n!ormer Oi$F&n+tion-o In&$%te

o


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F%+tor %!!e+ting oi$ /&%$ityinter!%+i%$ tenion%+i'ity

reit%n+e to o5ygenreit%n+e to 'epoit !orm%tionpo*er !%+tor

'ie$e+tri+ trengt"


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%&e o! oi$ 'egr%'%tionHe%to o&r+e1+opper %n' iron $oeo

e!!e+t1'eterior%tion o! in&$%tionO5ygeno o&r+e1%ir &$e +%pt&re' !rom p&mping oi$

$e% in p&mp *%rming &p o! +oreo

e!!e+t1!orm%tion o! $&'ge


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TRANSFOR2ER INSULATION,C!se

st$d'

%&e o! oi$ 'egr%'%tion(+ont.)4oit&reo


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PB in tr%n!ormer oi$(+ont.)Goo' propertie-

o Fire reit%n+e

o


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TESTS ON TRANSFOR2ER OIL

2ie$e+tri+ tet4e%&re t"e #o$t%ge %t *"i+" re%'o*n

o++&r

A+i'ity tet4e%&re t"e %+i' +ontent o! t"e oi$

It i re+ommen'e' to re+$%im oi$ *"en %+i'n&mer re%+"e 0.80mg>OHgm


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Po*er !%+tor tetPo*er !%+tor o! tr%n!ormer oi$ gi#e %n

in'i+%tion o! it 'ie$e+tri+ $o

A "ig" po*er !%+tor in'i+%te'eterior%tion %n'or +ont%min%tion *it"moit&re +%ron et+.


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Inter!%+i%$ tenion tetA tet o! inter!%+i%$ tenion o! *%ter

%g%int oi$

In'i+%te t"e %+t&%$ $&'ging +on'itiono! oi$


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TREAT2ENT OF TRANSFOR2ER

OIL

Appro%+"e to oi$ tre%tmentPre#enti#e ? ontin&o& oi$ re+$%m%tion

Advantages

o

Oi$ %n' p%per 'egr%'%tion pro'&+t %re remo#e'% t"ey %re !orme'oT"e o#er%$$ +on+entr%tion o! moit&re %n'

o5ygen in oi$ i m%int%ine' %t $o* $e#e$ t"&ret%r'ing t"e %ging pro+e oi$

oA&to +%t%$yti+ o5i'%tion %n' "y'ro$yi re%+tion%re re'&+e'.


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OIL

oT"e migr%tion o! %'ore' pro'&+t!rom p%per to oi$ i promote' y t"e'yn%mi+ e/&i$iri&m m%int%ine'

et*een t"e t*o p"%eDisadvantages

oT"ere i in+re%e in o#er%$$ po*er

+on&mption '&e to +ontin&o&r&nning o! t"e p&ri!i+%tion ytemo It i re$%ti#e$y e5peni#eo It re/&ire more monitoring to e 'one

on t"e ytem


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OIL

orre+ti#e? Perio'i+ oi$ re+$%m%tionO!!1$ine %n' On1$ine tre%tment met"o'O!!1$ine tre%tment met"o'

Fi$ter1preing t"e oi$ ? Remo#%$ o! o$i' p%rti+$e%n' !ree *%terRetro!i$$ing ? "%nging oi$ +omp$ete$y ;nt%ning &nit !$&"ing t"e t%n r%'i%tor +ore

%n' +oi$ ytem *it" o$#ent t"en re!i$$ing t"e&nit *it" ne* oi$


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PARTIAL DISCHAR0ES IN DR3

T3PE TRANSFOR2ERS

2ry type tr%n!ormer %re &&%$$y emp$oye'&p to %o&t 36V

T"e m%in %'#%nt%ge %re re'&+e'

m%inten%n+e %n' impro#e en#ironment%$!rien'$ineT"e m%in 'i%'#%nt%ge i eniti#ity to

p%rti%$ 'i+"%rge (P2)P%rti%$ 'i+"%rge %re $o+%$ie' re%'o*nP2 +%&e inter1t&rn "ort1+ir+&it


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PARTIAL DISCHAR0ES IN DR3

T3PE TRANSFOR2ERS

4e%&re %'opte' %g%int P2Poiti#e Temper%t&re oe!!i+ient !&e

%re integr%te' in LV +oi$ !or temper%t&re

rie ign%$$ing;e o! P2 $o+%tor


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PO/ER S3STE2 DISTUR-ANCES

Voltage dips

Definition momentary reduction in rms

voltages

Single voltage dip


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Multiple voltage dip


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Multiple voltage dip


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An actual voltage dip captured by a power quality analyser


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Causes - Local and remote faults inductive

loading switc! on of large loads

"ffects - #ripping of sensitive equipment

resetting of control systems motor stalling$tripping


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Voltage surge$spi%es

Definition momentary rise in rms

voltages

&rofile of voltage surge


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Causes capacitor switc!ing switc! off of

large loads p!ase faults

"ffects tripping of sensitive equipment

damage to insulation and windingsdamage to power supplies for electronic

equipment


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'vervoltage

Definition An increase in rms voltage for several

seconds

Causes Load switc!ing capacitor switc!ing

system voltage regulation

"ffects dielectric brea%down degradation of

equipment Long interruptions disturbances in

control systems and low current communication

circuits "lectrodynamic and t!ermal stress(


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)ndervoltage

Definition A reduction in rms voltage for

several seconds or minutes

Causes *eavy networ% loading Loss ofgeneration poor power factor lac% of

var support

"ffects reduced lig!t output dielectric

equipment over!eating and eventual tripping


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Supply interruptions

Definition Loss of power supply

Causes &ower system faults equipment failures

control malfunctions C+ tripping

"ffects loss of supply to customers


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Voltage fluctuations

Definition momentary rise and fall of supply

voltage

Causes arc and induction furnaces rolling mills

mine winders resistance welders etc(

"ffects flic%er in incandescent lamps andflourescent lamps


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,requency variations

Definition c!anges in supply frequency

Causes fault or maladusted governors serious

over or under loading

"ffects irregular output of motor drives tripping of

generators and !eating in transformer core


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#ransients

Definition Sub-cycle disturbance wit! a fast voltage

c!ange

Causes line faults control and protection malfunctionslig!tning stri%es switc! of capacitor ban%s

"ffects control system resetting damage to sensitive

electronic components

damage to insulation


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*armonic

Definition A component of a periodic wave

!aving a frequency t!at is an integral

multiple of t!e fundamental power linefrequency

A distorted supply waveform


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Causes non-linear loads .personal computers

electronic ballasts rectifiers . supplies )&S

units disc!arge lig!ting/ adustable speed

motor drives ferromagnetic devices Dc motor

drives electric disc!arge lamps and arcing

equipment e(g( arc furnace and arc welders(


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*armonic current flow


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"ffects

o 0ncreased losses in customer and utility power

system components(

o#ransformers may !ave to be derated

oLoads wit! !ig!ly distorted current waveforms

also !ave a very poor power factoro'ver!eating and mec!anical oscillations in

motor-load systems

o0ncreased current increased !eating dielectric stress and potential failure of

capacitor ban%s(


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"ffects

o,alse or spurious operations and trips damaging

or rupturing of components in fuses and circuit

brea%ers

o)tility meters may record measurements

incorrectly resulting in !ig!er billings to

consumers(

oComputers and communication equipment may

e1perience interferences and failures(

oConductor over!eating(

RE2EDIAL 2EASURES FOR PO/ER


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S3STE2 DISTUR-ANCES

)&S system

Composition energy storage device rectifier

inverter transfer switc!es etc

#ypes on-line and off-line



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S3STE2 DISTUR-ANCES ,ilters

S!unt connected

"liminate !armonics

Can be passive or active

Large space is required for passive filters

&ossible resonance effect



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S3STE2 DISTUR-ANCES

Static Var Compensators

A s!unt-connected assembly of capacitors and inductors

Dynamic voltage restorers

A voltage stource converter

"nergy storage system

Connected in series

0nects voltages



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S3STE2 DISTUR-ANCES

0nection transformer



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S3STE2 DISTUR-ANCES

Ferro1reon%nt tr%n!ormer 2uns !ig!ly saturated

Stored magnetic energy maintains voltage during volt dip disturbance

condition

Voltage surges do not proceed to secondary circuit

SUR0ES IN TRANS2ISSION LINES


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DUE TO LI0HTNIN0

Lig!tning is a disc!arge of stored electricity in t!e clouds

Magnetic obects radioactive substances !ig! mountains tall beings

pointed c!urc! spires etc are prone to lig!tning

A lowered field intensity is required in t!e presence of moisture in order to

lig!tning to stri%e

#ypes of lig!tning stro%es3 Stepped leader return stro%e and dart leaderstro%e



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DUE TO LI0HTNIN0

4ays in w!ic! lig!tning affects transmission lines

Direct stro%e

0ndirect stro%e

&ropagation of lig!tning on transmission lines



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DUE TO LI0HTNIN0

#ypical t5$t6 4ays in w!ic! lig!tning affects transmission

lines



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DUE TO LI0HTNIN0

"ffects on lig!tning on power systems

+rea%down of insulators

,las!over of insulators

"quipment damage

Surge impedances



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DUE TO LI0HTNIN0

2eflection and transmission of surges



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DUE TO LI0HTNIN0

2emedial measures against lig!tning

S!ielding by eart! wires



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DUE TO LI0HTNIN0

Surge modifiers

Connected in series

#!ey absorb some of t!e surge energy and flatten t!e wavefront

"1amples are cables arcing ground suppressers eart!ing coils .peterson

coils/ and water-et resistances



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DUE TO LI0HTNIN0

Surge diverters Connected in parallel

#!ey divert surges to eart!

&rincipal types are !orn-gap arresters sp!ere-gap arresters rod-gap arresters pellet

arresters t!yrite arrestor



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DUE TO LI0HTNIN0

&rinciple of operation of gap arresters



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DUE TO LI0HTNIN0

&ellet arrestors Arrestor switc! is made up of pellets of brown lead pero1ide w!ic! are coated wit! lit!arge

.lead mono1ide/

Lit!arge is punctured under surge conditions allowing t!e lead pero1ide to divert surge to

ground

#!e !ig! current density c!anges t!e lead pero1ide at t!e punctured area to lit!arge t!us

!ealing t!e puncture



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DUE TO LI0HTNIN0

#!yrite arrestors Made of a stac% of dis%s and an air gap

Dis% offers low resistance to !ig! voltages and !ig! resistance to low voltages



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DUE TO LI0HTNIN0

0deal electrical c!aracteristics of an ideal surge diverter0t s!ould not absorb any current during normal operation or s!ould possess very !ig!

impedance

During overvoltage surges it s!ould brea% down easily to provide low resistance pat! to

eart!

#!e disc!arge current during brea%down s!ould not be e1cessive so as to damage t!e

surge diverter



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SU 0 S S SS O S

DUE TO LI0HTNIN0

#!e normal frequency current after t!e brea%down s!ould beinterrupted as soon as t!e transient voltage !as fallen below t!e

brea%down value

UN-ALANCE


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UN-ALANCE

2e!inition- )nbalance is a system condition w!ere t!ree-p!ase voltages andcurrents !ave different magnitudes and t!e angular displacement between

p!ases is not 567 degrees%&e untransposed lines distributed generation unsymmetrical faults and

single p!ase loading

UN-ALANCE


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UN-ALANCE@&%nti!i+%tion o! &n%$%n+e)nbalance is quantified using symmetrical components

45665

7

=

V

Vu

v

4566sc

L

v

S

Su

UN-ALANCE


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UN-ALANCE

Limit !or ;n%$%n+e for LV and MV systems for 57-minutes intervals

for *V systems for 57-minute intervals

45665

7

= I

I

uI

47


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EFFECTS OF UN-ALANCE

0nduction mac!ines-

Mac!ine cannot produce full torque due to bra%ing torque from

negative sequence component



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0nduction mac!ines - cont.

+earings may suffer mec!anical damage because of induced torque

components at double system frequency

"1cessive !eating in stator and rotor caused by fast rotating inverse

magnetic field



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UN-ALANCE

T"ree1*in'ing tr%n!ormer

2ITI0ATIN0 THE EFFECTS OF


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UN-ALANCEOt"er !&n+tion o! T"ree1*in'ing tr%n!ormer

#o supply p!ase-compensating devices t!at may be connected for purposes of power

factor correction or voltage regulation

#o provide voltage for au1iliary power purposes in a substation or to supply a local

distribution system

#o supply split-winding generators



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UN-ALANCE0n a star-star or star-8ig8ag transformer a delta connected tertiary winding

reduces t!e 8ero-p!ase sequence impedance and allows adequate eart! fault

current to flow for t!e operation of protective gear

Sometimes Delta-connected tertiary windings are put on 9-p!ase ban%s to

provide a circuit for t!e t!ird !armonic of t!e e1citing current

#o reduce t!ird-!armonic voltage components



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UN-ALANCE


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UN-ALANCE


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UN-ALANCE



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UN-ALANCE

Po*er e$e+troni+ 'e#i+e

+e!ave as if t!ey were rapidly c!anging complementary

impedances compensating for c!anges in impedance of

t!e loads on eac! p!ase(


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HI0H VOLTA0E TEST E1UIP2ENT

Po*er !re/&en+y "ig" #o$t%ge gener%torCascade arrangement of transformers


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Po*er !re/&en+y "ig" #o$t%ge gener%tor2esonant transformer


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Hig" !re/&en+y "ig" #o$t%ge gener%tor#esla coil


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Hig" !re/&en+y "ig" #o$t%ge gener%tor #esla coil


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Hig" 'ire+t #o$t%ge gener%tor Re+ti!ier +ir+&it


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DIRECT VOLTA0E 0ENERATORS

Vo$t%ge 'o&$er +ir+&it



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E$e+trot%ti+ gener%torc!arge is placed on a carrier eit!er insulating or an isolatedconductor and raised to t!e required potential by being

mec!anically moved t!roug! t!e electrostatic field(


I2PULSE VOLTA0E 0ENERATOR


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+asic operating principle




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)ncontrolled operation




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C!arging and disc!arging waveform ofuncontrolled operation




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Controlled operation




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C!arging and disc!arging waveform ofcontrolled operation




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4&$ti1t%ge imp&$e gener%tor,or larger impulse voltages from small si8ed

transformers

Several capacitors connected in parallel for

c!argingCapacitors disc!arge in series


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