ee040 projects for exercising basic 2 pr inst
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SRI LANKA INSTITUTE of ADVANCED TECHNOLOGICAL
EDUCATION
Training Unit
Projects for ExercisingBasic 2Practice
No: EE 040
INDUSTRIETECHNIKINDUSTRIETECHNIK
ELECTRICAL and ELECTRONIC
EN INEERINInstructor Manual
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Training Unit
Projects for Exercising - Basic 2
Practical Part
No.: EE 040
Edition: 2008Al l Rights Reserved
Editor: MCE Industrietechnik Linz GmbH & CoEducation and Training Systems, DM-1Lunzerst rasse 64 P.O.Box 36, A 4031 Linz / Aus triaTel. (+ 43 / 732) 6987 3475Fax (+ 43 / 732) 6980 4271Website: www.mcelinz.com
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EE 040
PROJECTS FOR EXERCISING - BASIC 2
CONTENTS Page
Learning objectives 4
PRACTICAL EXERCISE 1
Electrochemistry - Electrolysis 5
PRACTICAL EXERCISE 2
Electrochemistry - Secondary cell 7
PRACTICAL EXERCISE 3
Electrochemistry - Lead-acid accumulator 10
PRACTICAL EXERCISE 4
Voltage sources under no-load and under load 14
PRACTICAL EXERCISE 5
Voltage sources connected in series 17
PRACTICAL EXERCISE 6
Voltage sources connected in parallel 19
PRACTICAL EXERCISE 7
Magnetic field due to a current in a conductor 22
PRACTICAL EXERCISE 8
Magnetic field due to a current in a loop of wire 25
PRACTICAL EXERCISE 9
Magnetic field due to a current in a coil 27
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PRACTICAL EXERCISE 10
Force between conductors carrying currents 29
PRACTICAL EXERCISE 11
Force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field 32
PRACTICAL EXERCISE 12
Forces on a current carrying coil in a magnetic field 34
PRACTICAL TEST 66
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PROJECTS FOR EXERCISING - BASIC 2
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
The trainee should
demonstrate the use of electrolysis by using the example of the galvanizing
process.
examine the charging and discharging process of a secondary cell.
charge a lead accumulator, observing the necessary safety regulations.
examine the behaviour of voltage sources under no-load and under load.
make the lines of a magnetic field visible in a conductor carrying a current, a
conductor loop, and a coil with the aid of iron fillings and magnetic needles.
examine the forces acting on a conductor carrying a current and on a coil in a
magnetic field.
This practical section is intended to demonstrate and extend the knowledge gained from
the theoretical part. This can be effected by demonstration, as well as by group work.
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PROJECTS FOR EXERCISING - BASIC 2
PRACTICAL EXERCISE 1
Electrochemistry - Electrolysis
1. TASK
The aim is to demonstrate the use of electrolysis using electroplating (with copper) as an
example.
2. EQUIPMENT
- Copper electrode
- Carbon electrode
- Tank containing electrolyte (CuSO4)
- Power supply
- Ammeter
- Test leads
3. CARRY OUT THE EXERCISE
- Immerse one copper electrode and one carbon electrode in the tank with the
electrolyte (copper sulphate solution).
- Connect the electrodes to the Power supply.
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Anode = copper electrode
Cathode = carbon electrode
- Adjust the voltage so that the current density in the plating tank is 20 mA/cm2 of the
surface to be plated.
Result:
After the demonstration has been completed, the carbon electrode which has been coated
with copper is to have the copper removed by reversing the polarity of the voltage.
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PROJECTS FOR EXERCISING - BASIC 2
PRACTICAL EXERCISE 2
Electrochemistry - Secondary cell
1. TASK
The aim is to examine the charging and discharging processes for secondary cell.
2. EQUIPMENT
- Lead electrodes
- Tank with electrolyte
- Power supply
- Zero center ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Incandescent lamp 2 V
- Lamp holder
- Test leads
3. CARRY OUT THE EXERCISE
Charging process:
- Immerse two lead electrodes, thoroughly cleaned of oxide residue, into the tank
containing electrolyte (dilute sulphuric acid).
- Connect the electrodes to the power supply.
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- Adjust the voltage in such a way that approx. 100 mA d.c. is flowing.
- Allow the charging current to flow a few minutes, and observe the lead electrodes
during the process.
Result:
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Discharge process:
- Replace the Power supply by an incandescent lamp.
- Observe the ammeter and the incandescent lamp.
Result:
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PROJECTS FOR EXERCISING - BASIC 2
PRACTICAL EXERCISE 3
Electrochemistry - Lead-acid accumulator
1. TASK
The aim is to charge a lead-acid accumulator, observing the necessary safety regulations.
2. EQUIPMENT
- Lead-acid accumulator 12 V/42 AH
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Charging unit
- Hydrometer
- Battery tester
- Test leads
- Distilled water
3. CARRY OUT THE EXERCISE
- Set up the circuit for Charging a lead accumulator.
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Safety regulations:
- When transporting accumulators, take care that no electrolyte comes in contact with
the skin or clothing (risk of corrosive burns).
- When charging accumulators, always place them on an acid-resistant surface. Any
electrolyte which flows out will cause damage to the surfaces of workbenches andtables.
- When charging, open the vent plugs; a chemical reaction takes place inside the
accumulator, and this generates gases.
- Accordingly, never smoke in the vicinity of batteries emitting gas, or use a naked flame
when close to them - there is a considerable risk of explosion.
- Never charge up a battery in an unventilated, enclosed area. Switch on a fan and
open the windows.
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Hints for maintenance:
- Clean accumulators, which have become very dirty, with tap water.
- Always ensure that the poles are clean. Clean them and apply petroleum jelly
(vaseline).
- The lead plates must be covered by at least 5 mm of electrolyte.
Any lack of electrolyte should be made up by adding distilled water.
- The charging current should amount to approx. 1/10 of the rated capacitance (rated
capacitance 42 Ah = 4.2 A Charging current).
- When charging the accumulator, make sure the polarity is correct.
- Test the accumulator either with the hydrometer (density of the acid), or by testing the
level of the charge with a battery tester (voltmeter with load resistors connected in
parallel).
- Make intermediate measurements, at specific intervals of time, of the level of the
charge. Use a voltmeter, hydrometer, and the battery tester.
- Enter the measured results in the tables.
Density
[g/cm]
Voltage
[v]
Battery tester
Measurement 1
Measurement 2
Measurement 3
Measurement 4
Measurement 5
Measurement 6
Measurement 7
Measurement 8
Measurement 9
Measurement 10
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Density of acid
[g/cm]
Voltage
[V]
Charged cell
Partially charged cell
Normally discharged cell
Fully discharged cell
- Once the lead-acid accumulator has been charged, the charging process can be
terminated.
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PROJECTS FOR EXERCISING - BASIC 2
PRACTICAL EXERCISE 4
Voltage sources under no-load and under load
1. TASK
The aim is to examine the behaviour of a voltage source under no-load and under load.
2. EQUIPMENT
- Switch
- Incandescent lamp
- Lamp holder
- Battery 1.5 V
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Test leads
3. CARRY OUT THE EXERCISE
- Set up the circuit.
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Voltage source under no-load:
- Measure the no-load voltage U0with the switch open.
- Enter the measured results in the table.
Terminal voltage U [V]
No-load voltage U0 [V]
Result:
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Voltage source under load:
- Measure the current Iand the terminal voltage Uwith the switch closed.
- Enter the measured result in the table.
Terminal voltage U [V]
Current I [A]
Result:
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PROJECTS FOR EXERCISING - BASIC 2
PRACTICAL EXERCISE 5
Voltage sources connected in series
1. TASK
The aim is to examine the behaviour of voltage sources connected in series, under no-
load and under load.
2. EQUIPMENT
- Switch
- Incandescent lamps 1.5 V
- Lamp holder
- Batteries 1.5 V
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Test leads
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3. CARRY OUT THE EXERCISE
- Set up the circuit.
- Measure the no-load voltages when the switch is open.
- Measure the current and the terminal voltages with the switch closed.
- Enter the measured results in the table.
Switch open:
No-load voltage battery 1 U01[V]
No-load voltage battery 2 U02[V]
Total no-load voltage U0[V]
Switch closed:
Terminal voltage battery 1 U1[V]
Terminal voltage battery 2 U2[V]
Total terminal voltage U[V]
Current I[A]
Result:
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PROJECTS FOR EXERCISING - BASIC 2
PRACTICAL EXERCISE 6
Voltage sources connected in parallel
1. TASK
The aim is to examine the behaviour of voltage sources connected in parallel, under no-
load and under load.
2. EQUIPMENT
- Switch
- lncandescent lamp 1.5 V
- Lamp holder
- Battery 1.5 V
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Test leads
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3. CARRY OUT THE EXERCISE
- Set up the circuit.
- Measure the no-load voltage with the switch open.
- Measure the current and the terminal voltage with the switch closed.
- Enter the measured results in the tables.
Switch open:
No-load voltage battery 1 U01[V]
No-load voltage battery 2 U02[V]
Total no-load voltage U0[V]
Switch closed:
Terminal voltage battery 1 U1[V]
Terminal voltage battery 2 U2[V]
Total terminal voltage U[V]
Current I[A]
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Result:
..
..
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"Corkscrew or screw rule":
If we imagine a corkscrew or a screw being screwed in the direction of the current, the
direction of rotation corresponds to the direction of the field lines.
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PROJECTS FOR EXERCISING - BASIC 2
PRACTICAL EXERCISE 8
Magnetic field due to a current in a loop of wire
1. TASK
The aim is to plot the magnetic field due to a current in a circular loop of wire.
2. EQUIPMENT
- Battery 12 V
- Switch, 25
- A Copper conductor, 6 mm
- Consuming component 0.48 / 300 W (ballast resistor)
- Connecting leads, 4 mm
- Paper
- Magnetic needles
- Iron filings
3. CARRY OUT THE EXERCISE
- Set up the circuit.
- In order for a current of 25 A to flow, we require a component (ballast resistor) with
0.48 / 300 W.
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The conductor is shaped to form a circular loop and is pushed through the sheet of paper.
Pour some iron filings onto the paper.
- If the switch is now closed, current can flow, and the iron filings will arrange
themselves in a pattern around the conductor.
Result:
- Now repeat the experiment and instead of the iron filings, place three or four magnetic
needles around both conductors.
- Observe the magnetic needles, before and during the current flow.
Result:
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PROJECTS FOR EXERCISING - BASIC 2
PRACTICAL EXERCISE 9
Magnetic field due to a current in a coil
1. TASK
The aim is to show the direction of the magnetic field due to a current in a coil, with the aid
of magnetic needles.
2. EQUIPMENT
- Coil, 10 turns, on a plexiglas plate
- Ammeter
- Magnetic needles
- Power supply
- Test Ieads
3. CARRY OUT THE EXERCISE
- Set up the circuit
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- Place magnetic needles around and inside the coil.
- Now switch an the current supply (max. 7 A direct current).
- Observe the magnetic needles before and during the current flow.
Result:
- The north and south poles of a coil under current can also be determined by the "coil
rule".
Result:
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PROJECTS FOR EXERCISING - BASIC 2
PRACTICAL EXERCISE 10
Force between two conductors carrying currents
1. TASK
The aim is to examine the force between two parallel current carrying conductors.
2. EQUIPMENT
- Metal strip with plugs
- Ammeter
- Power supply
- Test leads
- Switch
- Stand material
3. CARRY OUT THE EXERCISE
- Set up the circuit.
Current is allowed to flow in the same direction through the two parallel metal strips.
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- The current supply is now connected (max. 7 A d.c.)
- Observe the metal strips before and after the current flow.
Result:
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- Repeat the test.
The current now flows through the two parallel metal strips in opposite directions.
- Observe the metal strips before and during the current flow.
Result:
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- The power supply is now switched on. The current flows through the conductive
trapeze (approx. 1.5 to 2 A).
- Observe the trapeze.
- Reverse the current flowing in the trapeze (the current flows in the opposite direction).
- Switch the power supply on again, and observe what happens to the trapeze.
- Finally, the permanent magnet is turned round, thus reversing the direction of the
magnetic field. The direction of the current in the conductive trapeze is maintained.
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Result:
- The direction of movement of the conductor can also be determined by means of the
"left-hand-rule".
Result:
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- The power supply is now switched on. The d.c. voltage is slowly increased. The
current (max. 7 A) flows through the coil.
- Observe the coil.
- Now reverse the current flow through the coil.
- Switch the power supply on again, and observe what happens to the coil.
- Finally, the direction of the magnetic field of the permanent magnet is reversed.
Result:
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PROJECTS FOR EXERCISING - BASIC 2
INSTRUCTIONS for practical exercise
No. 3 Electrochemistry - Lead-acid accumulator
1. CARRY OUT THE EXERCISE
- Set up the circuit for charging a lead-acid accumulator.
Safety regulations:
- When transporting accumulators, take care that no electrolyte comes in contact with
the skin or clothing (risk of corrosive burns).
- When charging accumulators, always place them on an acid-resistant surface. Any
electrolyte which flows out will cause damage to the surfaces of workbenches and
tables.
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Result:
If the voltage source is not under load, the terminal voltage Uis the same as the no-load
voltage U0.
Voltage source under load:
- Measure the current Iand the terminal voltage Uwith the switch closed.
- Enter the measured result in the table.
Terminal voltage U [Y]
Current I[A]
Result:
- Every voltage source under load undergoes an internal voltage drop Ui
- The terminal voltage U, because of this internal voltage drop Ui, is smaller than the no-
load voltage U0.
- Every voltage source has an internal resistance Ri.
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Switch closed:
Terminal voltage battery 1 U01[V]...
Terminal voltage battery 2 U02[V]
Total terminal voltage U0 [V]
Current I [A]
Result:
- The total no-load voltage is as great as the total of the partial no-load voltages.
- The total internal resistance is as great as the total of the partial resistances.
- The capacitance of batteries connected in series is equal to the capacitance of an
individual battery.
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PROJECTS FOR EXERCISING - BASIC 2
INSTRUCTIONS for practical exercise No. 7
Magnetic field due a current in a conductor
1. CARRY OUT THE EXERCISE
- Set up the circuit.
In order for a current of 25 A to flow, we require a consuming component (ballast
resistor) with 0.48 /300 W.
- Pour some iron filings onto the sheet of paper.
- If the switch is now closed, current can flow, and the iron filings will arrange
themselves in a pattern around the conductor.
Result:
When current flows through the conductor, a magnetic field is created around it.
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- Now repeat the experiment and instead of the iron filings, place three or four magnetic
needles around both conductors.
- Observe the magnetic needles, before and during the current flow.
Result:
The conductor loop behaves like a short bar magnet, with a north and south pole.
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PROJECTS FOR EXERCISING - BASIC 2
INSTRUCTIONS for practical exercise No. 10
Force between conductors carrying currents
1. CARRY OUT THE EXERCISE
- Set up the circuit.
Current is allowed to flow in the same direction through the two parallel metal strips.
- The current supply is now connected (max. 7 A d.c.)
- Observe the metal strips before and after the current flow.
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Result:
Two conductors, with current flowing in the same direction through them, attract one
another.
- Repeat the test.
The current now flows through the two parallel metal strips in opposite directions.
- Observe the metal strips before and during the current flow.
Result:
Two conductors which have current flowing through them in opposite directions repel one
another.
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- The power supply is now switched on. The d.c. voltage is slowly increased. The
current I(max. 7 A) flows through the coil.
- Observe the coil.
- Now reverse the current flow through the coil (the current flow is inverted).
- Switch the power supply on again, and observe what happens to the coil.
- Finally, the direction of the magnetic field of the permanent magnet is reversed.
Result:
- A coil carrying a current rotates in a magnetic field.
- The direction of rotation of the coil is dependent on the direction of the current I
through the coil, and on the direction of the magnetic field.
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Projects for Exercising - Basic 2
Evaluation Sheet for Practical Exercises
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KEY TO EVALUATION
PER CENT MARK
88 100 1
75 87 2
62 74 3
50 61 4
0 49 5
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EE 040
Projects for Exercising - Basic 2
Practical Test
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EE 040
PROJECTS FOR EXERCISING - BASIC 2
PRACTICAL TEST
Connecting voltage sources.
1. TASK
Connect 4.5 V voltage sources in such a way that a 12 V incandescent lamp can be
operated.
- Design the circuit.
- Measure the current I, the no-load voltage U0, and the terminal voltage U.
- Enter the measured results in the table.
2. EQUIPMENT
- Switch, single-pole
- Incandescent lamp 12 V
- Lamp holder
- Batteries 4.5 V
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Test leads
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3. CARRY OUT THE EXERCISE
Circuit diagram:
Switch open:
Total no-load voltage U0[V]
Switched closed:
Total terminal voltage U[V]
Current I [A]
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