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EFEKTIFITAS PEMUPUKAN

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Basic Soil-Plant Relationships

Organic Matter& Biota

Exchangeable ionsSurface adsorption

Solid phases& Minerals

Nutrient Uptake by Plants

Soil Solution+

Water

Soil Air

Rainfall, Evaporation,Drainage,

Addition of Fertilizer

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Sources of nutrients available for plant uptake

Available Nutrients in the soil solution and Exchange sitesare: In ionic form

At low concentration (Echange sites >>> soil solution)

Highly buffered

Contributors to soil solution:

Exchange sites on clay and organic matter

Organic matter decomposition Weathering of soil minerals and rocks

Atmosphere & precipitation

Organic and inorganic additions

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Nutrient Availability

Available nutrients are those that arepresent in the correct chemical form foruptake by a plant during its life cycle.

Available nutrients may be derived fromthe solid portion of the soil or theatmosphere.

Nutrients must be taken up as ions ormolecules from soil solution or throughthe leaf from the atmosphere.

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Nutrient Availability

Chemical Availability Is the nutrient in the proper chemical form

and concentration for plant needs?

Positional Availability Is the nutrient accessible by the plant?

Relates to fertilizer placement

Physiological Availability Is the plant able to take up the nutrient?

Other growth-limiting factors can intervene

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Chemical Availability

Available Nutrient forms (macronutrients)

N NO3-, NH4

+

P H2PO4-

, HPO42-

K K+

S SO42-

Ca Ca2+

Mg Mg2+

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Chemical Availability

Available Nutrient forms (micronutrients)Cl Cl-

Mo MoO42-

Fe Fe2+, Fe3+Mn Mn2+, Mn3+

Zn Zn2+

Cu Cu2+, Cu+Ni Ni2+

B H3BO3

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Nutrient Availability - Positional

Nutrients must be in the proper location forplant uptake to occur.

Depth of plant root zone affects where theplant can extract nutrients

Fertilization methods, irrigation methods canaffect nutrient distribution.

Ion Movement: Mass Flow

Diffusion

Interception

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Faktor Berpengaruh Terhadap Efektifitas Pupuk

Faktor Pupuk dan Pemupukan (5 Tepat) Jenis Pupuk: Daya Larut Pupuk, Mobilitas ion

Dosis

Cara

Waktu

Sasaran Faktor Tanaman

Sistem Perakaran Tanaman

Faktor Metabolisme Tanaman

Gulma

Faktor Iklim Curah Hujan

Suhu

Faktor Tanah

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Soil Properties Affecting Nutrient Availability

Soil Chemical Properties Soil pH

Cation Exchange Capacity

Organic matter content

Clay Content and Type Redox Potential

Soil Physical Properties Texture

Permeability Soil Biological Properties

Microbia

Organic Matter

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Kehilangan Hara Dari Larutan Tanah

Diserap Tanaman

NH4+, NO3

-, H2PO4-, HPO4

2-, dan K+

Fiksasi Oleh Mineral Liat

NH4+ dan K+ oleh Illit dan Vermikulit

Pembentukan Senyawa Kompleks Sukar Larut

H2PO4- dan HPO4

2-oleh Al3+ dan Fe3+ serta mineral sesquioksida

Immobilisasi menjadi Senyawa Organik NH4

+, NO3-, H2PO4

-, dan HPO42- menjadi N dan P organik

Pencucian

NH4+, NO3

- dan K+

Mobilitas Kation Anorganik: Li

+

> Na

+

> NH4+

> K

+

> Cs

+

> Rb

+

> Ag

+

> Mg

2+

>Ca2+ > Sr2+ > Pb2+ > Al3+ > Fe3+

Mobilitas Anion Anorganik: Cl- > NO3- > SO4

2- > H2PO4-> HPO4

2- > PO43-

Penguapan

Volatilisasi: NH3

Denitrifikasi: NO2, NO, N2O, N2