ees-uetp microgrid course
DESCRIPTION
DC MicrogridsTRANSCRIPT
DC MICROGRIDS
MicroGr dRESEARCH
PROGRAMME
Prof. Josep M. GuerreroMicrogrid Research Programme – Aalborg University
www.microgrids.et.aau.dk [email protected] 7-06-2014
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Outline
Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU
Microgrid Research Programme in AAU
Microgrid Definition and Operation
Microgrids Projects
DC Microgrid Control Architectures
Denmark Grid Concept
Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 3
Smart grid in Denmark – Hourly pricing
Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 4
Residential Microgrids - 2013 DK Smart Grid Strategy
(2015 hourly electricity pricing)
Hydrogen Communities (Vestenkov, Lolland) – IRD Small remote/isolated Microgrids
Large remote Microgrids:
Geographical islands
(70 habited islands in DK)
Microgrid technologies applications in Denmark
Potential areas
Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 5
Programme Purpose
MicroGrid Research Programme Areas
AC MicroGrids
DC MicroGrids
Modeling
Control & Operation
Energy Storage
Protection
Power Quality
Standard-based ICT
Networked Control
EMS & Optimization
Multi-Agents
MICROGRID RESEARCH PROGRAMME
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Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 6
Figures:6 Post Docs12 PhDs5 Visiting scholars
MICROGRID RESEARCH TEAMMICROGRID RESEARCH TEAM @ AALBORGPhDs
P. Coordinators
Josep M. Guerrero
Post DocsTomislav DragicevicDC MGs
Fabio AndradeMGs stability
Qobad ShafieeSecondary Control
Lexuan MengTertiary Control
Dan WuPrimary Control
Chendan LiMGsAgents
Yajuan GuanAncillary services for MGs
Nelson DiazEnergy storage for MicroGrids
Chi ZhangLVDC distribution MGs
Hengwei LinManagement and Protection for Microgrids
Xin ZhaoAC/DC Hybrid MG
Bo SunEV Charging Stations
PhD GuestsJavier RoldanLVRT & PQ
Valerio MarianiNonlinear Control
Ernane CoelhoMGs modelling
Juan C. Vasquez
Visiting Prof.Min ChenPower Electronics
Yang HanPQ & MV MGs
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Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 8
AAU Intelligent MicroGrid Laboratory
Every setup is able to emulate a multi-converter low-voltage Microgrid, local and energy management control programmed in real-time control platforms.
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AAU Intelligent MicroGrid Laboratory
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Every setup is able to emulate a multi-converter low-voltage Microgrid, local and energy management control programmed in real-time control platforms.MGCC Labview, communication systems, control, 24 DC-AC inverters
Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU
EthernetCommunication
DC Power Line
AC Power Line
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The laboratory is based on 6 workstations• 4 DC-AC converters,• LCL-filters, • ABB Motorized change-over switches • Kamstrup Smart-meters.
AAU Intelligent MicroGrid Laboratory
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Microgrid Central Controller
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Kontor Kontor Målerum Justerrum EDB
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Højspændingshal
Kontrolrum
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El-værksted
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teknik
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Højspændingshal
Kontrolrum
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El-værksted
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teknik
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ET Intelligent MicroGrid Laboratory13 15 17 19 21
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Kontor Kontor Målerum Justerrum EDB
Kontor
Kontor
Kontor
Kontor
Lab. for relæ- Sluse
Bad
Teknik/reng.
Anlægslab.
Højspændingshal
Kontrolrum
Lab.
Teknik
Opstilling
El-værksted
VVS-værksted
teknik
Gang
Gang
H=2,4m
Lager
H-toilet Depot
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METER
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Handicapindgang
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Kontor Kontor Målerum Justerrum EDB
Kontor
Kontor
Kontor
Kontor
Lab. for relæ- Sluse
Bad
Teknik/reng.
Anlægslab.
Højspændingshal
Kontrolrum
Lab.
Teknik
Opstilling
El-værksted
VVS-værksted
teknik
Gang
Gang
H=2,4m
Lager
H-toilet Depot
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METER
1 2 3 4 5 10
Handicapindgang
Bidirectional pow
er supply
ElectricPanelboard
Workstation 4
DC power lineAC power line SmartMeters
Cabinet
Workstation 3
Wor
ksta
tion
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Wor
ksta
tion
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Workstation 2
Workstation 1
Communication Nodes
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Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 12
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Outline
Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU
Microgrid Research Programme in AAU
Microgrid Definition and Operation
Microgrids Projects
DC Microgrid Control Architectures
General aspects of a MicroGrid: “Definition and Operation”
What is a Microgrid? Renewable Energy Resources
Main Utility Grid
Compressed Air System
Electric Vehicles
PCC
Batteries
Household appliances and electronics
PV
EV
Flywheel
Power Electronics
PV
WT
IBS
DC Coupled Subsystem
PV
Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids
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Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 14
Intelligent DC Microgrid Living Lab
i-DClab
MicroGr dResearch
Programme
DSF Sino-Danish project 2014-2017
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PV
DC Homes living lab
WT
New iDC Laboratory - iDClab
AC line DC line
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Phase I: Design, modelling and control. Phase II: Coordination control schemes between microgrid elements, including
communication systems and energy management systems for DC microgrids. Phase III: Creation of two Living Labs as a user-centred research concept, to test
innovation systems and elements that can conform a DC microgrid for different applications.
• Home DC Microgrid Living Lab, at AAU to research and test DC distribution for 1-2 family houses
• 工业微网设计 Industrial DC Microgrid Living Lab, At North China Electrical Power University (China), for research, demo and test of energy solutions for commercial buildings.
Intelligent DC Microgrid Living Lab
Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU
Future Residential LVDC Power Distribution Architectures
MicroGr dResearch
Programme
DFF project 2014-2016
International ranked research institutions And the Danish Companies
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Future Residential LVDC Power Distribution Architectures
This project will be done in cooperation with:
International ranked research institutions
And the Danish Companies
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Future Residential LVDC Power Distribution Architectures
Phase 1. Design, modelling and controlPhase 2. Coordination and control of power electronic units connected to the DC busPhase 3. Grid integration and interactivity
380Vdc Powered Home
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Future Residential LVDC Power Distribution Architectures
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380Vdc Powered Home
1. Vdc consumer electronics2. 12/24 Vdc wall sockets3. 12 Vdc LED lighting4. 24 Vdc home entertainment system5. 12 Vdc coffee maker6. 12 Vdc refrigerator7. 24 Vdc vacuum cleaner8. 48 Vdc washing machine9. 48 Vdc air conditioner10. 12 Vdc hair dryer11. 48 Vdc whisper wind turbine12. PVs connected in 380vdc bus bar13. 380vdc charger14. 380vdc busway distribution system
Flexible electric vehicle charging infrastructure Flex –ChEV
MicroGr dResearch
Programme
ERANET project 2014-2016
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Flexible electric vehicle charging infrastructure Flex –ChEV
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Functionalities of the EVCS
P/Q coordinationFrequency participationVoltage supportUnbalance compensationHarmonics sharing
Flexible electric vehicle charging infrastructure Flex –ChEV
Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU
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Outline
Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU
Microgrid Research Programme in AAU
Microgrid Definition and Operation
Microgrids Projects
DC Microgrid Control Architectures
DC Distribution Microgrids
DC Distribution Microgrids
Advantage of DC transmission systems no reactive power loading of the transmission line complete control of energy flow no reactive power loading of the transmission line reduced losses
Why Back to Back links? Different system frequencies No additional short circuit power contribution to connected networks Fully controllable power flow
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DC Distribution Microgrids
Problems in AC microgrids: Synchronization of distributed generators Inrush current (transformers, Induction motors, Induction generators) Three-Phase Unbalance (single-phase loads, single-phase generators such as
photovoltaic)
Recent Trends Introduction of many Inverter loads (AC/DC and DC/AC conversions are included) Introduction of distributed generations with DC output (photovoltaic, fuel
cell,variablespeed type wind turbine, microturbine, gas engine) Needs for higher quality power
DC-Coupled Microgrids DC microgrids/nanogrids DC distributed power systems (DPS) Applications: VRM, -48 V telecom systems, DC-link for UPS systems Isolated systems: avionic, automotive, marine…
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DC Distribution Microgrids
300-400V DC Operational and Demo Sites Worldwide (Europe, USA and Japan)
Demonstrations of 300-400V DC MicroGrids in the world
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DC Distribution Microgrids
AC Residential system
AC commercial system
DC Microgrid topology
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DC Distribution Microgrids
The key application areas for standardization of dc power use in buildings include:
✔Interiors and occupied spaces where lighting and control loads dominate the need for dc electricity✔Data centers and telecom central offices with their dc powered information and communications technology (ICT ) equipment✔Outdoor electrical uses, including electric vehicle charging and outdoor light-emitting diode (LED ) lighting✔Building services, utilities, and HVAC with variable-speed drive (VSD ) and electronic dc motorizedequipment.
24 VDC 380 VDC
380 VDC 24 & 380 VDC
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DC Distribution Microgrids
EMerge Alliance dc standard as implemented for building interiorsDC 24V- Infrastructure
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DC Distribution Microgrids
EA’s dc standards as implemented in a data center
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DC Distribution Microgrids
Barriers: The Challenges of Increased DC Use in Buildings
The use of dc power is not without it challenges. These fall into 5 major categories:1) lack of application and equipment standards for dc power distribution2) lack of common understanding and basic application knowledge of building distribution-level dc3) differences in safety and power protection device application4) lack of a robust ecosystem to support the use of dc in building-level electrification5) unclear pathway for moving from ac-centric power distribution to dc-inclusive distribution schemes.
The first 3 challenges are being addressed with increasing resources by such standards and trade organizations as:
EA , the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI ), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC ), IEEE , NE MA, NFPA, the Power Sources Manufacturers Association (PSMA), the Smart Grid Interoperability Panel (SGI P) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST ), UL , and others.
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DC Distribution Microgrids
DC Microgrid at Xiamen University, China 150 kWp PV System DC Lighting Energy Storage Air Conditioning Electric Vehicle Charge Station Data Center Home And Office Appliances
Cloud-based energy monitor, management, and control system Optimal equipment choice and operation of direct-current MicroGridsEfficiency Comparison: DC vs. AC Lighting: 92% vs.78% AC: 93%vs. 87% Data Center: 78% vs.64% EV Charger: 94% vs.76%
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DC Homes
DC Building (EPARC, Taiwan) DC 380 V 150 kWp PV System DC Lighting Energy Storage Air Conditioning Electric Vehicle Charge Station Data Center Home And Office Appliances
Cloud-based energy monitor, management, and control systemOptimal equipment choice and operation of direct-current microgrids
Efficiency Comparison: DC vs. AC Lighting: 92% vs.78% AC: 93%vs. 87% Data Center: 78% vs.64% EV Charger: 94% vs.76%
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DC Homes
DC Building (EPARC, Taiwan) DC 380 V
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DC Homes
Green Home (Korea) DC 380 V
LVDC 380 V MV Distribution level 22.9 kV
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DC Homes
Fukuoka Smart House DC 380 V (Japan)
Home Energy Management Systems
Bidirectional Meters
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Data server
DC Distribution Microgrids
DC microgrids for data centers & servers
Four power conversions can result in a poor efficiency of the system. Online UPS system is easily available in the market
Supplying digital loads. A classical solution:
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DC Distribution Microgrids
PDU -. Power Distribution Unit. PSU -. Power Supply Unit
DC microgrids for data centers & servers
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DC Distribution Microgrids
Example of distributed power architecture
Source: Intechopen
PIBC PBUS PPOL
IBC
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DC Distribution Microgrids
Typical AC distribution architecture (dotted components are optional)
Commercial UPS system solution Two AC buses (AC main & critical AC bus) High number of conversions (until 5)
Source: Leonardo Energy
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DC Distribution MicrogridsTypical DC distribution architecture
Front ends are used
High voltage DC bus
Low number of conversions
Source: Leonardo Energy
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DC Distribution Microgrids
DC distribution architecture with intermediate bus
Intermediate low voltage bus
Source: Leonardo Energy
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DC Distribution Microgrids
Small scale demonstration comparing conventional a high efficiency AC architecture (on right) with 380V DC facility-level distribution (on left). Overhead lights operated on 380Vdc as well.
DC – AC Demonstration Facility
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DC Distribution Microgrids
Small scale demonstration setup for AC (top) and DC (bottom)7% improved efficiency and 6% savings with DC
DC – AC Demonstration Facility
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DC Distribution Microgrids
Sendai Microgrid Project
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DC Distribution Microgrids
Sendai Microgrid Project
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DC Distribution Microgrids
Sendai Microgrid Project
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DC Distribution Microgrids
Fukushima
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DC Distribution Microgrids
Fukushima
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DC Distribution Microgrids
Events timeline for a microgrid in Sendai, Japan, after the March 11, 2011 earthquake.
K. Hirose, “Performance of the Sendai Microgrid During the 2011 Earthquake and Tsunami”
Sendai Microgrid Project
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DC Homes
Japan residential DC microgrid
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DC Microgrid Ring (Japan)
DC Distribution Microgrids
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DC Distribution Microgrids
REbus™ is an open standard for DC electricity distribution. REbus™ microgrid is a flexible energy network that lets you make and use clean renewable energy for home, business, school, or neighbourhood. (400V)
Comercial DC Microgrid
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DC Distribution Microgrids
Primary Source Units (PSU)
Load Units (LU) Powerline Communication
• Robust narrowband FSK modulation• Programmable transmission data rate up to 30kbps• Programmable communication frequency from50kHz to 500kHz• Complete Media Access Control (MAC) logic• CSMA/CD type collision detection and resolution• Programmable automatic preamble generation• Programmable automatic packet-prioritymanagement with four levels• Error detection (CRC 16) REbus™
Comercial DC microgrid
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Shifting Concepts from AC to DC Microgrids
f/V Droop Control Resistive line P-V droopResistive virtual impedance Virtual inertia f-PVirtual synchronous gen
DC droopP-V droop
I-V virtual resistanceDC inertia V-P
Virtual dynamo
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Typical configuration of a DC Microgrid
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Microgrids Research
COORDINATED CONTROL FOR ISLANDED MICROGRIDS
DC Low voltage MicroGrid coordinated control:
DC Microgrids: Bus voltage signaling
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Hierarchical Control for DC-Microgrids
PRIMARY CONTROL OF A DC MicroGrid
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Hierarchical Control for DC-Microgrids
SECONDARY CONTROL OF A DC MicroGrid
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Hierarchical Control for DC-Microgrids
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PHiL Results
Microgrids Research
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TERTIARY CONTROL AND EMS IN MicroGrids
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DC System Optimization ---- Local Generation Control
Typical Efficiency Curve
Problem Formulation Constraints
• Capacity• DC Bus Voltage• System Dynamics
Objective• System Overall Efficiency
Output Current (A)
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Adaptive VR
System Damping
System efficiency
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The research is based on droop controlled paralleled dc-dc converters.
In primary control level, adaptive virtual resistance method is proposed and
implemented for changing the load sharing ratio among converters.
Secondary control for system damping is proposed to achieve desirable system
damping level when tertiary control shifts virtual resistance.
Tertiary control for system efficiency optimization is proposed and
demonstrated to be capable of improving system level efficiency.
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Conclusion
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Centralized Optimization Method
Primary
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Communication Links
Central ControllerAdv.: 1. Reliable solution2. Strong supervision3. Easy implementation.
Dis-Adv.: 1. Failure on comm. and central controller
may cause the failure of the whole system2. Low flexibility and expandability3. Not suitable for sighly distributed system.
Obstacle of Distributed Optimization:Optimization requires reliable global information
Solution: Consensus Algorithm
Multiagent Systems for DC-Microgrids
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Tertiary Agent based Distributed Hierarchical Control
Multiagent Systems for DC-Microgrids
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DC System Optimization ---- Local Generation Control
Multiagent Systems for DC-Microgrids
Study Case
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Multi-agent Based Distributed Optimization
#1
#2
#3
#4
Multiagent Systems for DC-Microgrids
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Complete control architecture
Multiagent Systems for DC-Microgrids
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Conclusion Consensus algorithm is used for distributed information sharing
Genetic Algorithm is implemented in tertiary level for obtaining optimal
output current of each converter considering the operation sequence of
each converter
Virtual resistance is adjusted so as to follow the optimal current reference
given by tertiary control
Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method, however,
the system stability considering the impact of communication and
consensus algorithm need to be further analyzed
Multiagent Systems for DC-Microgrids
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Dragicevic, Tomislav; Pandžić, Hrvoje; Škrlec, Davor; Kuzle, Igor; Guerrero, Josep M.; Kirschen, Daniel ” Capacity Optimization of Renewable Energy Sources and Battery Storage in an Autonomous Telecommunication Facility.I E E E Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 2014.
Dragicevic, Tomislav; Shafiee, Qobad; Wu, Dan; Meng, Lexuan; Vasquez, Juan Carlos; Guerrero, Josep M. / Modeling and Control of Flexible HEV Charging Station upgraded with Flywheel Energy Storage.Proceedings of the 11th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals and Devices, SSD 2014. IEEE Press, 2014.
El Fadil, Hassan; Giri, Fouad; Guerrero, Josep M. / Modeling and Nonlinear Control of Fuel Cell / Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System for Electric Vehicles.In: I E E E Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2014.
Dragicevic, Tomislav; Vasquez, Juan Carlos; Guerrero, Josep M.; Skrlec, Davor / Advanced LVDC Electrical Power Architectures and Microgrids : A Step towards a New Generation of Power Distribution Networks.In: I E E E Electrification Magazine, Vol. 2, No. 1, 03.2014, p. 54-65 .
Dragicevic, Tomislav; Guerrero, Josep M.; Sucic, Stepjan / Flywheel-Based Distributed Bus Signalling Strategy for the Public Fast Charging Station. In: I E E E Transactions on Smart Grid, 2014.
Gouveia, C.; Moreira, C.L.; Lopes, J.A.P., "Microgrids emergency management exploiting EV, demand response and energy storage units," PowerTech (POWERTECH), 2013 IEEE Grenoble , vol., no., pp.1,6, 16-20 June 2013
J.A. Peças Lopes, Silvan A. Polenz, C.L. Moreira, Rachid Cherkaoui, Identification of control and management strategies for LV unbalanced microgrids with plugged-in electric vehicles, Electric Power Systems Research, Volume 80, Issue 8, August 2010, Pages 898-906.
References DC Microgrids
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MicroGrids Courses
Oct. 14 – Oct. 152013
Nov. 26 – Nov. 272013 Oct. 16 – Oct. 17
2013
Oct. 28 – Oct. 302013
Industrial/PhD course on EMS and Optimization in
Microgrids - In Theory and Practice
Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU
www.microgrids.et.aau.dk
Microgrid research and activities
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Thank you for your attention!
Juan C. Vasquez [email protected] M. Guerrero [email protected]
MicroGr dRESEARCH
PROGRAMME
www.microgrids.aau.dk
Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU