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Online Version ISSN: 1314-412XVolume 5, Number 2

June 2013

2013

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English Editor

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2013

ISSN 1313 - 8820 Volume 5, Number 2June 2013

Efficacy and selectivity of vegetation-applied herbicides and their mixtures with growth stimulator Amalgerol premium at oil-bearing sunflower grown by conventional, Clearfield and ExpressSun technologies

G. Delchev*

Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Thrakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria

Abstract. During the period 2010 – 2012, on the experimental field of the Field Crops Institute - Chirpan was carried out a field experiment with oil-bearing sunflower (Helianthus annuus). A total of 18 variants from the three technologies for oil-bearing sunflower growing were investigated – conventional (hybrid Arena), Clearfield (hybrid Alego) and ExpressSun (hybrid P64LE20). Vegetation-applied herbicides Goal, Raft and Pledge combined with the soil-applied herbicide Pelican provide good control of annual broadleaved weeds in conventional technology for sunflower growing. Combinations of herbicides Stomp, Wing with herbicide Pelican can be applied to mixed weeding from annual grassy and some broadleaved weeds, but with the absence of Xanthium strumarium, Cirsium arvense and Convolvulus arvensis. Herbicide combination Modown + Pelican should be used in secondary weeding primarily from annual broadleaved weeds, but with the absence of Xanthium strumarium. Herbicide tank mixtures Pulsar + Stomp by Clearfield technology and Express + Stratos ultra by ExpressSun technology completely destroyed all annual and perennial grassy and broadleaved weeds. Vegetation use of herbicides by conventional technology causes high phytotoxicity on sunflower. Phytotoxicity was the highest by herbicide Goal, followed by Pledge. Phytotoxicity is weaker by herbicides Stomp, Raft, Wing and Modown. Treatment of growth stimulator Amalgerol premium with herbicides Goal, Raft, Wing, Pledge and Modown as tank mixtures increases the selectivity of these herbicides.

Keywords: oil-bearing sunflower, weeds, herbicides, efficacy, selectivity

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 5, No 2, pp , 2013200 - 205

Introduction carried out by the block method, in four replications, size of 2experiment plot 15 m , on leached vertisol soil type, after

predecessor durum wheat. A total of 18 variants were investigated. Weeds have acquired mechanisms to adapt to adverse Active substances and doses of investigated herbicides are shown conditions in their evolution. Therefore they are particularly harmful in Table 1. Vegetation-applied herbicides were applied by in drought due to their high ecological plasticity and adaptability conventional technology on soil-applied herbicide Pelican – 250 compared to cultivated plants, and this makes them more ml/ha, which was applied after sowing before emergence of competitive (Wanikorn, 1991). Parasitic weed Orobanche cumana is sunflower against primary weeding from annual grassy and becoming a big problem (Valchev et al., 1995, 1995a, 1995b). With a broadleaved weeds.situation of increasingly more droughts serious problems have to be

Because of the low adhesion of the herbicide Pulsar it was used solved (Suresh and Reddy, 2010; Saskevich et al., 2011). One of in addition with adjuvant Dash – 500 ml/ha (to be more effective these problems is the question of the efficacy and selectivity, or the against Sorghum helepense and Cirsium arvense) and herbicide behavior of soil-applied and foliar-applied herbicides under these Express – with adjuvant Trend – 0.1 %. All variants are treated with conditions. Many factors determine the effective implementation of working solution of 200 l/ha. Variants from conventional technology these complex organic compounds. Herbicides will remain in future were carried out with hybrid Arena, variants from Clearfield agriculture an effective tool for weed control as part of integrated technology - with hybrid Alego (imitolerant hybrid of hybrid Arena) fight, which is why research is necessary to optimize their use (Mitric and variants of ExpressSun technology – with hybrid P64LE20 and Vuckovic, 2008; Jocić et al., 2011; Knežević et al., 2011).(tribenuron-methyl tolerant hybrid).The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy and

The efficacy and selectivity of herbicides and their tank mixtures selectivity of some vegetation-applied herbicides applied separately with growth stimulator Amalgerol premium were studied. The or as tank mixtures by conventional, Clearfield and ExpressSun influence of the investigated herbicides on seed yield was technologies for oil-bearing sunflower growing.established. The efficacy of herbicides against weeds was assessed according to a 100 % visual scale of EWRS (European Weed Research Society). Selectivity of herbicides toward sunflower was

Material and methods traced according to the 9-rate scale of EWRS (rating 1 – without damages, rating 9 – culture is completely destroyed). The math

During the period 2010 – 2012, on the experimental field of the processing of the data was done according to the method of analysis Field Crops Institute, Chirpan was carried out a field experiment with of variance.oil-bearing sunflower (Helianthus annuus). The experiment was

* e-mail: [email protected]

200

201

with absence of Xanthium strumarium, Cirsium arvense and Results and discussionConvolvulus arvensis.

Herbicides Goal, Raft and Pledge have efficacy from 90 to 100 Dominant weeds that determine secondary weeding in the % against annual broadleaved weeds. Partial recovery was experiment field are annual broadleaved species Xanthium observed only of single (often passed optimum stage of treatment) strumarium, Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album, weeds of Xanthium strumarium. For perennial weeds, herbicide Solanum nigrum, Datura stramonium, Abutilon theophrasti, Goal has a strong effect on Cirsium arvense and depresses more Portulaca oleraceae, Sinapis arvense, Poligonum aviculare, their development compared with Convolvulus arvensis. Raft and Hibiscus trionum. Annual grassy weeds are represented by Pledge are efficient against Convolvulus arvensis compared with Echinochloa crus-galli, Digitaria sangvinale, Setaria viridis, Setaria Cirsium arvense. The effect of these three herbicides on Xanthium glauсa. Perennial species in the experiment are broadleaved weeds strumarium, Cirsium arvense and Convolvulus arvensis is totally in Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus arvensis and grassy weed Sorghum the early stages of their development – from cotyledons stage to the helepense mainly by seeds.emergence of the first true leaf at Xanthium strumarium and to 2–3 Herbicides Stomp, Wing and Modown are inefficient against leaves stage at Cirsium arvense and Convolvulus arvensis. In the Xanthium strumarium, Cirsium arvense and Convolvulus arvensis other cases only slowdown in the growth of these weeds was (Table 2). Stomp and Wing have good antigrass effect, including achieved, but sunflower developed faster, overcame competition against Sorghum helepense by seeds and should be applied to and overshadowed weeds.mixed weeding by annual grassy and some broadleaved weeds, but

Table 1. Investigated variants

* – All variants of conventional technology are on herbicide Pelican 50 SC (diflufenikan) – 250 ml/ha, which is treated aftersowing – before emergence of the sunflower.

№

1

15

17

16

18

Check – weeded

Pulsar 40 +Stomp new 330 EK

Check – weeded

Express 50 SX +Stratos ultra

-

tribenuron-methylcycloxydim

-

40 g/ha +2 l/ha

-

imazamoxpendimethalin

-

1.2 l/ha +2.3 l/ha

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

Check – weeded

Goal 2 E

Stomp new 330 EK

Raft 400 SC

Wing P

Pledge 50 WP

Modown 4 F

Amalgerol premium

Goal 2 E+Amalgerol premium

Stomp new 330 EK +Amalgerol premium

Raft 400 SC +Amalgerol premium

Wing P +Amalgerol premium

Pledge 50 WP +Amalgerol premium

Modown 4 F +Amalgerol premium

-

oxifluorfen

pendimethalin

oxidiargil

pendimethalin + dimethenamid

flumioxazin

bifenox

*

oxifluorfen

*

pendimethalin

*

oxidiargil

*

pendimethalin + dimethenamid

*

flumioxazin

*

bifenox

*

-

800 ml/ha

4 l/ha

800 ml/ha

4 l/ha

80 g/ha

1.5 l/ha

5 l/ha

800 ml/ha +5 l/ha

4 l/ha +5 l/ha

800 ml/ha +5 l/ha

4 l/ha +5 l/ha

80 g/ha +5 l/ha

1.5 l/ha +5 l/ha

Variants * Active substance

Conventional technology – hybrid Arena

Clearfield technology – hybrid Alego

ExpressSun technology – hybrid P64LE20

Doses

202

Herbicide Pulsar destroys completely Echinochloa crus-galli, weed. Orobanche cumana grows with the sunflower and is then Digitaria sangvinale, Setaria viridis, Setaria glauсa, Avena fatua, destroyed by the herbicide. On one side Pulsar has completed Alopecuros myosororides, Apera spica-venti, Amaranthus control against this parasitic weed and on the other side the retroflexus, Chenopodium album, Solanum nigrum, Datura herbicide decreases its seed reserve in the soil.stramonium, Abutilon theophrasti, Portulaca oleraceae, Sinapis Herbicide Express controls 100 % all perennial and annual arvense, Poligonum aviculare, Hibiscus trionum, Sinapis ervanse, broadleaved weeds - Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus arvensis, Raphanus rapfanistum, Papaver rhoes, Poligonium convolvulus, Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album, Solanum nigrum, Galinsoga parviflora, Capsella bursa-pastoris, etc. This herbicide Datura stramonium, Abutilon theophrasti, Portulaca oleraceae, fully destroyed Xanthium strumarium as well. Pulsar controls Sinapis arvense, Poligonum aviculare, Hibiscus trionum, Sinapis successfully perennial weeds – Sorghum helepense from seeds and ervanse, Raphanus rapfanistum, Papaver rhoes, Poligonium rhizomes Cirsium arvense and Convolvulus arvensis. Pulsar fully convolvulus, Galinsoga parviflora, Capsella bursa-pastoris, etc. controls Orobanche cumana. Hybrid Alego is not resistant to this Tank mixture of Express with antigrass herbicide Stratos ultra

Table 2. Efficacy of some vegetation herbicides against annual broadleaved weeds in sunflower according to the 100 %visual scale of EWRS (mean 2010 – 2012)

Variants

Check – weeded

Pel

ican

50

SC

- A

SB

E

Goal 2 E

Stomp new 330 EK

Raft 400 SC

Wing P

Pledge 50 WP

Modown 4 F

Amalgerol premium

Check – weeded

Check – weeded









0

96

0

90

0

90

0

0

96

0

90

0

90

0

0

100

0

100

0

100

0

100

0

100

0

100

0

100

0

100

0

100

0

100

0

100

0

100

0

100

0

100

0

100

0

100

0

100

100

100

100

100

100

0

100

100

100

100

100

100

0

100

100

100

93

100

100

0

100

100

100

93

100

100

0

100

100

100

100

100

100

0

100

100

100

100

100

100

0

100

95

98

80

100

100

0

100

95

98

80

100

100

0

100

96

100

90

95

100

0

100

96

100

90

95

100

0

100

100

100

100

95

95

0

100

100

100

100

95

95

0

100

98

100

92

100

100

0

100

98

100

92

100

100

Weeds




Xanthiumstrumarium

Amaranthusretroflexus

Chenopodiumalbum

Solanumnigrum

Daturastramonium

Abutilontheophrasti

Portulacaoleraceae

Sinapisarvense

203

successfully controls all annual and perennial weeds, including the second day after treatment, followed by Stomp – on the third day. Cynodon dactylon, Agropirum repens and Sorghum helepense from At Raft, Wing and Modown phytotoxicity appears later.rhizomes. The use of growth stimulator Amalgerol premium with

Vegetative use of herbicides Goal, Stomp, Raft, Wing, Pledge herbicides Goal, Raft, Wing, Pledge and Modown as tank mixtures and Modown during 3–4 leaf pair stage causes high phytotoxicity of increases the selectivity of herbicides. Damage ratings decrease by sunflower hybrid Arena – yellow and white spots on the leaves where one rate on average. The effect of the growth stimulator Amalgerol the herbicide fell (Table 3). Phytotoxicity is the highest by Goal, premium is the weakest in its combination with herbicide Stomp. In followed by Pledge. After vegetative treatment for 10 days the this tank mixture Amalgerol does not increase the selectivity of the damage rating reaches 5 by Goal, and 4 by Pledge, 9–rate according herbicide. These six herbicides did not show systemic action and to the scale of EWRS. With herbicides Stomp, Raft, Wing and damage to sunflower consisting of contact necrosis on the leaves Modown phytotoxicity is weaker – rate 3 according to the scale of where vegetation tip is left. The duration of full recovery of damaged EWRS. Signs of phytotoxicity appear early by Goal and Pledge – on plants ranged from 15 to 20 or 30 days and it is directly dependent on

Table 3. Efficacy of some vegetation herbicides against perennial broadleaved and annual grassy weeds in sunfloweraccording to the 100 % visual scale of EWRS and selectivity according to the 9-rate scale of EWRS (mean 2010 – 2012)

Variants

Check – weeded

Pel

ican

50

SC

- A

SB

E

Goal 2 E

Stomp new 330 EK

Raft 400 SC

Wing P

Pledge 50 WP

Modown 4 F

Amalgerol premium

Check – weeded

Check – weeded









0

95

0

90

0

90

0

0

95

0

90

0

90

0

0

100

0

100

0

100

0

100

0

100

0

100

0

100

1

2

0

100

0

100

0

100

0

100

0

100

0

100

0

100

1

2

0

90

0

98

0

95

0

0

100

0

98

0

95

0

0

85

97

100

100

90

0

0

85

97

100

100

90

0

0

80

98

100

100

90

0

0

80

98

100

100

90

0

0

0

98

100

100

90

0

0

0

98

100

100

90

0

0

0

95

100

100

90

0

0

0

95

100

100

90

0

0

0

95

100

95

0

0

0

0

95

100

95

0

0

1

5

3

3

3

4

3

1

4

3

2

2

3

2

Weeds




Cirsiumarvense

Convolvulusarvensis

Echinochloacrusgali

Setariaviridis

Setariaglauсa

Digitariasangvinale

Avenafatua

Selectivity

204

agro-meteorological conditions. After treatment with herbicides Clearfield technology – tank mixture Pulsar + Stomp. These yields Pulsar and Express a weak phytotoxic effect in sunflower is are the result of high herbicide efficacy and selectivity of both accounted 2–3 days after treatment – rate 2 according to the scale of herbicide tank mixtures. High seed yields by conventional EWRS. At Pulsar they are stronger initially than Express, but technology are obtained at tank mixtures of herbicides Goal, Stomp, overcome more quickly. Raft, Wing, Pledge and Modown with growth stimulator Amalgerol

The obtained seed yields are the result of the cumulative effect premium. The lowest yield increases are obtained by self-treatment of the efficacy and selectivity of the investigated herbicides (Table 4). with these six herbicides without adding Amalgerol. The main reason The highest seed yield is obtained using the technology ExpressSun for this is the higher phytotoxicity of herbicides for their self-use.– tank mixture Express + Stratos ultra. After it is the yield by the

Table 4. Influence of some vegetation herbicides and their tank-mixtures with growth regulator Amalgerol premium onseed yield of sunflower (2010 – 2012)

Variants

Check – weeded

Pel

ican

50

SC

- A

SB

E

Goal 2 E

Stomp new 330 EK

Raft 400 SC

Wing P

Pledge 50 WP

Modown 4 F

Amalgerol premium

Check – weeded

Check – weeded









2222

2646

2489

2604

2540

2589

2520

2422

2711

2540

2702

2702

2671

2660

2121

2896

100

136.5

1824

2311

100

126.7

1965

2439

100

124.1

1970

2548

100

129.3

2180

2956

LSD 5%

LSD 1%

LSD 0.1%

114

153

201

116

156

206

137

184

242

100

135.6

1858

2358

100

126.9

1953

2410

100

123.4

1997

2575

100

128.9

100

119.1

112.0

117.2

114.3

116.5

113.4

109.0

122.0

116.1

121.6

121.6

120.2

119.7

1885

2208

2090

2188

2118

2150

2094

2015

2283

2218

2254

2270

2260

2218

100

117.1

110.9

116.1

112.4

114.1

111.1

106.9

121.1

117.7

119.6

120.4

119.9

117.7

1977

2268

2196

2274

2246

2252

2179

2082

2333

2307

2351

2343

2327

2311

100

114.7

111.1

115.0

113.6

113.9

110.2

105.3

118.0

116.7

118.9

118.5

117.7

116.9

2028

2374

2258

2355

2301

2330

2267

2173

2442

2355

2436

2438

2419

2396

100

117.1

111.3

116.1

113.5

114.9

111.8

107.1

120.4

116.1

120.1

120.2

119.3

118.1




%%%% kg/hakg/hakg/hakg/ha

Mean20112010 2012

205

Genetika, 43, 1, 175-182.ConclusionKnežević S, Malidža G, Elezović I, Simić M and Glamočlija Đ, 2011. Critical periods for weed control and obtaining yield increase in Vegetation-applied herbicides Goal, Raft and Pledge combined sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) torerant to imidazolinones. 11th with the soil-applied herbicide Pelican provide good control of Conference about Plant Protection, Zlatibor, Serbia, 111-112.annual broadleaved weeds in conventional technology for sunflower Mitric S and Vuckovic B, 2008. Preliminary bioassay for growing. Combinations of herbicides Stomp, Wing with herbicide determination of threshold doses of herbicides. Acta Herbologica, Pelican can be applied to mixed weeding of annual grassy and some 17, 2, 161-166.broadleaved weeds, but with the absence of Xanthium strumarium, Saskevich PA, Tibets JL and Gurikova EI, 2009. Agro-ecological Cirsium arvense and Convolvulus arvensis. Herbicide combination assessment of plant protection products in the cultivation of spring Modown + Pelican should be used in secondary weeding of primarily rape. Bulletin of the Belarusian State Agricultural Academy: annual broadleaved weeds, but with the absence of Xanthium Scientific methods journal, 2, 83-87.strumarium.Suresh G and Reddy BN, 2010. Effect of weed control practices on Herbicide tank mixtures Pulsar + Stomp by Clearfield weed dry matter, production potential and nutrient uptake of technology and Express + Stratos ultra by ExpressSun technology sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in Vertisols. Indian Journal of completely destroyed all annual and perennial grassy and Agricultural Sciences, 80, 1, 33-37.broadleaved weeds.Valchev N, Bahariev D, Masheva S and Toskov K, 1995. Vegetation use of herbicides by conventional technology Opportunities for the use of chemical agents against the blue bunch causes high phytotoxicity on sunflower. Phytotoxicity was the of tomatoes. Plant Science, 5, 62-64 (Bg).highest of herbicide Goal, followed by Pledge. Phytotoxicity is Valchev N, Velev B and Toskov K, 1995. Effect of application of soil weaker of herbicides Stomp, Raft, Wing and Modown.fumigants to combat blue bunch of tomatoes. Sat "Sustainable Treatment of growth stimulator Amalgerol premium with agriculture in the conditions of transition to market economy." ІІІ, 2, herbicides Goal, Raft, Wing, Pledge and Modown as tank mixtures 33-36 (Bg).increases the selectivity of these herbicides.Valchev N, Velev B and Toskov K, 1995. Study on application of growth regulator herbicide maleic hydrazide blue against a bunch of tomatoes. Sat "Sustainable agriculture in the conditions of transition Referencesto market economy", ІІІ, 2, 29-32 (Bg).Wanikorn N, 1991. Weed competition and chemical weed control in Jocić S, Malidža G, Cvejić Hladni N, Miklič V and Škorić D, 2011. sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Thesis for PhD, Kasetsart Development of sunflower hybrids tolerant to tribenuron methyl. University, Bangkok.

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CONTENTS 1 / 2

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Efficacy and selectivity of vegetation-applied herbicides and their mixtures with growth stimulator Amalgerol premium at oil-bearing sunflower grown by conventional, Clearfield and ExpressSun technologiesG. Delchev

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Instruction for authors

Preparation of papersPapers shall be submitted at the editorial office typed on standard typing pages (A4, 30 lines per page, 62 characters per line). The editors recommend up to 15 pages for full research paper ( including abstract references, tables, figures and other appendices)

The manuscript should be structured as follows: Title, Names of authors and affiliation address, Abstract, List of keywords, Introduction, Material and methods,Results, Discussion, Conclusion, Acknowledgements (if any), References, Tables, Figures.The title needs to be as concise and informative about the nature of research. It should be written with small letter /bold, 14/ without any abbreviations. Names and affiliation of authorsThe names of the authors should be presented from the initials of first names followed by the family names. The complete address and name of the institution should be stated next. The affiliation of authors are designated by different signs. For the author who is going to be corresponding by the editorial board and readers, an E-mail address and telephone number should be presented as footnote on the first page. Corresponding author is indicated with *. Abstract should be not more than 350 words. It should be clearly stated what new findings have been made in the course of research. Abbreviations and references to authors are inadmissible in the summary. It should be understandable without having read the paper and should be in one paragraph. Keywords: Up to maximum of 5 keywords should be selected not repeating the title but giving the essence of study. The introduction must answer the following questions: What is known and what is new on the studied issue? What necessitated the research problem, described in the paper? What is your hypothesis and goal ?Material and methods: The objects of research, organization of experiments, chemical analyses, statistical and other methods and conditions applied for the experiments should be described in detail. A criterion of sufficient information is to be

possible for others to repeat the experi-ment in order to verify results.Results are presented in understandable tables and figures, accompanied by the statistical parameters needed for the evaluation. Data from tables and figures should not be repeated in the text.Tables should be as simple and as few as possible. Each table should have its own explanatory title and to be typed on a separate page. They should be outside the main body of the text and an indication should be given where it should be inserted.Figures should be sharp with good contrast and rendition. Graphic materials should be preferred. Photographs to be appropriate for printing. Illustrations are supplied in colour as an exception after special agreement with the editorial board and possible payment of extra costs. The figures are to be each in a single file and their location should be given within the text. Discussion: The objective of this section is to indicate the scientific significance of the study. By comparing the results and conclusions of other scientists the contribution of the study for expanding or modifying existing knowledge is pointed out clearly and convincingly to the reader.Conclusion: The most important conse- quences for the science and practice resulting from the conducted research should be summarized in a few sentences. The conclusions shouldn't be numbered and no new paragraphs be used. Contributions are the core of conclusions. References:In the text, references should be cited as follows: single author: Sandberg (2002); two authors: Andersson and Georges (2004); more than two authors: Andersson et al.(2003). When several references are cited simultaneously, they should be ranked by chronological order e.g.: (Sandberg, 2002; Andersson et al., 2003; Andersson and Georges, 2004).References are arranged alphabetically by the name of the first author. If an author is cited more than once, first his individual publications are given ranked by year, then come publications with one co-author, two co-authors, etc. The names of authors, article and journal titles in the Cyrillic or alphabet different from Latin, should be transliterated into Latin and article titles should be translated into English. The original language of articles and books translated into English is indicated in

parenthesis after the bibliographic reference (Bulgarian = Bg, Russian = Ru, Serbian = Sr, if in the Cyrillic, Mongolian = Мо, Greek = Gr, Georgian = Geor., Japanese = Jа, Chinese = Ch, Arabic = Аr, etc.)The following order in the reference list is recommended:Journal articles: Author(s) surname and initials, year. Title. Full title of the journal, volume, pages. Example:Simm G, Lewis RM, Grundy B and Dingwall WS, 2002. Responses to selection for lean growth in sheep. Animal Science, 74, 39-50Books: Author(s) surname and initials, year. Title. Edition, name of publisher, place of publication. Example: Oldenbroek JK, 1999. Genebanks and the conservation of farm animal genetic resources, Second edition. DLO Institute for Animal Science and Heal th, Netherlands.Book chapter or conference proceedings: Author(s) surname and initials, year. Title. In: Title of the book or of the proceedings followed by the editor(s), volume, pages. Name of publisher, place of publication. Example: Mauff G, Pulverer G, Operkuch W, Hummel K and Hidden C, 1995. C3-variants and diverse phenotypes of unconverted and converted C3. In: Provides of the Biological Fluids (ed. H. Peters), vol. 22, 143-165, Pergamon Press. Oxford, UK.Todorov N and Mitev J, 1995. Effect of level of feeding during dry period, and body condition score on reproductive perfor-

thmance in dairy cows,IX International Conference on Production Diseases in Farm Animals, Sept.11 – 14, Berlin, Germany, p. 302 (Abstr.).Thesis:Penkov D, 2008. Estimation of metabolic energy and true digestibility of amino acids of some feeds in experiments with muscus duck (Carina moshata, L). Thesis for DSc. Agrarian University, Plovdiv, 314 pp.

The Editorial Board of the Journal is not responsible for incorrect quotes of reference sources and the relevant violations of copyrights.

Volume 5, Number 2June 2013

efficacy and selectivity of vegetation-applied herbicidestru.uni-sz.bg/ascitech/2_2013/012-efficacy...

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