Online Version ISSN: 1314-412XVolume 5, Number 2

June 2013

2013

Scope and policy of the journalAgricultural Science and Technology /AST/ – an International Scientific Journal of Agricultural and Technology Sciences is published in English in one volume of 4 issues per year, as a printed journal and in electronic form. The policy of the journal is to publish original papers, reviews and short communications covering the aspects of agriculture related with life sciences and modern technologies. It will offer opportunities to address the global needs relating to food and environment, health, exploit the technology to provide innovative products and sustainable development. Papers will be considered in aspects of both fundamental and applied science in the areas of Genetics and Breeding, Nutrition and Physiology, Production Systems, Agriculture and Environment and Product Quality and Safety. Other categories closely related to the above topics could be considered by the editors. The detailed information of the journal is available at the website. Proceedings of scientific meetings and conference reports will be considered for special issues.

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Editor-in-Chief

Tsanko YablanskiFaculty of AgricultureTrakia University, Stara ZagoraBulgaria

Co-Editor-in- Chief

Radoslav SlavovFaculty of AgricultureTrakia University, Stara ZagoraBulgaria

Editors and Sections

Genetics and Breading

Atanas Atanasov (Bulgaria)Ihsan Soysal (Turkey)Max Rothschild (USA)Stoicho Metodiev (Bulgaria)

Nutrition and Physiology

Nikolai Todorov (Bulgaria)Peter Surai (UK)Zervas Georgios (Greece)Ivan Varlyakov (Bulgaria)

Production Systems

Dimitar Pavlov (Bulgaria)Dimitar Panaiotov (Bulgaria)Banko Banev (Bulgaria)Georgy Zhelyazkov (Bulgaria)

Agriculture and Environment

Georgi Petkov (Bulgaria)Ramesh Kanwar (USA)

Product Quality and Safety

Marin Kabakchiev (Bulgaria)Stefan Denev (Bulgaria)Vasil Atanasov (Bulgaria)

English Editor

Yanka Ivanova (Bulgaria)

2013

ISSN 1313 - 8820 Volume 5, Number 2June 2013

Metabolic and enzymatic profile of sheep fed on forage treated with the synthetic pyrethroid Supersect 10 EC

R. Ivanova*

Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural University, 12 Mendeleev Str., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria

Abstract. Most of the small ruminant flocks on the Balkan Peninsula are bred on pasture. Thus the animals are endangered to graze treated alfalfa, without observing quarantine. The instability of the pyrethroid insecticides in rumen alkaline pH of the sheep is the reason for its absorption as early as in the upper part of the digestive tract and hence a better-expressed subtoxicosis appeared. Following the technological instruction given by the producer of the insecticide, the alfalfa field plots were treated with Supersect 10 EC. After seven days quarantine, the alfalfa was mowed, dried and added to the ration of the tested animals. After 20 days feeding of the animals, a decrease in the amount of the total lipids was established, without any changes of the blood glucose and total protein values. As regards the enzymatic profile of sheep fed on alfalfa treated with Supersect 10 EC, a significant increase of the activities of ASAT, LDH, MAO and ChE was reported. Based on the data obtained, we could conclude that when sheep was fed on alfalfa treated with Supersect 10 EC, a strong change in the enzymatic profile was observed. There were not significant changes in hepatocyte according to De Rites but the metabolic strain in the organism was suppressed as compared to that of the control animals.

Keywords: synthetic pyrethroids, Supersect, forage, sheep, metabolic and enzymatic profile.

Abbreviations: ASAT – aspartataminotranspherase, LDH – lactatedhydrogenase, MAO – monoaminooxidase, ChE – cholinesterase

ALAT – alaninaminotranspherase,

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 5, No 2, pp , 2013179 - 180

Introduction

Pyrethroid insecticides have been used for more than 40 years and account for 25% of the worldwide insecticide market (Shafer et al., 2005). Most of the small ruminant flocks on the Balkan Peninsula are bred on pasture (Sakata et al.,1986). Thus the animals are endangered to graze treated alfalfa, without observing quarantine (Cassidi,1978). The instability of the pyrethroid insecticides in rumen alkaline pH of the sheep is the reason for its absorption as early as in upper parts of the digestive tract and hence a better-expressed subtoxicosis appeared (Crawford and Hutson, 1972; Orinak, 1993; Martinez-Haro et al., 2008). Acute poisoning with synthetic pyrethroids is uncommon unlike the chronic diseases that are commonly seen in relation to their wide use in the treatment of feed and their use as antiparasitic agents (Bateman, 2000).

Studies on the kinetics and metabolic transformations regarding homeostasis in the body of ruminants are numerous and affect individual characteristics (Jousef et al., 1998; Bradberry et al., 2005). Pyrethroid excretion is slower compared to other animals. That obviously explains their stronger toxic effect in sheep (Danielson et al.,1996; Neuschl et al., 1995).

The aim of the present study was to establish the effect of feeding on forages treated with Supersect 10 EC, following the technological scheme, on the metabolic and enzymatic profile of sheep.

with a back pack sprayer with nozzle number one, producing droplets of 200 250 μm. According to the adopted rate, the amount of the working solution was 25 l per unit of area (0.1 hectare), the chemical concentration being 0.08%. Spraying was conducted at the beginning of buttoning stage. After a 7-day quarantine period, the alfalfa was cut, dried and after 14 days added to the ration of the test group of animals comprising 8 healthy sheep, equal in age, mean weight (53.3 ± 3.6 kg) and physiological status, selected from a flock of 67 animals. Another group of animals (8 in number) from the same flock was used as a control, their ration including alfalfa untreated with pesticides. Besides, 1.300 kg of dried alfalfa, the ration of each of the two groups, was supplemented with 300.0 g of concentrated forage (wheat), providing 1.08 feed units, 191.0 g digestible protein, 19.24 g Ca, 4.6 g P and 46 mg carotene. After a two-week period of feeding, a blood test was taken from both groups of sheep to check the levels of blood glucose, total protein, total lipids and the enzymes aspartataminotranspherase (ASAT), alaninaminotranspherase (ALAT), lactatedhydrogenase (LDH), cholinesterase (ChE), monoaminooxidase (MAO) and the ratios between them.

Results and discussion

The influence of feeding sheep on alfalfa treated with Supersect 10 EC, following the suggested technological scheme was studied. The results are presented in Tables 1 and 2. After a 20-day period of feeding the animals, a decrease in the total lipid values was

Material and methods established and no changes observed in the levels of blood glucose and total protein.

Concerning the enzymatic profile of sheep, a significant Three-year old alfalfa plots in the village of Brestovitsa were increase in the activities of ASAT (p<0.01), LDH (p<0.05), MAO treated with the synthetic pyrethroid Supersect 10 EC by spraying

179

* e-mail: r.ivanova@au-plovdiv.bg

180

(p<0.001) and ChE (p<0.001) was induced. The following ratios between the indices were established: LDH/ASAT test group sheep = 0.71, LDH/ASAT control group =0.54, De Ritis = 1.97.

On the basis of the data obtained it could be concluded that in sheep fed with alfalfa treated with the synthetic pyrethroid Supersect 10 EC at the rate of 25 l/0.1 hectare in the concentration of 0.08%, a significant change in the sheep enzymatic profile was induced. There were no significant changes in the hepatocyte structure regarding De Ritis index but the metabolic strain in the organism was suppressed compared to the control animals.

The studies on the effect of feeding sheep with forages treated with Supersect 10 EC following the technological scheme on the metabolic and enzymatic profile of the animals showed that although the technological quarantine period was observed, after feeding the sheep with the treated forage for 20 days, changes were established mainly in the tested enzymatic profile. Similar results were obtained by Jousef et al. (1998).

(Shafer et al., 2005).Concerning the metabolites, significant changes were

established only in the total lipids. Similar results were obtained in the study on the effect of forages treated with the chemicals Sumy and Karate on the metabolic and enzymatic profile of sheep when changes were reported even though the quarantine period was observed (Krastev et al., 2000; Abdulasis et al.,1995; Ivanova and Krastev, 2007).

Conclusion

Feeding sheep on alfalfa treated with the synthetic pyrethroid applied at the rate of 25 l per unit of area and a concentration of

Pathophysiology for increased aminotransferases could be due to the injury to hepatocytes, which could have resulted from free radicals generated from the biodegradation of piretroids. Moreover, the activities of enzymes in blood plasma can also be used as a relevant stress indicator

0.08% of the working spray solution induced changes in the animals, most strongly expressed in their enzymatic profile. De Ritis index showed that there were no significant changes in hepatocytes.

On the basis of the data obtained, we reached the conclusion that either the quarantine period was short or there was an influence of the final pyrethroid products on the sheep homeostasis because most probably the proper quarantine period after treatment of alfalfa with Supersect 10 EC should be different.

References

Abdulasis M, Krastev A, Ivanova R and Hristev H, 1995. Exploring the effect of pyrethroid Sumy on some hematological parameters in sheep, Animal Science, 22-24.Batemanр DN, 2000. Management of Pyrethroid Exposure

Bradberry SM, Cage SA and Proudfoot AT, 2005. Poisoning due to pyrethroids. Toxicol Review 24, 2, 93-106.Cassidi SL, 1979. Acute oral toxicity of the spray formulation EF 5288 to calves, piglets and lambs. Sittingbourne, Shell Research/ TLGR.0001.79/Crawford MJ and Hutson DH, 1977. The elimination and retention of WL 43467 when administered dermaly or orally to sheep. Sittingbourne, Shell Research (TLGR.0098.77).Danielson TJ, Golsteyn LR and Elder JL, 1996. Pharmacokinetics of fenvaleriate after intravenous administration to sheep. Journal of Pestic Science, 46, 2, 145-150.Ivanova R and Krastev A, 2007. Organismal response study of sheep after dosing effects of a some synthetic pyrethroids. Higher School Agriculture College, Scientific Works, 139-142.Jousef MI, Ibrahim HZ, Jacout MH and Hassan AA, 1998. Effect of cypermethrin and dimethoate, on some physiological and biochemical parameters in Barki sheep. Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and Feeds 1,1,41-52.Krastev A, Ivanova R and Kusmanov N, 2000. Study on the effect of some insecticides on forage cultures and their influences in the homeostasis in rumen animals. Journal of Enviromental Protection and Ecology 1, 2, 240-245.Martinez-Haro M, Mateo R, Guitart R, Soler-Rodriges F, Petez-Lopez M, Maria-Mojika P and Garcia-Fernandez Aj, 2008. Relationship of the toxicity of pesticide formulations and their commercial restrictions with the frequency of animal poisonings., Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 69, 3, 396-402.Neuschl J, Legath JJ, Kacmar E, Kona E, Konrad V and Saly J, 1995. Effect of the insecticide supermerthrin on some measures of sheep health under conditions of subchronic poisoning. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 40,12, 377-382.Orinak A, 1993. Determination of unchanged residues of a pyrethroid insecticide, PYRWU-TO2, in sheep internal organ issues. Journal of Pestic Science, 37,1, 1-7.Sakata S, Mikami N., Matsuda T and Mijamoto J, 1986. Degradation and leeching behavior of the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin in soils. Journal of Pestic Science, 11, 71-79.Shafer TJ, Meyer DA and Crofton KM, 2005, Developmental Neurotoxicity of Pyrethroid Insecticides: Critical Review and Future Research Needs. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113, 2, 123-136.

, Scottish Poisons Information Bureau, Edinburg, United Kingdom, 38, 2, 107-109.

Table 1. Blood sugar, total proteins and total lipids changesin sheep fed with forage treated with Supersect 10 EC

* p<0.05

Blood test

Groups

Control (n=8)Mean ± SEM

2.385 0.10

68.20 0.32

1.65 0.07

±

±

±

2.527 0.11±

70.20 2.22±

1.22 0.05*±

Treated (n=8)Mean ± SEM

Blood sugar mmol/L

Total proteins g/L

Total lipids g/L

Table 2. Enzyme activity in sheep fed with forage treatedwith Supersect 10 EC

* p<0.01, ** p<0.05, *** p<0.001

Enzyme

Groups

Control (n=8)Mean ± SEM

266.8 9.5± 471.8 0.3* ±

238.3 15.3 ±

0.254 0.007** ±

84.5 1.13*** ±

0.43 0.009* ±

200.04 1.5 ±

0.190 0.001 ±

24.8 1.00 ±

0.31 0.005 ±

Treated (n=8)Mean ± SEM

АСАТ ηmol/s/L

АLАТ ηmol/s/L

LDH μmol/s/L

MAO U/L

ChЕ ηmol /s/L

Review

Genetics and Breeding

Nutrition and Physiology

Production Systems

Trends in battery cage husbandry systems for laying hens. Enriched cages for housing laying hens H. Lukanov, D. Alexieva

Influence of environments on the amount and stability of grain yield in modern winter wheat cultivars I. Interaction and degree of variabilityN. Tsenov, D. Atanasova

Variation of yield components in coriander (Coriandrum Sativum L.)N. Dyulgerov, B. Dyulgerova

Plant cell walls fiber component analysis and digestibility of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L) in the vegetationY. Naydenova, A. Kyuchukova, D. Pavlov

Functional properties of maltitolV. Dobreva, M. Hadjikinova, A. Slavov, D.Hadjikinov, G. Dobrev, B. Zhekova

Food spectrum of grey mullet (Mugil cephalus L.) along the Bulgarian Black Sea coastR. Bekova, G. Raikova-Petrova, D. Gerdzhikov, E. Petrova, V. Vachkova, D. Klisarova

Metabolic and enzymatic profile of sheep fed on forage treated with the synthetic pyrethroid Supersect 10 ECR. Ivanova

Cultivation of Scenedesmus dimorphus strain for biofuel productionK. Velichkova, I. Sirakov, G. Georgiev

Study of the effect of soil trampling on the structural elements of yield and productivity of soybeanV. Sabev, S. Raykov, V. Arnaudov

Stability of herbicides and herbicide tank-mixtures at winter oilseed canola by influence of different meteorological conditionsG. Delchev

Screening of plant protection products against downy mildew on cucumbers (Pseudoperonospora Cubensis (Berkeley & M. A. Curtis) Rostovzev) in cultivation facilitiesS. Masheva, N. Velkov, N. Valchev, V. Yankova

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Efficacy and selectivity of vegetation-applied herbicides and their mixtures with growth stimulator Amalgerol premium at oil-bearing sunflower grown by conventional, Clearfield and ExpressSun technologiesG. Delchev

V. Atanasov, E. Valkova, G. Kostadinova, G. Petkov, Ts. Yablanski, P. Valkova, D. Dermendjieva

Seasonal and vertical dynamics of the water temperature and oxygen content in Kardzhali reservoir, BulgariaI. Iliev, L. Hadjinikolova

Condition and changes in types of natural pasture swards in the Sakar mountain under the influence of climatic and geographic factorsV. Vateva, K Stoеva, D. Pavlov

Comparative studies on the gross composition of White brined cheese and its imitations, marketed in the town of Stara ZagoraN. Naydenova, T. Iliev, G. Mihaylova, S. Atanasova

Effect of the environment on the quality of flour from common winter wheat cultivarsI. Stoeva, E. Penchev

Agriculture and Environment

Product Quality and Safety

Manganese levels in water, sediment and algae from waterbodies with high anthropogenic impact

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thmance in dairy cows,IX International Conference on Production Diseases in Farm Animals, Sept.11 – 14, Berlin, Germany, p. 302 (Abstr.).Thesis:Penkov D, 2008. Estimation of metabolic energy and true digestibility of amino acids of some feeds in experiments with muscus duck (Carina moshata, L). Thesis for DSc. Agrarian University, Plovdiv, 314 pp.

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Volume 5, Number 2June 2013