efficient and affordable: applying the passive house standard to low-income, multifamily projects
TRANSCRIPT
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ORCHARDS AT ORENCO
Photo courtesy of Ankrom Moisan Architects and Casey Braunger
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Owner’s Motivation and Goals
• REACH has developed and managed affordable housing since 1982
• Today the portfolio has apartments for 2,073 individuals and families
• REACH’s goal is to provide Healthy, Safe, and Affordable living
• Affordability not only includes low rents and close proximity to work and schools, but also the cost of monthly utility bills
• In 2010 Dee Walsh, the Executive Director visited Europe to see how they were building and managing Passive Affordable Housing
• Dee returned encouraged and motivated
• REACH set a goal to have a Passive House project in their portfolio by 2015
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Project Team
Owner/Developer
Owner’s Representative
Architect of record
Passive House Consultant
General Contractor
Mechanical Engineer
Structural Engineer
Civil Engineer
Landscape Architect
Design Architect
PHIUS+ Rater
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Location
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Project Overview
PHASE 1 - 2015 PHASE 3 – 2018 PHASE 2 - 2016
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DHW 27%
HEATING 28%
COOLING 3%
MISC EQUIP 22%
FANS| PUMPS
5%
LIGHTING 15%
DHW 5%
HEATING 3%
COOLING 1%
MISC EQUIP 10%
FANS| PUMPS
5%
LIGHTING 6%
SAVINGS 70%
0%
ENERGY USE COMPARISON APARTMENTS
TYPICAL TARGET
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Passive House Approach
•Building designed to maximize cost-effective energy reduction
•Developed by team of German physicists in 1990’s
Invest in this… …so we can heat with this amount of energy
~1000 W
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Residential Buildings
We generally have one opportunity to address 40-50% of a building’s lifetime energy use
Envelope Investment Opportunity
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Address some serious global problems, while actually improving livability…
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Passivhaus Benefits • Health • Comfort • Durability • Resiliency • Energy Savings
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Superior Indoor Environmental Quality
Sharpe, TR. “An assessment of environmental conditions in bedrooms of contemporary low energy houses in Scotland” Indoor & Built Environment, May 2014
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Double-pane Window
Average surface temperature below 57°F Thermal bridging at Installation Edge
Results in radiant temperature asymmetry, drafts, and cold air pockets in the room.
Passive House Window
Average surface temperature above 64°F No thermal bridging
Uniform radiant temperatures, no drafts, no cold air pockets.
Source: Passivhaus Institute
Superior Thermal Comfort
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• “Simplified” energy modeling tool specific to highly-efficient buildings
• Based on Monthly average temperatures (No ETO Incentives)
U-window U-glass
U-frame
Ψ-spacer
Ψ-install
Conventional Energy Modeling: 1 Input
PHPP: 4 Inputs
PHPP Modeling Tool
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PHPP Proof of Concept
•CEPHEUS Project, 1999-2000 sponsored by EU
•14 projects totaling 221 housing units in 4 countries
•Verified: cost-effectiveness, different climates, PHPP accuracy, and occupant satisfaction
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PHPP Proof of Concept
CEPHEUS Measurement Results • PHPP predicted 86% Savings over Code (Heat Energy)
• 84% Savings verified from measured results
• Impressive track record for an energy simulation software based on monthly average temperatures
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Passive House Standard
•Performance-based (not prescriptive)
•Three basic criteria:
•Heating energy limit •Total source energy limit •Air-tightness
PHPP model, third-party reviewed
third-party measurement on site
•High-efficiency heat recovery ventilation is necessary
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• Passive House consultant, Green Hammer, engaged as design consultant
• Certification by Passive House Institute US (PHIUS)
• Precertification by groundbreaking
• PHIUS+ Rater, Earth Advantage, performed on site inspections and blower door testing • Final Certification at the end of construction after blower door testing, ERV commissioning
Certification process
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Building Design
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Integrated Team / Integrative Approach
All core team members present on project from very beginning… • Owner • Design team • Construction team • Energy consultant
Design Charrette • Very early on during design process • All core team members present, plus key stakeholders • Established many key concepts for project heading out of the gate
Developing the Design • Highly iterative process…
• Design work Modeling (PHPP) Cost analysis Constructability review • Repeat again…
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Building Design
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Integrated Team / Integrated Approach
Orchards at Orenco
SCHEMATIC SECTION
2014 October 08
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Integrated Team / Integrated Approach
Orchards at Orenco
SCHEMATIC DETAILS
2014 October 08
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Building Design
EXTERIOR WALL OPTIONS
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Envelope Design
Typical Exterior Wall Assembly: R-39 • Fiber cement siding w/ furring @ 24” o.c. • 1-1/2” mineral fiber board insulation • Building wrap weather barrier • ½” Plywood w/ AB Tape at Seams (Air Barrier) • 2x10 framing with blown-in fiberglass insulation • Vapor barrier • 5/8” Gypsum Wall Board
Typical Roof Assembly: R-81 • TPO Roofing Membrane (Fully adhered, White) • ¼” Coverboard • 12” Polyiso Insulation • Temp Roof/Vapor Barrier • ¾” Plywood w/ AB Tape at Seams (Air Barrier) • Prefabricated Roof Truss • 5/8” Gypsum Wall Board (2-layers)
Typical Slab Assembly: R-19 • 4” Concrete Slab • Vapor Retarder • 4” EPS Insulation (continuous under perimeter footings and at slab edge)
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Envelope Design
Critical Details • Wall/Roof tie-in • Window/door head, sill, jamb • Structural connection at
balconies/shading devices • Interface at Passive House/Non-
Passive House zones • Exterior footing to wall
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Envelope Design
Orchards at Orenco 2014 October 08
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Envelope Design
Reduce thermal bridging
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Component Selection - Windows
Thermal Performance Airtight Watertight Affordable Locally Sourced
WINDOW WISH LIST
Euroline 4700 Series U-0.16 BTU/hr.ft²°F
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Component Selection - Windows
Horizontal “Mullions”
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Component Selection - Doors
Thermal Performance Airtight Watertight Affordable Locally Sourced
DOOR WISH LIST
Appropriate for Commercial Use
Work with a Key-fob System/Auto Door Opener
Low Threshold Sill (per Fair Housing Act and UFAS standards)
Fire-rated
Does not exist off the shelf
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Custom Wood Door by Select Door • 3” Solid Pine • Custom UFAS/Fair Housing Act compliant threshold • Drop Sweep
Component Selection - Doors
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Component Selection - Doors
Entry Door Threshold Detail
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Lighting & Appliances Lighting Design/Considerations • Pinned fluorescent lighting in units • LED lighting in common areas
Appliance Considerations • All appliances are provided to the tenant • All appliances are Energy Star rated (REACH standard) • Balancing energy budget, cost, and accessibility
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EARLY PLANNING: AVOID COMPLEXITY
Energy Analysis & Feedback
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Energy Analysis & Feedback SCHEMATIC DESIGN: “RANGE OF MOTION” STUDY
• Performance Based not Prescriptive: Heat Demand & Primary Energy Demand • LOTS of Variables • Keep a Healthy Contingency (“You don’t know what you don’t know”)
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Dashboard Scenarios for Team Meetings
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Narrowing In…
…but ……holding 20% contingency
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Narrowing in on Appliance “Energy Budgets”…
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Reality check on Plug Loads…
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DETAILED DESIGN: NARROWING IN
• Vetting Component Selections • Tighten Contingency as more becomes Known
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DETAILED DESIGN: NARROWING IN
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DETAILED DESIGN: NARROWING IN
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Energy Modeling
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Building Systems
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Building Systems
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Building Systems
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Building Systems
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HVAC Design
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HVAC Systems
ERV
HEAT PUMP
Heating & Partial Cooling
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Mechanical Pod
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HVAC Design
3 HRV Zones Cook ERV
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HVAC Design • Continuous 50 cfm supply air per bedroom
• Continuous exhaust in kitchen and bath
• Electric cove heater for user control and backup heat (estimated at 20% of building heating)
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Overheating? • Exterior overhangs at all windows.
• Solar blocking window screens for west facing windows
• Residents need to open windows at night and close during day
Photo courtesy of Ankrom Moisan Architects and Casey Braunger
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Overheating Study
50 cfm supply air per bedroom based on need to provide additional airflow for cooling.
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Domestic Hot Water
• Gas water heater with supplemental storage. • Insulated trunk supply lines with electric trace
tape reheat.
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Questions??
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BREAK
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Building Construction
• Integrated Process • Construction team involvement • Iterative process • Cost feedback • Constructability feedback
• Coordination of The Work
• BEC Meeting • Submittals / RFIs • Detail refinement • Mockup
• Construction Process
• Foundation • Walls • Roof • Cladding • HVAC
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Lessons Learned
• eeee • eee • eee
Orchards at Orenco 2014 September 11
• eee
• eee • eee • eee
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Progress Photos
Orchards at Orenco 2014 September 11
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Mockup development
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Progress Photos
Orchards at Orenco 2014 September 11
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Progress Photos
Orchards at Orenco 2014 September 11
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Progress Photos
Orchards at Orenco 2014 September 11
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Progress Photos
Orchards at Orenco 2014 September 11
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Balcony details
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Balcony details
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Skarbord table
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Photo Credit: Bygghouse
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Building Construction
• QA/QC • Self-performed work • Quality control • Sequencing of the work • Schedule impacts
• Commissioning
• Window testing • Insulation inspections • Duct airtightness • Balancing • Unit airtightness • Building airtightness
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Progress Photos
Orchards at Orenco 2014 September 11
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Preliminary Airtightness Test Result: 0.0875 ACH50
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Final Airtightness Test Result: 0.133 ACH50
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Actual performance
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
AverageBuilding
2010 Oregon Energy Code
Architecture2030 Goal
Phase I DesignModel
Actual EnergyUse
(Extrapolated)
Ener
gy U
se In
dex
(EU
I) kB
tu/s
f/yea
r DOMESTIC HW
PUMPS/FANS
HEATREJECTIONSPACECOOLINGSPACEHEATINGMISC. EQUIP.
72
52
23.5 22 22
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Actual performance
[CATEGORY NAME]
EUI 23.5
[CATEGORY NAME]
[PERCENTAGE]
ENERGY USE & SAVINGS COMPARED TO A TYPICAL APARTMENT BUILDING
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Actual vs Code
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Oregon Code 2010 Orchards Measured(Extrapolated from 3 Months)
Site
EUI
(kB
TU/s
f.yr)
Orchards Phase I EUI: Measured vs Code
Heating/CoolingVentilationDHWOther*
52
25
*Under Investigation
52% Savings Projected
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Actual performance vs PHPP & eQuest Model
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Actual “Other” Usage – Under investigation
• VRF fan coil energy for common areas is being allocated to “other” and not HVAC because of the way the monitoring is set up.
• Ventilation fan energy for laundry, trash, fitness, elevator is being allocated to “other” and not HVAC because of the way the monitoring is set up.
• A fan that is supposed to be on a timer is running continuously • A freeze protection heater in the non-PH spaces is set at 70 instead of 45 • Elevator usage higher than anticipated • Other?
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Actual performance
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Education
Required more upfront preparation and coordination Staff – Property Management & Maintenance • Internal Bucket Meetings • Owner’s Training Residents • Lease Up • Move In • Ongoing
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Energy Monitoring
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Energy Monitoring
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Benefits to residents
Utility savings – Estimated savings of $30-40/month Improved Acoustics – Can’t hear the MAX train Indoor environmental quality – Continuous fresh air
Photo courtesy of Ankrom Moisan Architects and Casey Braunger
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Resident Satisfaction “Every day I find a new reason to love it. It’s cool, it’s quiet, and I don’t even hear the train. During the heat wave, my girlfriend came over to sleep because it was so cool. Yay for German engineering!”
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Soft costs - Premium Incremental Soft CostsDesign Amount Scope
Architecture 37,260 Additional coordination/researchMechanical 19,600 PAE - Full Design for mechanical system
Energy Modeling 24,000 PAE - Energy Modeling & IncentivesPH consultant 38,720 Green Hammer
Certification 8,000 PHIUS21,000 Earth Advantage PHIUS on site review
Total soft costs 148,580$
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Hard Costs - Premium
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Financing Orchards at Orenco Phase I
Uses
Incremental Soft Costs $ 148,580
Incremental Hard Costs $ 910,520
Total incremental Cost $ 1,059,100
Premium over "typical Orenco" 11.0%
Sources
REACH Equity $ 300,000
Meyer Memorial Trust grant $ 500,000
Neighborworks grant $ 260,000
OHCS Weatherization $ 100,000
Energy Trust of Oregon $ 65,000
Enterprise charrette grant $ 4,000
Total additional Sources $ 1,229,000
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Lessons Learned Development Process
The importance of establishing the vision, including a specific goal, early
Importance of having commitment from the decision makers
Selecting the right team at all levels of the project Integrative and iterative design process Early construction team involvement Learning from other projects (Stellar, Kiln) and
sharing the learning with others
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Lessons Learned Design
Building orientation – not ideal for solar due to urban design considerations that drive building form Window to wall ratio – Initial 26% glazing,
final 18% Unit plan orientation and glazing ratio
doesn’t take advantage of long exterior wall Design review required building articulation
and materials that work against PH Shallow floorplates might have been
avoided by better integration of massing studies and energy performance feedback
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• Integrated teamwork pays off --- fewer issues during construction
• Managing the bid process requires a lot of diligence --- ensuring scope coverage…
• Coordination process with subs --- GC must be extremely proactive
Lessons Learned Construction
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• Detail for air barrier continuity (process tracing the barriers)
• Construction team must collaborate to help finalize the design…
• Schedule impacts… • What we learned from preliminary blower door
test… • Design adjustments during construction phase
(after prelim blower door test) • Takeaways from final blower door test, and
additional iterations…
Lessons Learned Construction
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Lessons Learned: This is really hard, have a sense of humor
Photo courtesy of Laura Recko
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Lessons Learned
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QUESTIONS?
Ben Sturtz Housing Development Project Manager REACH CDC [email protected] Craig Kelley Senior Project Manager Housing Development Center [email protected] Mike Steffen General Manager Walsh Construction Co./Oregon [email protected]
Michael Bonn Senior Associate Ankrom Moisan Architects, Inc. [email protected] Dylan Lamar Architect | Energy Consultant Green Hammer [email protected] Jeff Becksfort, PE PAE Consulting Engineers [email protected]