The mass of an electron increased as the velocity of the electron approached the

velocity of light. PART I

19 a r t s & s c i e n c e s m a g a z i n e

arts canvas & exhibition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 8, 12, dance & theatre. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17, 20

sciences aliensism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 archeology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

physics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 5-6, 9, 11, 13, current Events –

what’s happening & what’s in

the Dreyfus affair, j’accuse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 wag the dog! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 around the world events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 20

the Potemkin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 the Dreadnought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 pop culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

changes to come . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 editirial

commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

works borrowed credits. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 2

I s s u e 1 . 1

EINSTEIN

Relativity

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In that year, the publication of Einstein’s “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” and three other papers — on light, on Brownian movement and on the equivalence of mass and energy — revolutionized modern physics. Thanks to this work, the difficulty of relating the laws of motion to Maxwell’s law within a unified theory was resolved. Einstein’s work, which was completed in 1916 by the theory of general relativity, opened a century shaped by physics — as the 21st will probably be shaped by biology.

Savage Century 1905: The Birth of Modernity, Thérèse Delpech

1905

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“Relative, relative, everything is

relative, that’s the secret of my

success.” a l b e r t e i n s t e i n

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1905 witnessed the publication of one of the most important and certainly the most provocative of the works of Sigmund Freud, whose thought was to dominate the century to such an extent that it is not an exaggeration to speak of the century of the unconscious.

Savage Century: Back to Barbarism, Thérèse Delpech

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Lorentz's theory of electrons: The mass of an electron increased as the velocity of the electron approached the velocity of light.

Einstein realized that: The equations describing the motion of an electron in fact could describe the nonaccelerated motion of any particle or any suitably defined rigid body.

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T H E D R E F U S A F FA I R

J’Accuse . . .! The article, by Emile Zola, the great French novelist, appeared in a Paris literary newspaper, L'Aurore (The Dawn) on Thursday, Jan. 13, 1898, "an essential date in the history of journalism," according to historian Jean-Denis Bredin. Written in the form of an open letter to the President of France, the 4,000 word article, entitled J'Accuse! (I Accuse!), rightly has been judged a "masterpiece" of polemics and a literary achievement "of imperishable beauty." No other newspaper article has ever provoked such public debate and controversy or had such an impact on law, justice, and society.

10 Published in Flagpole Magazine, p. 12 (February 11, 1998)

The 1905 Salon d’automne showed for the first time works of the painters that soon became known as the Fauves, or “wild beasts.” The term is a reflection of their vivid colors, spontaneous violent brushstrokes and drawing that broke with academic norms.

Savage Century: Back to Barbarism, Thérèse Delpech

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A few years after the Fauves burst on the scene, the Futurist movement arose in Italy, containing clearly apocalyptic elements and openly declaring itself in favor of a major war, which alone, the Futurists believed, could bring about the hoped-for renewal of art and culture more generally.

Savage Century: Back to Barbarism, Thérèse Delpech

Matisse and colleagues, including André Derain, Maurice de Vlaminck, and Albert Marquet, persevere, and their paintings are hung in Room 7. The public jeers at the "orgy of pure colors," judging the works primitive, brutal, and violent. The artists are dubbed "fauves"—wild beasts. Room 7 becomes "le cage.“

Copyright 2008 National Gallery of Art 12

Einstein based his new kinematics on a

reinterpretation of the classical principle of

relativity:

That the laws of physics had to have the same

form in any frame of reference.

Kinetics: The branch of mechanics that studies the motion of a body or a system of bodies without consideration given to its mass or the forces acting on it.

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Arthur Evans in Knossos: In 1894 Evans met with Minos Kalokairinos and visited the site of Knossos. Three years later he purchased the land on which the site of Knossos was located and spent the rest of his life excavating its remains and interpreting them. Excavation began in 1900 and continued for 35 years. Objects from the site were put on display in London in 1903. Evans was honored and made an Oxford chair and knighted in 1911 and 1936.

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Karl Landsteiner, Austrian

physician documents first three human blood groups A, B and O in 1901. In 1902, a fourth main blood type, AB discovered by A. Decastrello and A. Sturli.

(History of Blood Transfusion Medicine Bloodbook.com)

Glass became a relatively cheap and

convenient form of packaging in 1903 when Michael J. Owen in Britain invented a semiautomatic machine for producing both jars and bottles. http://www.answers.com/topic/history-of-packaging-and-

canning

WAG THE DOG! The firm of Mitchell and Kenyon, founded in Blackburn in 1897 by Sagar Mitchell and James Kenyon, released films under the trade name of Norden and were one of the largest British film companies in the 1900s, producing a mixture of topicals, fiction and 'fake'. With the outbreak of the Boer War in October 1899, the company turned to the production of war films of events in the Transvaal and the Boxer rebellion in China. These were filmed in the countryside around Blackburn and consisted of fictionalised scenes of events from the battlefronts.

http://www.victorian-cinema.net/mitchellkenyon.htm

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As a second fundamental hypothesis, Einstein assumed that the speed of light remained constant in all frames of reference, as required by classical Maxwellian theory.

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A copy of the first program – 1904 http://www.its-behind-you.com/storypeterpan.html

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Paris World Fair, 1900. While standing in the Buffalo Pan-American Exposition receiving line, President William McKinley is shot by an anarchist , September 1901. First zeppelin flight 1902. First underground tunnel of the New York Subway opens 1904. Treaty of Portsmouth 1905, peace settlement signed at Kittery, Maine, U.S., ending the Russo-Japanese War. Russia recognizes Japan dominant power in Korea.

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June 1905, the Potemkin’s crew spontaneously mutinied after being threatened with group execution for refusing maggot-infested meat. Subsequently, the ship gave partial support to striking demonstrators in Odessa by firing shells at the part of the city where Imperial officers were housed. Ironically, Russian crews suffering the defeats and hardships of the Russo-Japanese war were planning mutiny throughout the fleet but was to take place later in the year. The Potemkin uprising was not part of the plan. The event is considered a contributing step towards World War I.

THE POTEMKIN

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Anna Pavlova, the Dying Swan, Saint-Saëns’ Carnival of the Animals, 1905. 20

King Leopold’s savage rule of Congo Free State ends. The nation is renamed the Belgian Congo, November 16, 1908. Following failure of the Allied Gallipoli campaign, Winston Churchill dismissed as First Lord of the Admiralty, 1915. Australian forces were used as fodder and slaughtered needlessly after the conflict had been lost.

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As a consequence of his theory Einstein recovered the phenomenon of time dilatation, wherein time, analogous to length and mass, is a function of the velocity of a frame of reference. Later in 1905, Einstein elaborated how, in a certain manner of speaking,

mass and energy were equivalent.

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The British completion of the HMS Dreadnought . . . October 1, 1906. HMS Dreadnought represented a true terror weapon of the day . . . [it] obsoleted every other battleship then in existence. Rather than give Britain's large navy an even bigger advantage over Germany's small coastal fleet, it put them on an almost equal footing overnight, really only one battleship ahead.

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-fornv/uk/uksh-d/drednt9.htm

THE DREADNOUGHT

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POP CULTURE Mass media and mass production provide a framework to support “Overnight phenomenon”. In 1900 Eastman Kodak markets the Brownie, a simple cardboard camera named after Canadian cartoonist Palmer Cox’s popular characters. Its low cost brings photography and photographic albums within reach of millions worldwide. In 1908, Künstlerische Kodakgeheimnisse (Artistic Secrets of the Kodak) by Austrian architectural critic Joseph August Lux, celebrates the manner in which photographs allow families to create stability through personal documentation and this in turn combats the impermanence and instability of modern life.

24 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownie_(camera)

SYNCHRONICITY OR CAUSE AND EFFECT? From our vantage it appears events conspire to create a path to war.

We don’t know how to establish a balance between science and stability. Science is an expression of our own creativity in response to the world, yet it is often not the benign force we expect. When science overreaches our humanity many look to a failure of faith. We demand that faith and duty protect us from ourselves. Historically we make polar forces of spiritualism and science. We make ourselves the battleground between these two extremes.

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HISTORY Is history pseudo-documentation? Is it the

product of our understanding of events and

therefore a subjective collection of

evidence we were already looking for? Or

is it a catalog of events from which we are

free to draw valuable conclusions?

Do we selectively create history to determine an outcome we can comprehend? And in so doing, do we limit our understanding of the outcome?

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Nikolas II came to power at the age of 26 in 1894. He continued the tsarist tradition of opposing political change, press censorship, persecution of the Jewish population and exiling political prisoners. The failure of the Russo-Japanese War provoked demonstrations and worker strikes. Nikolas was forced to concede powers to the newly created duma.

Tsarist secret police (Okhrana) information card Joseph Stalin the Okhrana, in St. Petersburg, 1912.

Tsar Nikolas II

CHANGES TO COME

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The Art: Slide 4, Matisse, The Dessert: Harmony in Red, 1908, Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia. Slide 8, Maurice de Vlaminck, Tugboat on the Seine, Chatou, 1906, National Gallery of Art, Washington, Collection of Mr. and Mrs. John Hay Whitney 1998.74.4 Slide 12, André Derain, Mountains at Collioure, 1905, National Gallery of Art, Washington, John Hay Whitney Collection 1982.76.4 Slide 15, Joffrey Ballet Archive, The Parade Slide 28, André Derain, View of the Thames, 1906, National Gallery of Art, Washington, Collection of Mr. and Mrs. Paul Mellon 1985.64.12 Slides 20, 29, Albert Marquet, Posters at Trouville, 1906, National Gallery of Art, Washington, Collection of Mr. and Mrs. John Hay Whitney 1998.74.1 Slide 24, Brownie camera picture. http://www.boxcameras.com/no2brownie.html

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