egr 334 thermodynamics chapter 3: section 9-10
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EGR 334 Thermodynamics Chapter 3: Section 9-10. Lecture 08: Specific Heat Capacity. Quiz Today?. Today’s main concepts:. Introduce Specific Heats, c v and c P . Understand when it is acceptable to apply specific heat. Calculate changes of energy using specific heats - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
EGR 334 ThermodynamicsChapter 3: Section 9-10
Lecture 08: Specific Heat Capacity
Quiz Today?
Today’s main concepts:• Introduce Specific Heats, cv and cP.• Understand when it is acceptable to apply specific heat.• Calculate changes of energy using specific heats • For liquids and solids, the saturated properties values may be
used to approximate properties values for supercooled property values, if the model can be treated as incompressible.
• For incompressible liquids and solids, cv ≈ cp • the specific heat ratio is defined as k = cp/cv
Reading Assignment:
Homework Assignment: • Read Chap 3: Sections 11
From Chap 3: 49, 55,68, 78
3
Think back to those simple, happy, carefree days of your youth, back when you were in Physics lab….
Q cm T
In one experiment you dropped hot aluminum pellets into a container of water and measured the change of temperature the water underwent.
You performed experiments to try and figure out how the world around you worked.
Using that information you found a property of aluminum called
specific heat capacity.
… it requires 1 calorie of heat to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 deg C.
4
In Thermodynamics, two common forms of specific heat capacity are used.
Sec 3.9 : Specific Heat
-- Used to calculate changes of energy between states-- Defined for pure, simple compressible substances-- May be used only under certain “special conditions”-- Usually applied to “ideal gas” model
When it can be applied: (if cv and cp are often treated as constants)
vv
ucT
p
p
hcT
2 1 2 1( )vu u c T T
and
Constant Volume process
Constant Pressure process
2 1 2 1( )ph h c T T and
5
Specific Heatsthe internal energy change or enthalpy change when heat is added at constant pressure or constant volume.
Sec 3.9 : Specific Heat
VTfU ,At constant volume
This is an exact differential
dVVUdTcdV
VUdT
TUdU
TV
TV
whereV
V
cTU
At constant volume, dV=0; thus, 0
dVVU
T
Finally: 2
1
T
T VV dTcUdTcdU
T
v
isobars
T1
T2
6Sec 3.9 : Specific Heat
PTfH ,At Constant Pressure
This is an exact differential
dPPHdTc
dPPHdT
THdH
TP
TP
where PP
cTH
At constant pressure, dP=0; thus, 0
dPPH
T
Finally, 2
1
T
T PP dTcHdTcdH
isobars
T
vT1
T2
7Sec 3.9 : Specific Heat
Specific Heat Ratio:
For air (at 68oF (20oC) and 14.7 psia (1 atm)):
V
P
cck
0.24 /1.01 / 1.40.718 / 0.17 /
om
air om
Btu lb FkJ kg KkkJ kg K Btu lb F
Fig03_09Fig. 3.9 Shows that cv and cp for water/steam vary with temperature and pressure.
Fig03_09In practice, specific heats will be used as constants which are looked up on tables based on standard values of temperature and pressure.
Gases - Specific Heats and Individual Gas Constants Example of Table:
10
Evaluating Properties of Liquids and Solids:
For liquids and solids, it is acceptable practice to approximate
( , ) ( )fv T p v T ( , ) ( )fu T p u T
( , ) ( )fh T p h Tand
While Appendix A does have a table for super-cooled water, for many other liquids, a super-cooled table is not available.
What to do?
if a super cooled table is not available.
11Sec 3.10.1 : Approximations for Liquids using Saturated Data
For a liquid, there is little change in v, u, h, s at different pressure and fixed T. Therefore,
ThPTh
TuVTu
TvPTv
ff
ff
ff
,
,
,Evaluate liquids at the saturated state
Since these properties are essentially only a function of T and not P, we call them Incompressible.
12
Example:
What is the enthalpy for Refrigerant 22 atT = 10 deg F. and p = 40 psi.(Refer to Table A-7E)
p = 40 psiTem
pera
ture
spec. vol.
*
pres
sure
spec. vol.
*
T=10 deg C
( , ) ( )fh T p h T
o
at T=10 deg….hf=13.33 Btu/lbm
13Sec 3.10.2 : Incompressible Substance Model
,
,
,
constantf s
f s
f s
v
u u T
h h T
Thus
Incompressible Substance: Includes any substance whose properties do not change with pressure.
For liquids and solids:
dTdUc
TUc V
VV
But, PVTuPTh ,
So now what? Take partial with respect to T
0
PPPP TU
TPV
TU
TH
Thus,ccc
dTdU
TH
vPP
14Sec 3.10.2 : Incompressible Substance Model
If c = constant then that means,
Use the heat capacity to calculate the change in internal energy.
12121212
12
2
1
2
1
PPvdTTcPPvuuhhh
dTTcuuu
T
T
T
T
12 PPv is small and can usually be dropped
Therefore, 1212
2
1
TTcdTTchhhT
T
15
Table of specific heat for incompressible materials.
See the course website for the complete tables of specific heats for both compressible and incompressible materials.
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End of Slides for Lecture 08