eia lecture - feb. 4, 2013
DESCRIPTION
Environmental Risk AssessmentTRANSCRIPT
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Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA)
Dr. M. Manshouri
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A project may bring physical benefits when,
previously polluted and derelict land is
brought back into productive use;
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Sanitary Landfill
preparation and lining
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Sanitary Landfill filling
process and closing
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Orleans Sanitary landfill
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Moundsville Sanitary Landfill
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Projects may also have immediate and directimpacts that give rise to secondary and
indirect impacts later.
The direct and indirect impacts may
sometimes be connected with short-run and
long-run impacts.
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Impacts also have a spatial dimension.
One difference is between local and strategic,
the latter covering impacts on areas beyond
the immediate locality.
These are often regional, but may sometimes
be of national or even international
significance.
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Environmental resources cannot always be
replaced; once destroyed, some may be lost
for ever.
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Great Smoky Mountains National Park in eastern Tennessee and
western North Carolina
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Acid rain risk in Europe ( Hatier, Paris, 1993)
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Changes in the practice of EnvironmentalImpact Assessment (EIA) and advances in
information technology have greatly expanded
the range of tools available to the EIA
practitioner.
For example, map overlay methods, originally
pioneered by McHarg (1971), have evolved
into sophisticated Geographic Information
Systems (GIS).
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Expert systems, a branch of artificial
intelligence, have been developed to help in
screening, scoping, developing terms of
reference (TOR), and conducting preliminaryassessments.
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These systems use comprehensive checklists,
matrices, and networks in combination with
hundreds of impact rules developed by EIA
experts.
The global sustainable development has made
the analysis of costs and benefits an integral
part of EIA.
This has forced the expansion of factors to beconsidered in traditional cost benefit analysis.
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Map overlay method
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* denotes Negligible
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As it was noted before these methods are not
neutral, and the more complex they are, the
more difficult it becomes for the general
public to participate in the EIA process.
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The quality of assessments
Many EISs fail to meet even minimumstandards.
They did not appear to contain the required
nontechnical summary, that, in a quarter of thecases, they were judged not to contain the data
needed to assess the likely environmental
effects of the development, and that in many
cases, the more complex, interactive impacts
were neglected.
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Quality may vary between types of project.
It may also vary between countries operating
under the same legislative framework.
In some areas of the world (e.g. California and
Western Australia), the monitoring of impacts
is mandatory, and monitoring procedures
must be included in an EIS.
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A summary of NEPA procedures
The process of EIA established by NEPA,
and developed further in the Council on
Environmental Quality (CEQ) regulations, issummarized in next Figure.
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