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wA An{u\ jBwA qo p ,BhMBT

1381 AoU

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/SwA Bj BBhMBT$ oUk{pnA pA ABAn BwnAA MB nCAo U nB nj yi RBe nj BhMBT Ak{pnA nBYC ]oU )FU p nj q BTB ,ozT pBU BMBTBksQ AkzAj 6A M ohT8 nBM A BA /SwA T{ AkawA An{ u\ BhMBT xpC ysQ qo wU BM BwoM Bpe BU nj vAo nBYC )FU ]oU BM BU nAj C oM w////,gnBU ,8v ,RBMjA ,GHe ,wBw pA A ,BvA InB An yi B] o BU k{n BjBM ,Bwn6A nAkMBT w A AoA A kU o BM An A] v TiBw dTv

/pBw B{ C yQ pA yM Bo oj AkzkA RBoO BzkApA pnkA /Z T{B tB$ C tBU Hv RBA oJBe oYAB/C JB] Ao nzkA y{$ M $ SwA Hv p nj nBYCkAi B{ BzQ M A k{ ]oU wBL kAJB{

/j{ Jo kzkAoMA keA k d k w

jBwA qo p ,BhMBTunwA An{u\

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9 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / ]oT hw13 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / nBTzQ21 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / k25 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /tB C o nj v RBA SB29 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / v RBA gnBU pA eo59 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /?Aki Mo\U62 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / ?SwA BvA So )T Aki BC71 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / v RBA kB77 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / BvA L Aki A ~#77 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Jo. v nj Aki zkA /1112 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /Aki j] nBA zkA gnBU /2147 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /AkiomQSiB{ j ~#147 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / ?SwA kM Aki j] BC /1

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165 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /?jo RBLYA AU An Aki j] BC /2197 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /RBA B] nj B\Q 1o w ~#21 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / 9o224 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / j 9o232 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /w 9o25 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / nBa 9o269 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / \Q 9o278 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /tBU nAVC oj nj TiB{SB. BoM283 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / tBU w pA k{ boC jAoA j287 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /tB C v nj B\Q Eo BB]292 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / twj Bw Eo ,B\Q Eo294 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /?jnAj j] B\Q Eo Aw ,oj AoM BC37 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /BSwo#39 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /BB317 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / BJBT

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1. The philosophical theology of st.Thomas Aquinas, by Leo J. Elders, Brill,Leiden, 1990.

yhM w B{ 1tB C tBU v RBA JBT$ vA Tbo{ T /2 ,JoS nj Hv RBA o~Th gnBU /1 :SwA ARBH M w yhM /3 ,Aki j] RBLYA nj tB$ A B\Q AoMJBT$ /jpAjoQ Swj A pA Bv ,BvA B] BM Aki >MAn ,AkizU An YTv Bwn ji $ SwA A yhM j A ]oU ,oJBe

/kjB C yiysQ SA pA Mi M ,pnkA /Z ,JBT$ kv$ jnAj jBYTA jnB{ nBvM An $ B UBA BWdM /SwA

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SwBw ] pA ,BT]A o Bv BM ,d M RBA Bv[BT RAoYA ,RBA M _Th B{o /jnAj wBwA `BLUnA B] /S{Aj kAi BLj M BjC ] jo kp nj B j) qnw Sw M MoS B] $ k$ co~U kvRke L ji $ Sdv jn Tn yQ (k{ j oS BAjRBA He /SwA k{ kAn {Be M /SwA JoS nj SBj kC fB oJBe o~ AoRoX$ oM $ SwA dv AoHT/SwA ,nB$ A /kAjopBM B] T M T{m ` An dvnj A eAo nj $ Swj An e An ,gwAn jBYTA A BM kvSdv $ SwA C oM /kAj UBA Hv f/j BWdMpA ioM Bj SwA nATwA Y omQBi AoM kA{ BQoMji oM /SwA tBwAM ,kAj Ak] Y pA An j $ AoB Bkj BL oM BTvUoQ BAjRBA pA nBvM j AoSdv AoM Hv BL M B/ ,kYA gwAn UB$nj tB$ A B\Q BBoM pA ,BU S k] BM n pA SwA>w o/ dv Hv B L RBA ZA $ Aki j] RBLYA

/k$ nAkLB] ,SwA$ Sv kYT ,oJBe o~ AnzkA pA nBvM jioM A wBU SBn B` Am /SwA kwn BBQ M L>AkMB Anjkv /kAj Bzo B\M An Tw L>AkMB xo >wnABTvU oM Te lBd M SwA tBU Hv AoQ pA $

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joi TvQB$ TnB vr a ATv]oM nzpA jo Bv M wBU kj BM ysQ A owAow nj /jo

/jpAjoQ UBA Hv BzkA AnC kY M Ap k{$ SwA eoQ f/j nBvM ,xn lBd M ,kvRBA A MB oX$ A M BLoYU /kwoM yi op jn [BT M jpA nBYC M BYTv jnA KSA nj /jnAj ]U JoS nj Hv,vA ,BC BBMp M MoS Tv]oM BAjRBA Bv

/k$ A]n U ,vAoAjozxnAq A yhM :SwA A yhM j B{ oJBeJBT$ AvBY rL KLw M $ SwA JoS nj RBA hnBU ow pAT B{ j yhM /k$ nB{A q /o{ AoHT M BxAdUB]p JBT$ BQ oM Aki j]RBLYA nj tBU BoM [Q B$f/j AkY AU An oJBeJBT$ /SwBC dU bo{ RBAtBU RBA Bi ,>w o/ dv RBA SiB{ nj B]

/jo$ Jvd/Z /Sv Swjnj Aka YTv RBA ,kv nBMnj,Utrecht BzAj ,Helvourt nj UB$ Bzz$ kzAj nj pnkA~dU M (1959 nj AoT$j miA) AoT BzAj ,jnAnB BzAj T{Aj k jBTwA Aohw A M nBvM BSw /SiAjoQAn Kerkrade , Rolduc RBA Hv vw jBTwA wo$ AoiAB) SL Hv nBMnj oYA oJBe Be nj /SwA To koM

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/jnAj _FU Swjnj tB$ C tBU (wB{SLM nAjB S/j KB] ,n _ M k{ w JBT$ ]oU nj RAnBL pA ,JBT$ BS{BQ T nj /jz Bn A TT nj j] jnA $ k{ jBHTwA nBvM U RBe>AjBTwA /k{ ]oU BA ke BU BS{BQ nj k{ jB jnA ,]knB AoM kw pA An BUnBL A pA ioM ]oU wBQ BHTwAoMBU A /$ ozU BzA RBep pA B] nj $ kT{Aj BwnAM $ Bv$ q B~~hT AoM BU Ajo$ o$ l BS{BQ nj An BrA nAj kA /k{BM jBHTwA d kTv k/ nBYC A ]oUo o A M An JBT$ A $ ]oU BU kC Swj M To

/$ JoM $ AjBTwA oBw kT\ o$ oT$j JB] pA B\A nj SwA pkd wA \e q ,kjo$ nB Ao nB$ A TB B\A nj ,wA An{ u\ BhMBT$ oTd SwBn oMA keA An JBT$ NBa JBLwA $ BhMBT$ ysQ q$o ok L]A B/Ck{n M kATM JBT$ A nAkA /$ nAqwBPw ,kjnC AoB] j Bv nj o MkU pnjoi TA ,oHU BAj Sinjw M A pA qa $ tBPw An nqM kAki /kBwoM nB B

/SwAwBL kA JB{138 B M ,AoU

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tB C tBU v RBA nBMnj ysQ M o Be JBTnj tB C tBU uk LAkMB JBT j yhM ,jnAj |B~TiA

1. The Metaphysics of St. Thomas Aquinas in a Historical Perspective.

kBL An qBT yhM j M L1AkMB v3U /SwA 1hnBU o bo8 ,v3U A /jo 3U So BiB{ kMyhM lBhUA A v ? @ \e BBTCA M SwA kUj] wnoM pA kBM jnAj tB C k3 A nj zn SwA k{

2. Common being[=being in general, being as (j] BM j]) , ens Commune :U M]`) tB C tBU jAj kAi cU BkM ji kv Ba being

kMyhM A ka o /Sn yQ C S nBMnj dU w M 2B

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BM /kAj j] BM j] B B j] M Aki An L.AkMB 0 (BwMA( RAj] B)RB3h j] S We A pA Aki SwA k9T Be Anj S{Aj ]U kBM /jo nAo3 L.AkMB B~~hT wnoM ]U jn SwA jo nAo3 wnoM jn C B oUB nj j] ,L.AkMB B A CvDk co~U oBe JBT kv Ba G A BM /SwA q tBU jAoao A S{Aj jB M kBM ,SBe A nj /kj nAo3 B j] l nj An Aki tBUj{ TC T3 jo nAo3 wnoM WdM jn ,L.AkMB njA nj oA SwA kM a /SwA RB j] ,jAo , B j] M oj k{BM ( K]A pA A)RAj] ,B j] pA j~9 ,SBe RAnB{A JBT nj BMA A /kC B M hw C ( B) S j] pA SwABeAn oTM pA k{ bo. q A BM BwMA RBLU

/k{ nB{A C M A SwA B BMA A Dn AoM

# j{ B A SwA X /Sv nA{j pA BiRke ,T{m A pA /SwA B j] wnoM MBU Aki nBMnj ysQ=B> @U # SwA jBp nk> M C WeBL nj kQ LCAkMBA oA >A /Sv ok pA C S wnoM B j] wnoM/jo nB{A Tvh S M jn ka nj ,A k] nj L> B # SwAnj B ,tB C AnC SBA ,JTh Bv zaow C AoMA owAow nj ,j{ nB{C oTzM Aoj M A j jnA BM` /AjAj nAoC ]U jn An WeBL hnBU p ,ysQnj BU jqA T M kM BBkj pA {n o~Th eo{C SA kTA kjw tB C L1AkMB pnBM s o{n o~Th bo{ a Bv /kj Bz B Bp AoM An

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15 nBTzQ

ke BU SCA A SwA kkvQ An v BBkj

/B UvD (/V 384322)Aristotle /1

xn j M qtB C tBU 11wnA k jwC An B{o8Bi/kAT{ K1 ji BzQ kB3 AnC nBMnj ,TiB{

/BC UvD (184419)Friedrich Nietzche /2

w L1AkMB Aki M ,Sdv Aki o pA 2`

/BC UvD (18891976)Martin Heidegger /3

` MyQA S{Aj jB3TA 3okB /SwA jnC B M hwnj M BvA :SwA omQBJBT]A jAkn ,A TwQ \3dU M\3dU ,Bkj A \L8oM /SwA k{ jnA ji gnBU nj AkiM /SwA gnBU ow ^i BAouQA ,tB C v RBA nBMnjAAk pAyM qa k{BL hnBU Ho AB1 ,C pA j~3 o AA j~3 /jM kAh Tn Swj pA BA Jo{ kB{ BnC AoMBdU M ]U BM B /SwA Bkj A M hwBQ AnA ,o Be JBTpA AU An Aki j] yQBzQ ji nA{j HLBb 8

4. Natural Reason. 5. Secularised Culture.

oC wAo M o A A /jo RBLYA B 3 BM ,4L8 3 An SB Ainj oM Job 5k{ j job o oYFU

6. Agnostic ( /jAj Ai cU .U Km B onjA M ]An kC nj)

xomQ BM nBvM B Mob w 6BAo njA B jBdA BkjLC B jn nj BvA ,C oT /jnAj p o oj \8B jo

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vRBA 16

k{BM SwAn o A Te /SwA jApC ji gd nj KBb o BBo]jo pA ]U MBC nB{ kM ,SwA jo B B] nj Aki nBA AU pBM ,k kzkA Aki M ?]n kM

1. The Sacred. 2. Summa Theologiae.

/j{ jnA Bo M oj BAn pA nBMj 1wkC oA jopA k{n M n nB{ CA nj /SwA kp ,T{m XSwnj ,Aki FvkAi kn job o od1w nBM op A] v

/kwoM kp nBMnj oUv Bkj MSwA A ,k{BM T{Aj nB@TA kAU oYA a pA BkAi `C k AnA tB C v RBA k RB pA kAi eo{ o oiFT B33d q T{m A BenB{ An owBURB KUoU @ pA ysQ A nj B /jnC o@ nj ,kAjoAn Bv , oQ 2RBAB]SvhyhM nj k{ bo1,oi SB LC pA) AjAj nAoC WdM jn A k] nj oTzQ tk3 RBA M g3 An Bv WeBL q (Rke S33ea BU j{ bo1 ywoQ A B\A nj /Ajo ^me ,knAj \U]o JBT A M AU RBAB]Svh yhM pA ,pAkA

?jo jBTwA tB C v RBA AoMAntk3 RBA nj M An v oB tB C Sv kjoU Sv kjoU A nj ,jo ji UBA zkA q] An BC jAj

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17 nBTzQ

:BM k\vM /1E. Gilson, Le Thomisme` , Paris 1972, 16ff;W.Kluxen, Philosophische Ethikbei Thomas Von Aquin, Hamburg 1980 ,6FF.jBCTwA jn An CvD BBoM AU a k bo. An ywoQ A vr SwA A vr e gwBQ /kTCM o.i M RBA Rke A kM jAj nAo3oM ,ji RAl (jpBw \T An xji Aki ) 0 We pA ,RBABA z9 We pA RBA /(SwA wB{Aki BB RBA) jnAj BUA e[/kC kkQ RBA 0AA BvkM ] kMB }~hU k BCA BvA nj A

BM AoM Lk Bl BC pA SwA kMom TDo ,BA A Sv k{Q Lk Bl M a ,SwA ,nB A /jo oM L.A AnB BS3A/jnAj j] MBzU ,kTv kAki ,j o KLw kM L.AAnB SeBw,A /kBwoM nB SwA k{ e `C kAnoQ ,lU ,dU nj An BA kBM 9nj nj ,Lk pB9e CvD BUo~M :k tB C SwA nB B H93jBC kM) k{ kLU C 9 Aq]A M ,ko nAo3 jBCTwA jn tk9 RBA/kAw C SB nj k jBCTwA BC pA RBA T3 BU (Sv ,RBAjonB /joM nB M RBA pA 9Tv An Lk pB9e CvD BUo~M A AU AnAkB] vBnA nj j] B{ Bz A oB jonB BM j{ An BCj] 9Tv nk M vBnA pA oM nj ,B{ Bz A oB /jo vB9oUB B Rke Jm] kARBe A MBU ,vBnA nj nj BA knAj

/k{

1/jnAj An ji |Bi Rke ,A A j] bn M tk3 RBABA M t k3 BU Rke SwB ]U jn oTzM `Cnj / SwBC UBA p pA 3Tv , A pA jBTwA n RBA B]KUoU @ S AU Fv A |~i

2. revelation. 3. Trinity of Persons.

,kAki Se oi oM SwA TL ,SwA 2e oM TL Tn ow o jo \i An B] ,TB \U 3YY |Bh{A nj Aki

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vRBA 18

M Aki w M SzpBM ow A /jnAj A w M n ,C nj Unobn M /jkM Rn cv nj cv 1wAM kM B d @ kB a ,tBU RBA oM Be @ A j]M BM BC BXA BvA ,S3i ,Aki M qMo Bv nj KUoU/SwA kz Be e pA 1wAM n8 M kC kkQ 3 BBTCAj] RBLYA nj B\Q ro8 KUoU @ a jnA nj e A/SwA kM ,BA q] S3i JBM nj Bwn ,A RB KUoU ,Aki,tB C jM nAoC o A joo v AU B8A BM ,j A MjBTwA KUoU @ pA pBM kvM v Ho UBA

/joB]RB3 pA nBvM nj tBU /j{ Ti B] M K1

1. The corpus articuli.

BoM ,L8 3 jk M ,jpAjoQ 1RB bo8 M TC ,RBARBLYA M SwA k{ BM A e \o8 pA An AT BU k o

2. The argument Sed contra.

,oj RB3 nj /(k jBTwA 2$iBoM pA ,C nj ) /kBwoM SwA v Ao@ B JoU BM bo{ nAjk ,A BoMnAoC jBTwA jn A S33e JBM nj kM RBB1 nj ,xA\ToM FU B ,pA dU BM RB3 pA nBvM nj B oiBM /joM /nAj nBow j{ B oM e An pA g3 qa

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19 nBTzQ

oUk`Q S ,RB3 Svh o /nAk nB Aka oiA jn

/jnAk j] Corpus Articuli jn nj Bz o T tBU ~~hU oD nj /1w RBA o3 nj ,tB C ol nj k{BL kBD pA Bi T A o l kB{ kB) BA Bv /2 (Aki j] RBLYA kB) 9 Bv :jnAj j] Bv Twj9 oM BA w pA o A Bv /BA ,9 Bv /3 (WXU SwA TC /SwB M ovB q VD KB. /jomQ An BC 9 jjo oAka < RB9 \> jB oMAoM , Corpus Articuli AoM , wBQ B3C k9 M

/Sv cd

1RB BM nj k{ bo1 j kB a /k yQpA SBe Ji BoM oM TL RB3 A j] BM /kAd vAn ji BU j{ kAi Ao \U FU M v 3 jnAj B A\Cj y3 jnA A nj /k nBpBw kj U B M e `C BMq1iBTwAn nj k nB SAk An 3 ,e ?Sva eM o~d z3 ,e ,jnA A nj BC /kzkM ~hz AoM no 8o{ w oM Aki \U BC X ?jnAj q jo

2. self subsistent being itself.

n1A o A ?SwA 2RA mBM vTv j] ,Aki jM yM A MC pA T hw kwn kAh RBLYA M BU 3 BM zM a ,k{BM jBp BTeA M BT{o j] /SwB]M v WeBL njnj ,jo Be 3xAnBMnj AU e \o8 pA g3 SwASBe nj /jo RBLYA BU 3 BM An |Bi AU jnA ojv BoM A M SooM xAUBA p pA An C AU oiA

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,A RB ,Aki j] ` jnA nj ,e A /jo oA M /SwA rjB RBCh Aki B SMBz ,S3i ,Aki jAnA ~ ,SwA tk3 BU M \T oYA ji ao ARBA B]KUoU

/kj Swj M v UBA pARBA B] nj wB{Aki Bv KUoU @ pA ,ji \3dU nj BgnBU SB nBMnj Ak3 ,BC bo8 pA yQ , oQxnBA Aki zkA nBMnj ~ ,C SA v RBABB{ yhM M CA Ajo w ysQ A BYA nj /AjqAwB{Aki M ]An B BBMp M T @ \e pA ]Un pA jAj fn Bw Hv / ?]n SwA j] tB C

/SwA jL k

1. Leonina. 2. Marietti. 3. S. Theron.

oBw jn nj 1B NBa pA ,RBA B]U T pA C 3 njpA q RBA B] vA T AoM ,2TnB L8 pA ,tB C nBYCa RBeA ,B /Ajo jBTwA vA Bj ]oUBBw A 8 Bv pA Ai BBQ nj /AjnC M ,kAkBwn nB JBT A T{ \3dU jA nCjo nj Ao,T A vA SAn AipBM AoM ,3oU oTj pA H~h

/ AjnkCpnkA /Z

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1. Gods existence and being. 2. De natura deorum.

1Aki j] Tv nBMnj kB@ \3dU B M v RBASL* nBMnj Bwn nj ,1wnA LAkMB JBT nj An C B /SwA

/n K.i nAkTwBw ,UvD (/V 1643)Marcus Tullius Cicero /3

Tvh S@ WdM nj q ,3ovw oYA 2BAkinj BkM /MB dvoI @w BM Bv# BMC dvBkvBAjRBA ` Bv j Bkv nBYC nj ,Cw o>pAkA a BU # SwA WdM d ,ka o ;nioM C M dv nqM

3oD pA ,BBTA dv AjRBA (b 1217.21 1274) St.Bonaventure /4 /BvvAoD

/S@ hw 4nTBM tB# C tBU @v RBA pA AUuBvn nj nj q 1w oC oiAA nj L8 RBA ao A\n k oC gwAA nj So nAoC {Be nj ,j RBeATv]oM SC Bw 2 KoC ,C pA uQ SBpBM An xAT{mB nj C BB] SB ,o Be o~ nj BA /jo |e An ji

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vRBA 22

RBA k B BBM /SwA Tn Aw op v BT{n/SwA T{m AnBpn nBjB jnAk nBLTA xpnA _ v

1. Schubert Ogden.

v RBA k Te 1kA RoM{ B M Akv

CwD pA ( J 4 b - V 3 b) j D M Uo AnkwA D , Philo /2/j nqM

2 Bp pA SwAki nBMnj nBLBp o@ pA AtB CFv M TiAjoQ An ow oM Ak B A ,T{Aj 1w l M An v RBA knAj xi oj Ak /SwA k{ Aki

3. science of comparative religion. 4. Francis Cornford.

kB3 B B{A njysQ M ,kB o 33L1U BjABkv /k AnA Aki nBMnj Bi o@ jpAjoQ jM Sv v HCA ,L8 RBA k B kTv jnC j 4jnn uvAo /SwA j B{o oM TLKBC nj j RAjB3TA BM bo{ S] nj SwA z{ B v

5. F.Cornford, from Rel igion to Philosophy. A Study of the Or igins ofWestern Speculation, New York (edit.Harper), V1.koM /kDA jn nj SwA VjB BkAo9w yQ jn nj ,jnCn ol

:MC.J.Webb, Studies in the History of Natural Theology, Oxford 1915,134:C pA 9Tv ,kDA a nqM nzkA jq nj Te ,Lk RBA /// M>jB j An C /// Be o M B BM Be q j An C Ai qa kv 6wAj oTvo 5/ RBe1A

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23 k

1. A . Pegis.

A oM Te 1Q/A

vRBA 24

1. Kritik der reinen Vernunft, A223.[= A223 ,d k]:SwA k{ ]oU wnBD M op RB~hz BM JBT A ]

RAnBzTA ,B.w KjA kAu{o oTj ]oU ,SB BA ,JB joi y\wnB o k{BL Aki o A>: kv vCBTwAj [/x1362 ,A ^ ,AoU ,oLoA

25 k

SC 3 kATM jnAk j] BvA AoM oj An _ ,k{BM/kMBpBM An ji pBT

tBC o nj v RBA SBRBA , A n8 M v RBA nBMnj WdM M ,k3 A nj B SwA A ywoQ Tvh /pAjoQ } iA n8 M tB C v ,Ak gwBQ ? BSwA TiAjoQ TiBw UBA atBU BC

dv AL.AkMB ,tBU L.AkMB k9 M /SwA vr ol ,A /1q Q/t/A /SwA (revelation of Gods name) Aki \U oM TL Aop ,SwA 9Tv ACvD ,tBU uk3 o A> :kv B\C k BLj An oD pok

vRBA 26

kv B\C nj tBU /9. 2a. 2 , tTM SXU Bwn oM bo{ :M koM ` /1/oM \T ,RBk9 tBwA oM k BeT3A ,

tB C 1/ko nAoC wnoM jn L1AkMB nj ,kTv

2. Summa Contra Gentiles, I, c.3.3. Commentary on the Metaphysics.

1wnA 3LAkMB oM bo{ nj q 2Ao6B jn nj \ nj An T oUAo KUAo M Aki a o A k ji oYA j A nj A /k BMpA kwBzM UAl ke An A kATM L8 3 BM BvA SwA C pAnAoC ysQ jn L1AkMB nj SwA j] S S] C

/joa xnB M Swj ji ,tB C BC SwA A j ywoQo l BM TLA ,SwA SLX gwBQ pBM ? B SwA jp v RBAw j BMBT ~ pA jAkU , JBT :BSjkd/SwA jq i Aki M ]An Av a M Ao6B jn nj \ @ SBn M k3 ,1wnA LAkMB oM bo{ ,xoYA nj tB CjM 1wnA T B~ M k3 q jo bo{ MBT jpAj KUoU

Be JBT o ,JBT 14 B{ (L)A kM B =)q-BT B M .wnA nz JBT /4/SwA jo bo{ An jpAj JBT BU tB C /SwA B~D

Ao{n AnC pA A\ Be k{ jB bo{ ,A j] BM /4SwAnAoC v UBA oB c1w nj BC pA AnBQ SwAtB C jinj B HTLv ABwn RBA B]SvhyhM pA AU Te /knAj

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27 k

bo1 RB BBw @ C pA oT /nC jo nBM ABnBQ kAU 3 a kj Bz Mi M oYA A nj k{

/kzhM KUoU @ An v RBA JTho M jn B A An T A SwA p B\A nj

v BM kBM AkTMA nj B kM /jnAj Bi jBC M pB RBA

1. Philosophy of Nature.2. The Metaphysics of Common being (B RBA . A BM RBA)

nj jBC A kM /k{ B{C 2B j] L1AkMB 1SL8

/SwA ]oT jqDA /3

]U MBC jAkU poA /jM kAi nA{j nBvM 3|BiRBA jBLM kv K1 Aki nBMnj UB ob Bkv ,w pA,jAkn A /knB{ v An A k] wU tBU

tBU BzkA AnC pA SwA ACvD (Thomism) vU /Thomists /4xoTv vM tBU AoQ BenB{ wU kM nB~A nj kC kkQ tB Ck oUoY SwA T{Aj jkT AoQ jBT o3 nj TvU CvD /SDB NBQ /SwA TDB AjA yUBe ,poA M BU ,jM jp o3 wAA nj CTw CvD M jnC n M An Bdv wn AA nj 1879 Bw nj ,jqwB nj SC ATM kB{ /joK] tBU CvD M An BC ]U H~h kAiAoD Ar ,vr UA pA kUnBL BoUTv]oM (Neo Thomists) BwBU oX jAkU

/TvQB njoD anB Up] ,sAonB q ,TnB

@ nBLTA xpnA oM jBT BBw 8 4tBU AoQ AoM/SwA yhMSB n kio jAkn ,kAjoz BQtB C v Bv BM SwA A ,jAkn A k] J qB3 pA

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vRBA 28

kni An BC oB jBw Ko ,k B1 An tB C nBYCC jn B LC M njM ,C pA ji S{AjoM SBnj Tvh BM

1. Five Ways. 2. R. Swinburne. 3. subjective.

nj tBU ^o 1B\Q ro8 :nC A /k AkCA /j{ Jvd A L8 RBA Tv tBwA ,Aki j]RBLYAv SwA BetB C zkA oM nj Rke B\vA BaC pA zhM ,C pA ji jqMBT{ n~U SBnj BQ oM Ho kAUtBU zkA AoM A AhM o A ,n A pA /k jn B jomPM AnnBa A oM L 2oLw/n o@ M kBM ,{ BC xpnA

v BTvC oU\B ] pA ,B\Q ro8 Svh BoM

/Sv kvQjo i Aka jqMBT{ HTLv Swo@ ,SwA tBUoTzM ?{ nB{A oj B M kBM ,A oM qA \z kpB ,\1 oA kpB An ji p kk] o~ BvA :jnAjjApC pA k{ 3Aol nk3C ,k tBveA o Ao T33ekjoU [j] kU TomQ nj SwA jo AkQ B C Aka yiB] A M Ba BAoB pA nBvM ,T{m A pA /jnAj An/jnAj B a Ben B k kAjoPw j jBjkd B{oU SwA B] pA oYFT jBp nBvM ke BU BC B

4. technical knowledge. 5. homo positivus.

5Ao ~dU BvA kj \A B B{kj \A 4U yAj M

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29 k

To ? C AoM kBM AkTMA ,v RBA AoM/SwAFT o@ M ,kBwoM B\A M nB jiBUo~M BM k{ KLw A M H3Cj ,RBA ^k /k{ BC SA xpnA ,SwABvA kp nmjp BKz pAo M 1Mn Sv B]jw

/jnAj kQ BvA j] B oU\ BM M ,jnAkAn 3 SwAoCA keA C nj ,tB C v RBA

1. reductive empiricism. 2. rationalism.

An 1kBo Ao Mo\U Be nj ,kAj oLT jBTA MBCnj An ji ,^v :kq nj q 23 SBA pA ,k jo8KUoU A M ;jnAk An C nj AU pAn ,kMB kAki pAn oMAoM

/SwA k FU ]U jn nA Aki M B So Lw L]

v RBA gnBU pA eo MBnj o@ RBA hnBU ow M TC

/B UvD (/V b 429347)Plato /34. Rep.379a. BM k\vM :Metaph. 983 a 1-6.nj j k] nj ,kDA n] Bwn :SwA k{ ]oU wnBD M ,JBT j A,pnAi RAnBzTA ,C. ve kd ]oU ,kM M 861 dC pA 3-A nBYC B7oTj pA :B pA ]oU ,.wnA ,(L)A kMB)q-BT . /x 1367 ,j NBa

/x 1366 ,A NBa ,nBTC oz ,(Uo{) BwAoi kAUo{

oM A 4/k{ joM nB M 38A nBYC nj nBM Tvh theologos/jo Sj ,kT hw BAki nBMnj Akjoi AoB{

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vRBA 30

/vjA jBA nz Bl KeB ,B oB{ (/V 9 o3 b)Homer /1

,1o a AoB{ nBT M theologia ,1wnA nBYC nj

/B AoB{ Tvh pA (/V 8 o3)Hesiod /2/SwA TC hw q B] yAkQ nBMnj B oB{ (/V 55 b) Pherecydes /3

BT BvM a b1A A /jM BAki nBMnj 3tko 2jvn A pA /k{ ApnA BAki w pA jM BA B eB M A M Sv BAki nBMnj So g3 theologia M) theologike' pA RBA M nB{A AoM /SwA C A

4. episteme.5. Metaphysics VI, 1.nBY A B ] RBB7 =] Meteor[ology] BM k\vM (1 ~D ,z{ JBT ,L)A kMB)De nj /kM RBA okBwA B kQ B\A nj .wnA /[ 353.a35 A/SwAki nBMnj ysQ M (BU) qeologeiv rA ,mundo 391 b4

5/k{ jBTwA 4(So B /SwA kC o@ pA 1wnA B w kMyhM nj ABM j] BM pAkA a BU ,wB{Aki A Sv {nhw C pA LAkMB nBa JBT pBbCow nj 1wnA ,j]UBBMA 1wnA B BenB{ B nBM A nj /jnAj Bv ,k

o3 AA j o3 oiAA nj B Bz UvD Alexander of Aphrodisias /6/SwA .wnA nBYC nqM enB{ pA /S{Aj pn UC nj j pA kM w

,So oUB k 6vjoA nkwA :SwA T{Aj j]nj GoB RBA n A pA ,SwA j] BM j] M BBJBT oM ji bo{ nj A j] BM /jo nAoC L1AkMB oC

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31 k

/SwA .wnA L)A kMB z{ JBT B ,vQA /1

kv Sv kjoU M C JBvTA Sd nj 1vQACA L1AkMB ? SwA j] oUk]nA oUBnBMnj v ysQ M RBA pA jn A nj A /j{

2. highest Principle.BD{ M /J 45 jke nj) AnkwA tPwC /Asclepius of Alexandria /3

/nkwA kDA KT BeA pA /B UvD (kwn

j] B1 3tPwC o@ \L8 oM /k jBTwA 2oM EkLL1AkMB AoMBM ;SwA oM j] B1 BB j] BM

/SwA RBA B

/dv KjA AjRBA ,UvD (j 6 o3) John Philoponus /4/483 BU 468 Bw pA NBQ ,BBTA AjRBA (j 483 DT) Simplicius /5

An (8A ) ovU d A q 5tPw 4tQB{B { oUB ,RBA BC o@ \L8 oM /kjo BLjA /kCoM kU k3 ,v oj BiB{ SwA

37 oC)uoA g{ A Uo{ M K9 ,BwMA B BwMA Avicenna /6/AoA kzAj UvD (V / 428 Ben

nBYC BenB{ oTnqM pA BBPwA Jo CwD oTnqM (V/ 52595)Averroes /7/.wnA

pA yQ ,kB\A 7k{n MA 6BwMA jBBT AnC M ,JTh owBUBkMyhM pA M SwA p Bv nqM w AnC M TiAjoQAA nj ,n nUAoPA nj jM BCAn jBTwA jn ,vw M v kMyhM , nB{A SwA T{Aj ZAn 1w oC

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vRBA 32

1. Physical. 2. physics (RBLk)/

2SL8 pA q] ,RBA B\A nj /CiA 1L8 3 yhM

/n kv p9d (/V 11727)Marcus Terentius Varro /3

RBA :jo v3U iB{ w M An RBA 3 nA ,U kv /SwA

4. Mythology. 5. Civil Religion.

wB JAjC SiB{ ) 5k j 4wB{n1wA ,333e So ,3 RBA g3 B A nj /(k kp nj wn

6. Apud Augustinum, De civ. Dei VI 5 : theologia est ratio de diis.pA SwA RnBL RBA : 5 kM ,6 ~D A o{ nBMnj JBT nj ,Tw C jq nj =]

[/A nA SiB{

6/k o Aki M ]An

/dv BAjRBA Tvh pA ,o~ nkwA kT (/b 185 b 254)Origenes /7 /A Bv fn ,.vD kT BTeA (/b 26434)Eusebius /8

M RBA pA 8tLpA 7unA H~h ,dv Bkv

/SwA joM nB M B A M An b.A A q twj /Contra Celsum VI 18, /9

9/kAjoM B cv v Aki nBMnj (Be) ApC A

pA hw ,dvom Bkv BM ji jB\ WdM nj SwA Tw C ,BXTwA /10B nj ,b.A A pA nMC /jnC B M (vera theologia) 99e RBAjBCTwA (revealed doctrine) Be BU nBMnj kBl ysQ ,C kk]

/k/rBUnB kT ,Bv BMC oTnqM pA /(b 2258)St.Cyprianus /11

/BC kT ,dv nzkA G9wA (b 339397)St.Ambrose /12

tno ,12twoLC ,11tBoP LC pA 10U Bkv

/n kT ,Bv BMC pA ,(5964)NBQ ,(b 5464)St.Gregory the Great /13 /n nAkTwBw UvD (b 475 524)Boethius /14

jBTwA tk3 RBA B M b1A A pA 14tTM 13oL

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33 k

j] BM j] An L1AkMB ? ,BwMA /kjo

1. Metaphysica 70 Vc (Liber de Philosophia Prima (Van Riet), 13, 47ff.).wnoM jn L.AkMB nj SwA j] S We C pA ,Aki ,Bw MA ol pLk oM

/jo nAo3

L1AkMB ? jM k3T k{n MA C Be 1SvAjoC nj 8 AzCB poM Fz BC kBLT RAo@ /SwAki

/k{ 1wnj L8 RBA gnBU w oC AU BU k3 njk BBkj BM M AU g3 B /jo wnoM An 1w oCjoM B A pA kBM v Tvh / nB{A Tv]oM Bkv

/BBTA kT ,dv AjRBA (133119)St.Anselm /2

RBA M d A ro _ ji nBYC nj vC ao A /SwA 2vCBM An Aki RB Tv jo w jB Be RBA L8

3. Proslogion (om BM Wke ,MB.i ,TC ) 4. Ontological Proof.

^o BoM bo{ M 3woQ Bwn nj A /kBwoM RBLYA M BU 3nj SiAjoQ (4j] BoM M c1~) Aki j] RBLYA nj ji

5. Monologion (uC Wke)

Aki [RB B] Tva nBMnj ywoQ M jo w 5 Bwnnj B HTLv kTv owAow ABwn ,oYA A nj vC /kj gwBQ

/SwA jo o Aki RB JBM

/vAoD wnk e UvD (1791143)Peter Abelard /6

B AnBd B M ji JBT# nj A /SwA 6nMC Uv j

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vRBA 34

/vAoD wnk e UvD (1791143)Peter Abelard /1

TiAjoQ nBvM RBV bo{ M 1>v6 j ,dvpA oUAo vM An BQ nMC Be A BM /kkCnj L RBA A l BkM (BT{ nj ( kCoM C Q nj Te ( B\C BU ,jB L . jkeL0 pA dv |Bi RAjB.TA 4 M kA{ ,dvo5 Bkv

2. the person and mission of the Holy Spirit.

/k( BQ Swj 2tk.Abn SBwn SXU M =Mo RAjB.TA

uk3 (b 12128)(Albert The Great (Albertus Magnus)) St.Albert /3/j 3oD pA wnk e , jBTwA M K9 t B tUoLC B ,oLtUoLC

B M y oYA nj An v RBA nBMnj ji o@ 3RoLC ukC T pA AnBQ j]bn M /SwA jo BM 1wnA LAkMB oM bo{,TvAj L1AkMB ? pA q] An Aki BC nj A kwn o@ Mj] ,L1AkMB ? SwA A xAkqoM A k3 ,C 8A B M An oiA ? RoLC /SwA (esse)

4. the Prima effluxio Dei et creatum primum.pA njB Vh A ,SwA j] zkA pA oUAoD (Aki) keA ,kDA CvD nj

/SwA (9=)t ,keA

/k 4,L1AkMB ? S{Ak ji e A nj kjoU tBU/SwA j] ,oUjBw oLU M B ,B j] ,j] BM j]{n An L1AkMB TiB{So F{ jM A nj A nB v ej] nBMnj ysQ B1 CA nj , A jAj Bz A :SiBw

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35 k

M An (Subject) 0 o A kz yQ An ol A op B9 nj (J.Owens) qA/Z /10 l H9 Aki ,oM nj WdM jn (topics) B pA ] An qa C M An 0 o A BA /jo B] L.AkMBkoM /jM kAh L.AkMB 0 Aki ,AkM jpBw qBT }hz [oj

:RB~hz A BM B9 M"Existence and The Subject of Metaphysics", in Science et Espr it 32 (1980)255-260. kAj T3A oM Aj An 0 ,tBU {BM T{Aj ]U kBM A BM SwAkQ /pAjoQ C M nj j{ B kB 9Tv .wAM nk M

/k{BM T{Aj A M 9Tv .wAM nk M BvA Sv j] Aki

B\C pA /1SwA L1AkMB ? ,B j] M ,Aki /SwAAki ,jnAj woTwj RBCh M g3 ,3Tv 1wAM n8 M BvA

2. the extrinsic cause of being.

SwA [RBCh] 2j] ]nBi S S] C pA ke C BU An

3. Expos. in Boetii De Trin.,q.5,a.4:A 0 q M BA , WdM A nA pA C nj B jnAj j] UBA >q L.AkMB RBA v3 BM CwD /C 0 jBL A M M

vRBA 36

8 nj ,K1 A SA /pBw BvA joi MBU An Aki jnAj/k{ kAi {n L8 RBA gnBU nBMnj Bo~Th WdM

UBA So pA An v So ,tB C o@ ,C oiC TM KUoU A M jnAj B Ak] b M (tk3 RBA B M)joi L8 RBA oM ,BTvUoQ Bkv pA nB{ BjAoA

1. The Absolute.

TiBw An 1\1 oA kATn yQ B\C BU BC pA BM kATo/kj gwBQ kATvAj BvA l TiAjoQ

wB{Aki WdM o A j{ bo1 ywoQ A SwA B\A nj[L1AkMB nj] Aki pA WdM d ,SwA L1AkMB M \TTiB{ pBM ,B j] dU SwA A kM gwBQ ?SwB\o@ jo nB{A kBM /jnAj j] Aki kB\A \T A M ,C TiAjoQ pA yQ SwA nAoC A pA GoB tBU AoQ M nj oU[AnB j] nBMnj ysQ M nBvM SCj BM kBM Aki j] RBLYA M

/SwA ol oM q n.w A 3An /2

nB{A 1wnA LAkMB oM bo{ M AU o@ A kFU nj 2/SiAjoQpA yQ k Aki nBMnj \3dU M RnjBL jpAj JBT BU jo,SB ,Tvh jBL ,C nA AeA ,j] WeBL M ,C

3. Joseph Owens.

SwA o@ A JBh 3qA ^p] /jpAjoQ C ,o]L1AkMB ? nBMnj A {B pA uQ kBM k ZB\TeA

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37 k

pA kM BU BwoM RBLYA M An Aki j] CoM C jBL \Tv] nj@A yhM> :k /jopBM B j] nBMnj ysQ M ,CBU k o A nj BA /SwA Aki j] RBLYA qTv

1. existential being.

1wAM n8 M C \o8 pA SwA L1AkMB B ? 1

vRBA 38

/{ B AkiBzsQ ,tB C tBU H~h ,13 oC nqM AoToM BC nB jL nk3 BA kkBwn kM BQ M An v nj o@M SLv kM oC B jke nj /kMB 1C oa l Mob oU?{ BkM kjoU Aki j] M 33e ~e nj 3 AU

/vA UvD AjRBA (b 12851349)William of Ockham /1

j] ,8BC d M kAU BvA 3 jM C oM 1B A B /SBB A nAoC kM /kwoM 3 So M A RAl nBMnj k RBLYA An AkiBM jo w ,Svv An tk3 BU L1AkMB M kQ T{njM nAmoYFU HC kM Bw 2 BU B A /jpBw Ao An v RBA

2. Scholasticism.

/pAjoPM uBvn nj 2 w nk v M kBM A /SwA

/BBPwA wnk UvD AjRBA (15481617)Francisco Suarez /3

Tvh K1 A BM BM 3pnCw ,BBPwA Tv]oM ^vBU SwA rh j] BTB j] M C v3U ,j] v3UM B So l Aki ,A o@ M :k oQ uUwA pA ApAkA

4. Disp, Metaph, I , 1,19 & 28, 1,5.M L.AkMB A oMBM /SwA L.AkMB pT ,B q M j] ,pnCw ol M/j{ kLU BC nBMnj ysQ

j] M TiAjoQ pA yQ pnCw /4jo B] Tvh jBL j]oUTv]oM Tvh> An Aki k WdM Aki nBMnj ,BT

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39 k

1. Primum et Praecipuum Obiectum huius Scientiae2. Disp. Metaph. 29, 1,1.

RBA B Rke pnCw ,A oMBM 2/jo o@ nj 1 3,RnBj AoM An A /SB k3U Aki j]/jM k{ nA , oMAoM nj 6 ow oM XeBL /jo j M

7. The Potentia Dei ordinata. 8. A.Louth.

Se oi oj kB\A TBn M q 7

vRBA 40

Ap M n RBA A M ,jAj fn ,C @ BLp q ,j{RBA A nj ,Lm v S B{ yAqA ,` /SnpBbC C oMAoM nj z A 17 oC B jke nj S{Aj y3 L8

; (J.Musaeus)twB/Z ; (Ch.Scheibler) oL{/^ ` Bkv ,BC nj /1pA BA BM HeM kB{ (H.S.Reimarus) tnBn /t/ (J.G.Canz) qTB / /Z

/kjo G~U Lk RBA nBMnj oY BMBT pnCw L.AkMB

1/k{jB\A S] nj RnBj y{ oC C nj dUoT kjoU kMTC /jM BvA L83 ,Aki nBMnj v zkA B kQB3 nj B` Bu o SCA , { qa nBMnjRB AnjA k BU Aki ,RnBj o@ M /kB B]oMBQ SAkM/kk Ko An A ,jB SBe nj ,B] pA jC opnji o nj BvA j] oTB n~U \o8 pA ,Aki j] @ SBn kM AU An Aki RB /kwn RBLYA M kMB

2. Casual Way.

oj ,RnBj o@ M B\C pA /jo ZBTTwA 2|Bi AkBC B KUoUpA An Aki j] ATM BU Sv L8 B] nj jAkn B j] _

,oA o nj AkTMA kpn { ,ji CvD xn pLk oM ,HUkB3 RnBj /3nAo3 Aki j] RBLYA AoM Ak9 An tAe nk ]nBi B] j] SvAU/k u S] nj A 3A nj /kj

kTwA BU ,B\A pA /j{ BvA o M KvT Aki ,3jo ZBTTwA CB pA yM ,SwA C j B BvA o M TvMA Aki A oM

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41 k

/Sv BysQ [oU BM A /kB jkd ke M v nj RnBj oYFUAki M C kQ \U pA An L8 B] ,SL8 BL] njkAkM w UAj] Ho [L8 B] q Bv]A /SiBw odoMkU M C pA uQ Aki GoB /knAk wvd BY S _ M ]U BM /SwA TiBw Bn ji Be M An C ,SiAjoQ B nB pBw

/vA AjRBA UvD (16141687)Henry More /1

ozQ B8A pA ,1n o Sv K\ ,[BT AtBveA a ,So jB3TA jBM M Gkk{ An RnBj v ,[oL

/vAoD j oCT AkqD ,AkBn (16231662)Blaise Pascal /2

jM MqU nk3C 2BwBQ /j{ T jBdA M v A jo? A jo o A /jqioM Aki pA UnBj n~U BM SBh M

M jB9TA ,9 nBMAki ,wB{Aki ,Lk Ao Aki M wnBD BMp nj An Deism /3]oU )e M qTB Lk wB{Aki q kAjo ]oU C oBl Aki j]kBM A BM /(vj) kAjo BCT A BLCA oU M 9D B ,( SwA oUp3j HTLvjB BjB pA _ Am SwA B 0AA knAjoM nj vj b.A SCnB{A Deism hnBU Bd pA /kC nB{ M B B] AjooM kAU k{18 o3 AA 17 o3 oiAA nj vAoD BTvA nj , Lk j ol M jnAjB M kAU (l BoM pok pA H~h)9 , C pLk oM /k{ oBv jVD kQ BLUnA B Tw RBq] e /jnAj j] Aki kzhM BkAAki :jjo Jvd kBDM , yB Bj , sM/j{ T{Am nB Aki BM LkeM /jo 9U (Absentee Landlord) KBm ABiKeB A M AU 9D An

nj M Sdv j pA pAkA B HLo3U 3L8 wB{Aki |Bi

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vRBA 42

kUB] ,(15831648)oMoa A RoMo:pA kUnBL Tv]oM ozQ BSvj pAoMBM ,(16711713) oLvTDB{ q (16761729) qBTC ,(1671722)93j BzAn RBdU GkM q oBe JBT nj /(1632174) , ] j

/k{ kAi AnA

/jBdA SwAvzj ]U jn B` Aki n ~U 17 oC k yhM nj

1. ontologism./vAoD UvD (16381715)Nicolas Malebranche .2

RFz 2yAoLB 1Aoj] ,RnBj jBL pA /jM w AAo 3 oza oYFU /jM AkioM qoT ^1 HBU So

/k UvD (16321677)Benedictus De Spinoza .3

k{ T /SwA nB{C q 3ApPwA nBYC nj , xn RnBj

4. Monism. 5. Cosmology.

Aki ApPwA 4nBA B nj A BM ,C SCA RAl M ,Sv SL8 pA oUoM oUBM ojBs A /\Bi B , q BT SwA [SL8 nj] Be Aki/SwAnj jM jAj SLv kM o BT o] vC j M RnBj AnSwA 5wB{ B ,RBA k3 M /So nB M ji v

UAokAB] AkBn UvD (16461716)Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz .6/BC

M uTK [ /wn 6uTK M ApPwA pA uQ] /riA

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43 k

1. Theodicea. 2. government .(Se)

nj Aki 2Sz pA BU SiAjoQ ji [ A k = ] 1vjUJBT xnBB] nBM nB nj kAki k kj Bz k ?Bj RAjAoA oMAoM SwA A uTK 3 RBA J oTnqM/SwA nB]ji Te jnBzM oM xpnA k]A An B] B@ @ jnAj yAopA oB tk SCj B M Aki /SwA C MBU Aki,Be A BM /jpAjoQ nA oMkU M ,k nAk ji RC{Bjz B pAn AoM B] uTK [ A k o@ B] vjU njkAT Bv jAoA S] M/kB CBM kAki Se,SwA jAj qU \1 B c1w M An RBA , uTK

/Sv jnA B

3. calvinism. 4. rationalize. 5. the Creed.

RBA 3B TB nAo3TwA Hwn Km nj ,Bp B Ae njj{ C \o8 pA jM A oM k3 a ,SB ZAn nBMj L8AkQ UBA RjB\ pA {B B3M BkjoU pA { oMRn 5j jB3TA A 4jo 3 n@ M Bz{ /jo

/vAoD UvD k9T (1647176)Pierre Bayle /6

A BM B{ 6 BM oQ / (Vernunftsorthodoxie M c1~) SomQ jnAk j BM AB _ 3 , p M :kpn SBh Bo]/jo Ak] pA An v BA kBM

Km ,BTvA Aw , BQnA Bnz nj Bp B nj

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vRBA 44

^o{ nj Mo\U SBA Km ,BTvA nj ,S{Aj 1w 3 SBA

/BTvA A , UvD nAkTwBw (15611626)Francis Bacon /1

M/jo Ak] L1AkMB pA An L8 RBA 1MuvAo /jM nSL8 AnB (SiB{) M An B Sv njBC L1AkMB A o@A ,jM BC L8 RBA AoM A pB H~hz y3 /j{ n_ kAU BA ,jpAjoQ Aki RnkC j] M RBA jM

:M k 0]n /2J. Collins, God And Modern Philosophy, Chicago 1959, Chapter Four:< Empiricism And The Neutralizing Of God> kzhM Bn L.AkMB Swj pA An Lk RBA jo BjA M uvAoDAU SLk Bl l BQ oM jo pk~U A/SwA jAj nAo3 xji BQ n

/jo B3A Aki j] RBLYA nj BoM(The Advancement Of Learning, The Works Of Francis Bacon, edit. bySpeddingand Ellis,3,35off).B M An S9i BQ kj pB , jAj SLv B] M An K]A j] qMB/jo .hU jok An Lk RBA A/kzM

jnAk j] Aki pA 3Tv Mo\U _ /2k BvA K~ 3/jnAk j] v nj Aki AoM BB] ,KLw M

/vA UvD (1632174) John Locke /34. innate Idea. 5. autonomy.

pA 4o1 n~U _ B jM k3T , RnBj ^i oM 3jBTA MBC oLT , Aki M vU kM Te B nAk Akin~U a B kj Bz BU k o ~ LU /SwA,5nBwji ,j] ` oj RAn~U pA An Aki k`Q

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45 k

1. infinity. /kUBwA fn UvD (17111776)David Hume /2

pA oUAo nBvM 2kj /nC kkQ BC BXA oU ,1AoMAUB l Bn MBX M An v RBA , B\C BU Sn

3. Naturl History Of Religion,Section XV/jqBQ yhM ,j L3 gnBU

,j ^ ,pnAi RAnBzTA ,SB ke ]oU , kj ,j L3 gnBU][125| ,x1356

ol A kFU nj GoiA v /A /t /Z /SwA nA{j j Aki nBMnj ol ovCUA BM v B9 M koM/SwA jnC j ,jM , :RB~hz

Humes Attenuated Deism, in Archivf.Geschichte der Philosophie, 65(1983)160-173. 4. Christianity not mysterious.

nj KBb BBo] pA pnBM Bkj /3jo{ jjo/jL 18 oC BTvA

j M SLv BTAM B S B{ Sw M , yAo,o po8 BTwAn nj/SwA jM v RBA uwFU Be

/koA UvD (1671722) John Toland /5

NBa) 5kU T{ 4pAn qnM Sdv :nAj Swj nj An oYA j A

6. Christianity as old as the Creation./vA v 9 AjRBA (16571733)Mathew Tindal /7

HBU `C : (173 NBa) 7kU oYA 6SDi Sk M Sdv (1696SvAj AU Te jnAk B _ , SwB nj pA oUAo

/ B jnAj j] A qa a BC

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vRBA 46

BQnA nj jo AkQ oTzM SA L8 RBA KUoU A MAkQ kk]SC ,jM jAj Swj pA An xAj anBP Rke

BB{ SMAm] yz Lk RBA , 18 o3 B jke nj , k nz nj XAD /1q k B 3oD JBdA M nj Te pnCw oYFU , B A nj /SwA T{Aj ]U

/SwA nB{C

jn S{Aj SMAm] nBvM v L8 RBA Bp C nj 1/jo

2. Christopher Dawson. 3. author.

AkzAj ,kv 2wAj oTvo n8B Aop ,jM ]USL8 3 o Mk Be A M Aki n~U pA kTvAU p wkp j BM AkzAj TC BU L8 RBA /k{PM za ,C @

/vA AkqD AkBn (16421727) Isaac Newton /4

kBM k{n A M 4U /SwA T{Aj \n k{n kjM tBU nj LUAoM An Aki j]kBM B jo Bz o8Bi ,a ,kBwn nB

5. Process .(kAoD)

/o v ,B] nj 5RdU ovU ?o{ Tvh @ UM BQ kp C L8 RBA nBMnj kv o ,U Q pAK1 A BM ^o~ , pBbC nj z{ > A BM /kT{Am AkB RBLYA 3 jk M AU An Sdv RBno pA nBvM k{SwA ?Bj MBC 3 `C g3 kB\A Bk A M SLCB ,jo kFU

6. James noxoa, Humes philosophical Development, Oxford 1973 , 66.

yAo BM Bkv pA BM 6

47 k

/U

qD nAkDok vA UvD AjRBA (16751729) Samuel Clarke /1/U

/vA AkBn AjRBA (16671752)William Whiston /23. Philosophical Principles of Natural Religion.4. John Graig. 5. Theologiae Christianae Principia Mathematica.

BM 4o B] 3,L* j Ev6 jBLJBT BM 2Tv B 1,Aki

/vA AjLk (1627175) John Ray[?] /6

\T Se JBT BM 6nB] 5,LBn A MBX M dv RBAJBT

7. The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Works of Creation.

RBA A Bo] nj oj k BwA /7SDi nBYC nj kAki

8. physical theology .(qD RBA) 9. William Derham.

,9nj B :SwA bo{ A M kT{Aj nAoC 8L8 RBA M c1~

10. Boerhaave. 11. Swammerdam.12. Abbe Pluche. 13. Natural Theology.

JBToUoY /vAo nj 12xQMC k nj 11AjoCw 10^BoM

/BTvA A ,ViA UvD AjRBA (1743185)William Paley /14

SwA 14Q B 13L* RBAJBT ,T @ \e A B nj

/vA AjLk (1891882)Charles Darwin /15

/jAj nAoC oYFU SdU An 15nAj qnBa TeBA ,jM o o dv BA ,8 Anj 8 \Tv] nj C B] M ,S{Am Tvw J M n BA TC RBB JBM nj Av kkCoM 3 d1w {n b

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vRBA 48

po8 M (vj) L8 wB{Aki ,So An j] v B] ,@

(Dictionnaire B M ji JBT nj (Bayle) BM /1v Tvh An (Virat) RAo BTvUoQ kv , Historique et Critique (1696))v3 oM oz b.A A /(1563) /jo jBCTwA vj b.A pA kAj Aki JBM nj ka A B{ jM (Religious Universalism) j oB(De A SdU yMBT nj ,oMoa A RoMo /k{ BvA

/kC nB{ M vj B]o Tvh pA Religione Gentilium)

nB nj An BvA Aki ,L8 wB{Aki /1k{ kM KBb oAki AoM SwA k{ SvAj Bo] q M An C AU /jB

/k Ao kk] q B nj BB]M ,?\ nj joM nB M AU ka M An vj jBdA dv BA M j{ r8A Aki nBMnj v Bkj

/vA Ao9 AjRBA (16751729)Sumuel Clarke /2

L8 wB{Aki M BC B nj ,2n w /jo B]:pAkUnBL kwB{ pBM o nBa ,(BSvj)

Sz knAj jB3TA kow Aki j] M k BC 1B] oM Aki Se M Bkv pA o 2 /k nBA An Ao 3 /Sv nB BjC nAjo BM An Aki k kABCAn BvA u AjB] ,komQ An A Sz kTv ?BTA A e TomQ pA Ak ,oiBM 4 /k nBA

/kpn

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49 k

/vAoD UvD kv (16941778)Voltaire /1

A a AkM A o pA Te kB{ B j o pA kBM An 1oT/SwA L8 B] Aki ,A o@ nj Aki /k An A Sz

Boa pA vAoD nz UnBAoAj SwoQow (17131784)Denis Diderot /2/k\ o3 vAoD nj o{n o~

oA ,jo SwA k3T A :k lBhUA UBT Bkj ,2nkj

3. divinity. 4. Atomism.

BA /kAjo n~d Bi d nj ,ZnBi B{kp pA An 3jqAM An Aki SwA C oTM /k jkd An BvA o Aj ,nB AL vj GoB /jM kd B [jnC BA A M ]SomQ BUnA jBdA AoM An An 19 oC AA 18 oC oiAA SCAk pA nB kow j] M jB3TA ,4AoUA M SzpBM ]U , nj /jo

5. Homogeneous explanations.

5BAo SL8 uB\T BLU ,SB xoTv B jB

/vAoD \ AkBn (17491827)Pierre Simonde Laplace /6

kBM B ,6tQ o@ \L8 oM /So nAoC ]U jn BnAkkQo@ nj /AkM C kM S ,zQ An B So kjM k3T jBp k A /SwA kAp o Aki ,A

/vAoD A ,BT]A pAjoQol UvD (17981857)Auguste Comte /7

xoTv M 7S Sw A /SwA 3 B{B oLT { BU B] kBM ,gnBU Bo UBA eAo ,A kj M :jp Aj Bkj A

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vRBA 50

1. realism. 2. Positivist. 3. theodicy.

MB> oYFU S# nBYC /knBPvM [Mo\U ] 1Ao>A M An jinAj ,BTvA nj SwA T{Aj oj Bnz# vAo nj A\eL= RBA A /kzhM nATwA 2xA~dU o po= nj An dU ow oM _Aq nAj RBe nj nj /k `oU An d SvBM

/S{Aj MBz V q BC /jM Aj BTvA nj ,AnC A [oU wnoM 19 18 oC nj ,BC nj An v oU ow TCJBT 171 Bw nj ,nqM ^v A /nioM uTK l MFz BvA nBTiA ,kAki kJBM nj UBwn ,3vjU A SdU An ji

4. theodicy.

xnBpn j WeBL vzj H3 uT K /kBwn L8 M 4o{b1A B /S{Aj kk{ BAo3 yAo ,Be nj jMjiJBT A AoM A e1A ,o uT K M An vjUTiAjoQ Aki S ,o{ Fv ,BvA nBTiA M ,C nj a ,kqoMw pAuTK 31 L1AkMB A M kAT /SwA

/Sv oza ^B{ ,oj w pA dv vjU

/BC UvD (16791754)Christian Wolff /5

/SwA oUnB{C 5J BTvo nBYC nj o{n o~ Ao joio@ v pA J kMyhM ,jnAj SA B WdM nj `C

:op iB{ nBa M SwA (L1AkMB)

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51 k

1. ontology. 2. clauberg. 3. general metaphsics.

nj /L8 RBA ,wB{B ,3 wBzAn ,1wB{j]/SwA k{ Ak] wB{j] pA B n8 M M gM pA ,RBA B\A/SwA jM pe j A B Ak] M BC J pA yQ 2oML1AkMB jM pnCw oYFU SdU J ,kMyhM A nj GoBjM k3T kBz BT j] L1AkMB nB nj An BTB j],J RBe 8 nj /3kAB AL1AkMB M rLv ,BA j oBo :ShAoM bo{ kM z A ,Aojoi nBM nB To BM

4. Pantheistic mysticism. 5. Anti-dogmatic Pietism.

BwnBQ M jo pA nBvM S{Am xoTv M n 4j] Rke

6. negative theology (qU RBA)/

1w oC 6 Lw RBA BM qBLUnAM kB{ ,5q] k Lm/kjnC n ,SwA jL

/BC UvD (17141762)Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten /78. metaphysica generalis. 9. metaphysica specialis.

8B LCAkMB yhM j M ,LCAkMB ,kM M 7UnBM pAM) jM q] w B{ ji # 9|Bi LCAkMB (wB{j])RAo\ oM TL ,kMyhM A /k{ vU (Aki B] u@ :KUoU/jnAm d Ben B] jB B] Ak] oM SwA =ARk ,@v pA A ojBT kMyhM ,S>A M ]An UnBM o\A kj nL\ An ji ` ,kM kA o> /SwA T{Aj ZAn pAnj

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vRBA 52

/k# jn ,jL Rno AoM B] C nj # ,An LCAkMB v>/jB n o M BQSB BA jM ABp p a nj(Sv Aki M pB C nj ) B] B d AnBU A nBYC njFv w jM k3T SB /jnAj j] Aki BM gLUo zkA B] ,SwA jC A Bvzj ,u AjB] nBTiA Aki

/SwA 3 B{B B ZA 13 ,Aki So:pA kUnBL BvCA A /jnAm ro RBA JTh BvCA B SB

1. cosmo-theology. 2. onto-theology.

ZnBi B] Mo\U \o8 pA An Aki j] k{ ) 1B RBA BQ oM An Aki j] k{ ) 2j] RBA ,(k ZBTTwA/ (SwA j] BoM xnoQ gvM ~d ,kBwoM RBLYA M

3. transcendental theology. 4. Physico-theology.

L8 RBA M uPw /kA3TwA RBA M c1~ ,j o AAU An A RB M ,Aki j] BU C \L8 oM wnRBA B k{BM 4SL8 RBA B kAU ,RBA A /jo ZBTTwA

5. moral theology.

Aki j] RBLYA S{Aj gwAn jB3TA SB ji kao /5CiAM d @v UBA uwFU S] nj z{# o Sv BQ oM An Aki M B So SB# SwA nz Ba /SwA Sv{Aki j]o B _V A ,A o\ nj :jB jBM BvA L=RjBw

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53 k

T> BU kv SB# /SwA noV BvA AkUjBw kp AoM# jnAk jAoA _ jnAj B a B >iA RBe AoM Aki # AkMAki dv @ pA ,xnBYC nj SB# /Sva v@ A Ak

1. the ideal.

/jnB{ BvA l 1 Rn An Aki k# jB@TwA

/BC UvD (17621814) Johann Gottleib Fichte /2

jkd joi jpn k FU k oQ SB pA 2ThAU a /kwoM BTB j] SiB{ M kAU BTRBA ,n A pA ?jo ZBTTwA B] j] pA An AkiK]A j]k{ Th /SwA B AnB{C ,SwAki j] nBMnj \3dU Ak nBTiA M BvA omQBi BA oM nAoA BM An v RBAB] M A kzhM An 3 A BvA M Ak] /kj RB\ Ak]

3. supra - sensible.

M ji o oiAA nj Th , A BM /jnAj \U 3tvd rSo BB j] k{ k3T :jnC n nB BU vCkA/B Aki SwA TBb \U nBTiA o@ j ,So /SwA/SwA T nAkj BvA ji nj ,jM Aki BA AkiSiB{ BA

/jnBA An BvA Aki ,SB nj Th ,KUoU A M

/BC UvD (1771831)Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel /4

ovU A /k hw j v pA ,L8 RBA B] M 4nj nB ,A o@ M kj Bz a ,SwA B\MB]

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vRBA 54

BvA l nj `C nBMnj \3dU pA SwA RnBL , L1AkMB

1. Absolute Idea. 2. realizes.

S An ji 1\1 kA /C TBj ow jo BLj Sv k An C ,kAi Ao An BT d A M ,2kzhMM SCA /SwA \1 oA B Aki /jjo pBM ji M KUoU kM JBM nj UB@e BM ,v UBA B] M B\A nj /jnAj \U AA o@ M /A]A \1 oA o kow TBj kCoAki w M n Sv B BA pA AT{n ,BC SvCkAn BvA l nj `C g3 CA nj /SwA CA Aki knAj

/SwA CA kj

/BC UvD (1841872)Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach /3

An `C jAj nAoC jB3TA jn An j]Rke Bkj A ,3fBMo` C B] M A /jo jn ,kB \1 oA BM

4. expression. 5. Self - Consciousness.

_ BvA nj k ,kAkM Aki 4 jpBM An BvA B C ,k{ kB B C Aki `C /jnAk j] BvA ji Aw ,qa j{ {n B\A pA /Sv BvA 5B Cji pA ob qa ,SwA

6. anthropology.

M SwA BvA B Aki M > /SwA 6wB{BvA B ,RBAGjk\ An jB B] SCA o@ A BM fBM o :jo{ B] An wB{BvA jAj nAoC kFU jn

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55 k

jM T A pA yQ 1 jo o /jnAk/

vRBA 56

Skow Aki ,CA nj / AkQ B{C qBLUnA oTv Tj BM

1. living eternity. 2. materiality.

SCA AoU Aki /kMB ovU q A Te \T nj SwA 1 e,jjo B oM Aki /SwA k AoQ ,2SjB C Be ,Swo

3. he makes himself in us (il se fait en nous).

BB ,B ` Aki /3jpBw B nj An ji A :kp B nj AopM A SwA Aow y{] Be nj CM HAj j{SBA voM v /jo RFz C pA n BB{ Rn

4. Pantheistic creationism.

/jo n~U AU B] kM An Aki /SwA 4j] Rke S3iq pA hw AU nA{j M voM v Svh nj M ]An

5. all - embracing monism.

5o Ao nBA B vC BM B B\A nj /jnC B M L1AkMB B/nAj nB ow

` BTvUB AoQ nBA jn BM v RBA ,BoA nj

/BoC tBzAn UvD (1842191)William James /6 /BoC UvD (18591952) John Dewey /7

oM j Te q] B /k{ oMn 7j B] 6q]B jnAk j] o@ rBUA v RBA ow oM :jo BCA C j] BA

AU SwA T3A ,jnAm SzA C n q] ,kB9 AnC joTv 0U /89 nA nj BvA RnBv] RAo] G Bz An C kBM B /jo xnBA

/Lk RBA jM om ,AkM

v ,9kTA Vn joC /8jo Jvd An C AU HCA

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57 k

/vA UvD AkBn (18611947)Alfred North Whitehead /91. Process theology. 2. dipolar.

/SwA UBA q A A 1zQ RBA /jo pBw UBT nBvM nj koC jBM kCo A a k{BM T{Aj j] kBM Aki Aki B /SwA 2L1C j Aki CA nj /SwA C B\A \3dU ,BeBi AoM zQ RBA /Sv MB3T oYFU z B]C M k tBveA KLw A M BTeA ,jnAj AAoSMAm]

3. theism. 4. Positivist Science.

o1w SdU B] nj 3TwoQBT M An ji jB3TA kAU

5. Psychologism.

AoM BM /k |e ,SwA 5wBzAn SBA 4~dUjn nj BC /SwA w nBvM kpAjoQ kTA B@ pA nAkLB]wBwA A k{ T{C BLT{A nBaj ,jB o B RBUkCB ,B kzhM> A A ] pA ,ko kjB An j]

/Sv { k3BD { . /6

,y A y BC o@ BBkjuQA pA /6

vRBA 58

Rn M An Aki ,a ,jnC nBM M TL~ SwA pC o~U a pA kBM /SwA kBB o~ AoA n BAoBo

/Sv{ Swj CiA o q M Aki n~U q Aki pAB kAT hw ,v RBA pA oB oUtB{ow Bv

/vAoD UvD (1981961)Maurice Merleau - Ponty /1 /vAoD KjA UvD (195198) Jean - Paul Sartre /2

WdM C nBMnj 2oUnBw 1TQo /kAT xAnBMnj qa AM Bdv RAo@ v jo{ pA okB ,kAjo

3. Thomism. 4. Hegelianism. 5. Onto - theology.

v j A M An 4 KT 3vU A /jo qoQ Rk{B A o M ,jo 1hU jo8 kAjo dU RBA M An3 oYFU okB /SB An Aki M ,j] v KveoM ATM jMBC jB UB Te BTvUoQ Bkv pA ]U MBC nB{ oM

/kBz C n nj ,5j]RBA gv Sw M An

/BC BTvUoQ AjRBA (18861965)Paul Tillich /6

C AoM An RBA A A v RBA ,6gU Q o@ M

7. human Self - transcendence. 8. neopositivism.

M SwA 7BvA TwA ji pA U o~U kM KwBAhM o A /knAk ATvB{ gwBQ _ jpAjoQ BzwoQ/L1M nB M An kp j kBM k{BM nAj Aki nBMnj BoU

RBA Sv{ pA uQ H~h ,8kk] vTpQ n BM

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59 k

1- Physico - theology.

SA v So MB pA ywoQ ,L8 wB{Aki 1AoSL8An Aki knC j kk] vTpQ AoQ pA ka U /jo AkQSiB{ AoM BL _ Mo\U Aop ,S{Am nB v WeBL pA kBM

/vA UvD (194 ) Arthur John Terrence Dibben Wisdom /2

po8 pA Be q 2jq B]Bi BTwAj /kj Swj M AkiM ] nj ,CBUA n8 M ,bBw j ,BTwAj A nj /SwA okBM k tBveA BC pA /kni oM SinjM p 1Cy{ BA /k SLCAo p 1C A pA k{BM T{Aj j] BLbBMuQ k j bBw ,SC A nj /kwn B] M TB AoMA BM ,BTwAj A pA j~3 /SwA jM tBwAM AkTMA pA A oB] B@ @ KLv An Aki k{ T{m nj ao A SwBA S M k{ wT AoM j _ oj Be BA SvAjgwBQ B wBwA BzwoQ M , Aoa ,jnAk j]B] AoMAT{m kBpBM ,v RBA ,B{ n~U oM BM CA nj /kjn8B /jnAk rB kk] o~ oU po8 BM SwA AjB3ob

3. P. F. Strawson. 4. The bounds of sense , London 1966,207.

r{ BM TvM oC ^v > :kv 3wAoTwA /^ /N SB jB 3 pA o A Te ,j{ v RBA pe jnA AAo C

/knAmM nB An v RBA 4

vRBA 60

?Aki Mo\UvTpQ AoQ pA ]U MBC nB{ Aoa A C j pA kk3T SwA A k jn An L8 RBA dU w kk]SiB{ _ ,SwA So o L [BU] ,Mo\UA JBh kTv Bkv BA /jnAk j] Aki pA Mo\U

/BC sQ j AjRBA (18691937)Rudolf Otto /1

wkC oA pA BvA Mo\U B n bo{ M 1UAJjn /kABkj

/BC UvD (18741928)Max Scheler /2

/knC B M Aki j{ pA hw 2o{ voM /jpAjoQ

/BoC UvD (18391914)Charles Sanders Peirce /3

Aki SiB{ kv 3toQ tnkw qnBa ,BoC ^vSiB{ B] nAkj ke M Mo\U A ,SwA 3Tv Mo\U ? B /j{ jAj gvM ,BoM Rn M kBM kwn Aki [ xpnA ,SwA j oU\ zaow ,tBveA S{Aj jB3TA q]A> :SwA qaB nBvM k{BM T{Aj {pnA A o A L8 RBAdU An RBA nBTiBw p kATM SwA C pA oUL S

4. The Varieties of Religious Experience, Lecture XVIII.5. Pragmatic Principle.

L8 RBA jn nj 5 Sd~ A TvM nB M BM q] 4

61 k

,C M 3Tv 1wAM n8 M ATM SwA 33e qa C g3 oTzM j{ qBLTwA BoM j An pA `C / AkQ

1. notional. 2. real. 3. Eternal self.

/2 CA BU SwA 1lnBA An Aki Mo\U SiB{ BA Ak ,v oC pA oM nj/knAj Fv A M oUSLX jon kTv o k kj Bz ji pA j w M zz A] v pA oX jAkUoA ,3kow ji BM ]A M BU k{ wT kk] M Te

4. the Infinite. 5. Personal God.

B j M /kC B Sdv 5}hzT Aki B 4BTBv RBA H~h ,v RBA nj Mo\U y3 AUx] ji So j] M tB C /oM kjB An tBUM joM Q \o8 pA BjC To ,S{Aj BlA Aki nBMnj/k Kv ,RAj] oj M B{TvMA ji Sjkd SwA kTwA oM TL ,x] ji nBM A kB a`C kTwA A kB ,k{BL B C C pA }h{ ji BvM aSwA oj j] kpB k ]U LU An ji j] kAU ,Bj] BM A M L8 zAo B nj A /SwA S M To M An B BvM a ,yAo A /jnAj j] oi q3Tv Mo\U SiB{ o j] BA tB C /k SAk Aki

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vRBA 62

SwA [\1] j] ,Aki /kAj T An L8 BvA jq nj Aki pAMBU BvA So C Be ,jnAj qU BU BvA pA By3 BU k{ jB BM nj UBMo\U /SwA xABv] BSjkdo@ M A BM /knAj L8 RBA xnoQ gvM nj ]nBiB\Q ro8 ,a ,SwA v RBA nj wBwA oA ,Mo\U ,tBUB] pA opn Mo\U BSCA BM [ Aki j]RBLYA nj A ]nj tBU B A An T A AU /k{ pBbC L8 SwA JCA SCA A oM ,Aki j] nBMnj ji ysQ owAowM /jnAj TvM L8 B] pA BSiB{ M ,Aki M B So k o JTh j pA Ao\p C B] M tBU ,S] w k ZBTTwA AdS pA An Aki RB j o@

/k |e Mo\U B BM An jitBU BA ke BU kv RBA nj Mo\U AoM B] AU oj MjnAj nBe B{A nj Aki A oM BoM BCA BM tBU /k{ BC

1. Represent.

1/kBB An ji S ,B kv

/vA BMp nj represent D U { /2

nj Aki nBe jAj Bz :pA SwA RnBL B\A nj 2repraesentareM ,k BC nj B n8 M Aki T A BM yUBChS Be nj u An [RBCh B] B TC d

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63 k

/ nj An [A ozoC ] AkiwB{Aki BM ,nBvM RBU tBU L1AkMB SwAkQ T B B3M j] Fz We C pA Aki :jnAj 18 oC (vj) L8RBA kCoM K1 A pA /jnAj nBe BC nj ,SwA B{A

nz uC Wke j jnj . : to be or not to be : that is the question... /1 /S

1 Fv ,xAFv M Sv AqTA v RBe Aki ,jnAj ApnA B M An Aki So Aop ,SwA

/Sw [A pA ] A nj qBd B Tv Soe?SwABvA So)T Aki BC

BA BC SwA A oB v RBA nj A Bv pA

2. Object. 3. Objectivity.

A Bkv pA BM ? B k{BM v So 2\T Aki jnAjpA Te ,ioM To BM Ba WdM A /koM Aw op An BAA BM BkAi B{C AoM /k hw Aki 3S kCo

/vAoD dv UvD (18891973)Gabriel Marcel /4

{ nCjB An 4wnB oMB BT pA ,?

5- causalistic interpretation. 6. materialising effect.

5 B\Q ro8 :SwA a yB k tBveA wnB GoB /jnAj 6 SwA

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vRBA 64

A M ,A nBMnj oU B] M SB An ,}h{ B3 nj ,Aki M kBMnB MBz d M /SiAjoQ yBnj M yB Bj M ,jnC n

/vw BTvUoQ AjRBA (18861968)Karl Barth /1

M Tv] wU AoM nBB BvA y{ An L8 RBA ,1RnBMjnAk Bv nj jonB _ L8 RBA ,RnBM p M /kAi Akijn kBM An L8 RBA> /k{BM jo j] pAoMA GnAo gnBU 8 nj RBA nB M g3 ,C /S{Aj nj Sdv BTwC pA Te /// jo

2. the Anti-Christ.

BvA SL8 jBv BTvUoQ o@ RnBM

65 k

1. E.Jungel. 2. self - expression.

BM q 1/A /jn BLU M n BwC M How To a nj kv k{ ozT pBU M oYA nj SwA k3 Aki M ]An AzkA o Ap M Aki nBMnj oU ,Job v gnBU

/SwA kB\AShw a An v RBA ,Bkv pA BM M TCj BC Bkj uQ nj BC { k jn co nj 3 oU BM SBh ) k yQ B{ji `C pA oU\kFU B tke A oTzM \U BM ?Sv nB nj (Aki JBMa ,SwA fBM o Bkj MBU RnBM Bkj kwn o@ M /j{oMBM Sv BvA 2 RBl oBA B BM q] ,j k o

3. Projection.

A /SwA BvA ji j] 3A Ao Aki M ]An oU o A,C \L8 oM SwA gLUo BC SvCkA v BM ji M M ,Bkj

sQ j AjRBA (17681834)Friendrich Ernst Daniel SchleierMacher /4 /BC

4oiB o{A nBYC nj An A B /SwA BvA l j Aki kAi 19 oC nj BTvUoQ Bv nkQ ,AjRBA A /M,j A o@ nj /SvAj BvA Mo\U JBUpBM An q] RBA ,k{,RnBM S AU jn A nj /SwA jC AnBqoQ B CjikBM M oM Aki w M BvA pA {M kBL B o@ A BM BM

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vRBA 66

nj oP J3A ,j{ jq BvA M SwAki AkMBvA j k B\C ,RnBM Bkj /jnC kkQ BTvUoQ RBArAobA pA Bi ,SwA tB{BAki BvA vz jB3TAM ,BBBi SwnjB jnoQB oB~U pA o@ 1C ,L8 j nj Aop ,SvM yB SBTwA ,Aki w M B~Bi BU ,BvA BzkARBwBveA A kAi BTwoQSM Am /j ni za M q yBnj

dv oUlCoQ oTBD ,cv Roee nAe (/J 1.1561.68) St.Paul /1 /A o3

q Bv /jTw An L8 L8Aki A 1QukC ji /SwB\MB

2. Praeparatio evangelica.

2\A BU TomQ pBwp An j [ RBzAo] BnBM A nA/SwA jo{

Bkj A M An BTM RnBMSwA qa a j{ Aw o AAn gwBQ kwn o@ M ,k{BM kBz L8 RBA JBM nj 8AoAS nj j ]nj nj ,oU RBA Sw nj A ]nj nj kBM

/jo pBmC An BTvUoQ Se BC j c~ (14831546)Martin Luther /3

R3 pA An BAjRBA ,3oU ji /jo \Tv] BC nj vBC ,A p M /So jB3TA jBM M Gkk{ kjo jBTwA 1wnArBA nj 33e Aki C Be ,kwB{ An bnj Aki g3U wnk RBA nj C , /jnAj B] BBLCfBM o /SwA Boz oU jM pAjoQ o@ ,k{ jAj

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67 k

pA BTvUoQ Km :k cozU a An oU oU nj yAo ABz ]U Aki M We C pA g3 kz Swj v Aki SiB{nj v S |~i nj /k Mo\U An A kATM BvA kj,SB o@ \L8 oM /jnC jB M An UBA oU oM SB oYFU kBM BC

/(jAj kQ ,TvM M) apere ( M ,BM M) Co U zn pA /Copula /1nj An d 0 SwA jM D pA (MB\A B Lw) { ,Tw p. njBD ,BvA o> e3 nj X /kj Mn ok M e e3

/A B nj qa C jnBzM 2 oA kzkA # An `C #,SB# # SwA B ,Bkj A cozU nj oj T /k{BL yM nAkQLU ,C L= oM # kB Aki j] RBLYA nj TiB{ B# BoMJanBa nj p BoM A /SwA K]A j] qTv , j]qAk~ ,C \T AoM Tv pB\ SwA oLT BvA pnjoiRB@T B# tB# C pC # SwAkQ T@ B /{ B> ]nBiS>A ji M AU BBnAj BeA nj B # jnAj jBTA A :SwAM B oj BM M /k{ Vo B oM BUAo@U nj B{A ,{ B \ M p Aki # o\ A SwBCi /B@ M # AkQ B{A, # jnAj U A S>A M A M /jnAj U l nj B\

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vRBA 68

/k# k~U ji l o> pA An C TwA j]o@ M /jAj nAoC jB3TA jn Gkk{ An S nBMnj SB o@ ,B SwA oA ,C BC Bkj A pA An o ATd kBL B (v ) Sv C g3 An C kBM M Bd ,lkAi l `C pA U uPw /oM o@ njo o@ An Sl nBMnj SB o@ kj SwjM j{ji ,u M /SwA l g3 zkA `C k kC nj ,B BzkA SwB A M 33e S jM k3T

1. An Sich of things. 2. Sense - experience.

,oj w pA /1kAB{A v j] B BzkA keA C oA kA B A M g3 zkA BBSB jq njBA /SwA q] B{A 2 ve Mo\U BM BLT Ajo xAkLUn ~hz /uBM SwA Sl BT S , k3 MC B Sv C ,{ ,q S ~hz SwA jApC SlM Aki S \T nj /kzhM AC L8 B] nj An ji

3. trinitarian life. 4. incarnation.

k v\U nj q S3i nj ,3B w RBe nj An ji Aki SwB A/jpBw nB{C (kMB nAoTwA gnBU nj ) 4A

jiRAl nj C ,Aki An AkiS kwn o@ Mnj S3i nj ,S A jnAj An a /k BMoC Sv

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69 k

1. subjectivity. 2. God - For - me.

M) oU 2< AoM Aki> pA qa GoB /kMB Bow BvA 1Sl

3. God - in - himself/

/SwA TB An B@ M (3yiRAl nj Aki B]

/nBAj j oCT UvD (18131855)Soren Aabye Kierkegaard /4

jo Jl AoM y{ BM SBh M Gkk{ 4jnBo

5. subjectivity. 6. objectivity. 7. absolute subject.

Sv jnBo o@ M :SwBioM ,uBM 6S nj 5Sl

8. absolute object.

jn jBp BTeA /j{ kM 8\1 CBC oA M ,7\1 vA oAo A Sv vA oA q] qa Aki o@ A BM nj RnBMTomQ oYFU jnBo pA ,SwA BTwoQSM ,Aki JU nj z{~h{ L] Sv njBC ( B) CBC So A o@ nj /k{BM

/k BM An Aki BM B ]A

w AoM jo jB\A L8 B] BvA B SB B{

,wB{nAkkQ nAmBM AkBn (18591938)Edmund Gustav Albert Husserl /9 /BC

TiBw gLUo BM jo w 9ow /k{ pBwFv qAWdM kM

10. the Object. 11. consciousness.12. subject.

\T 12BwB{ B B Ak] oM 11B C M 10BwB{ \T /SwA B C oC pA U BwB{ \T :kC \B BwB{M kAU BvA :jjo pBM TvCkA Bkj M SLCB ow

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vRBA 70

SBn /k AkQ So Sv ji RAl nj C L8 B]/jnAm oYA A SooM H1C BvA RAkBz

a B] ,1wnA 8A pA yQ k kTwA okB

1. object. 2. Phenomenological.

/A BM nB ,jM BvA nAo TCA ,B] /k{ Mo\U 1 Te BA /SwA 8Ao3w yQ jon A M SzpBM Ak okBjq nj Aop jpAjoPM v { nBMnjysQ M kz \ okBAn ji ,kMB n ,j] /jnAj SA 2BwB{ nAkkQ Bkj ,A,j] n A B\C pA /kB Bi nj B ,jpBw BB BoM,SCA M TiB{ j] CBC HT33e SBn ,SwA omQBMyQB ,JBUpBM An zkA SwB1i k o okB /kB

/AkM j] pA TBnj nj

3. Claude Geffre. 4. objectification.

SwA ]U KB] T A ,k 3o j n1BAki 4zhM S ji An `C BTvUoQ Bkv pA nBvMBA oC M v kU ,zhM S A tBwA A oM ,kBBkj knAk oLi kwn o@ M Be nj ,k jn ,SwAkB a CA nj /SwA TvMA v |Bi o@ M B{ji

/kAv RBA kk{jn nj BC yhMBA , SB ,L8 RBA jn nj k{ bo1 RAjB3TA A M T gwBQ

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71 k

/SwA So Bo@ L1AkMB nj XdM M k{ jnA qTvkAkiS ,wBU L1AkMB nj TC { nCjB HTB\B]S BM RBT B T ,j~3 ,jo nAoC \k~U jnnj SwA R3 pA oUBM oM nj ,Aki CA nj :SwA L8 > qo Aki ,tBU jq nj /k\ j] pA B ^o/SwB SiB{ oC pA oUAo nBvM Aop ,Sv

vRBA 72

gvM ATM BA BAn BA BM An v RBA Aj/SwA atB C L1AkMB A B /jAj xnoQ

{BM T{Aj jB M kBM hw RBA kB6 nBMnj TC B A M ,Sv yhM kB To ji ji M L1AkMBSBb ji M ,k{BM oj To M kwn AoM An B w/k BvA kB ]U BB{ BoM RBA ,A j] BM /SwAJAo1 A j 33e j kj Bz A ]nj nj v RBAnA Ao ,Aki pA Twnj n~U /Svu SB M B BvAoM BM BvA a ,jnAj BvA j] nj zn j /Sv An lA nj kp A nj jnAj Aki w M n j] Bd pA ,ok3UM w BnAkkQ oC M g3 j /SwA nj xATv kL],~h{ B3w B J8A M xATvMA jnAk \U BoBM ,jC AC ] Aop ,jnAj AjB{ j /SwA qaB nBvM,n A pA /SwA nBpBw A ,k Jz Aki M ]An 3 `C kzhM nATwA Bw BL ,BvA L8Aki M v RBASwj M ,j] Lm BSB JTh BjA MBpnA AoM

/kj BvA kp S{ow M joM Q AoM v RBA , A oM `C ?C jn nj /SwA SA qBe L8 B Bb B SiB{j] Aka kjoU SwA k{ kAi o Be o~ Mob BvA AodM

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73 k

joM jB pA An yi j] S33e kwn o@ M BvA ;jnAkd1w nA nj SwA njBC SCA A bn M kk] BvA /SwAAo An yi SA {i JBLwA ,T{m pA yM ,ji kp jow B] nj An ji ,L1AkMB oU\ LUo nj ,kAodM pA BBM /k aQ Ajoow tBveA kMB BTAMSwj M B oi BC SwA A Bzj k hw 3oQ BAol RAo@ jo \ pA k{ joPw {AooM ,ji \o8 M o ,vBvBTvq A kk] vTpQ /j{,CiA RBe oC nj /kAA ,ji M ]UK] nj 3 B B A

1. heteronomy. 2. autonomy. 3. capax Dei.

j{ B nAk3M 2 nBwji BM 1nBw ojnj An B v RBA /kMB ?{ B tBveA BU JAo1 A33e S@ SwA j] ,BvA k nBS33eA

/kMB 3Aki M J o3U nj An jinBA B BTAM jn ,Aki BT S TC ,] MSwj pA M ?o{ SwA kAki @ B] ,jo nAoCgnBU nj oza jAkn kB{ B CA nj /k ji B jAj A B Bd nBvM pA B] BB jq nj /Tv kk] vnB{ow ,kAki ] B] ,Bdv jq nj /jM qARoe

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vRBA 74

/vA UvD (15881679)Thomas Hobbes /1

nBA w ,w A M 1qMB M pA BA /SwA Se pAM BvA ji kTv BA ,BLp S33e kAT{Aja HwBwA l wAo CA B nj kj SLv BqaB ,B BTAM TCA M B] ,n A pA /Sv nB nj BAnj /BLp SwA j{ kM k kkU o1ioQ Te/k yAnC SA tBveA ,C nj oT kk] BvA ,\TuB\U Aki j] TomQ kk3T j B] BSvvnB

M H3Cj ,vU BA /kB B] xpnA pA joM M pA An SCAAn L8 B] Aki j] nBA j n C BoM ,u

/joM M pAkkQ oTz v ,d M SwA A B oT

2. Pluralism.

B] TvL Rke |e M 2AoRoX o~ A nj nCmvU An B d oTM M dv VAo C A /kBwoM nB BTn dU M HLo3U Bdv kMB B] nj ,jo JAow v j] koM Q SCA A M Tn Tn jo ,SwAnBMnj oB BWdM /SwA no ke a BU oTz B riAo@ M /SwB nB{A jn ? pA ,Sj j B 1MAnM jo o A :jnAj koM z3 v RBA B\A nj kwn

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75 k

ji o bn q M An j BnA ,knAk BA L8 r SBj

/SwA k{ pTz (Bj ,o~ ,Bp M) secularis U pA secularisation /1,B] qnw nj /jnAj nAo3 (the sacred) wk3 B tk9 oA oMAoM nj nw oA/jo nAo3 BU ]U jn B] A BD nA j{ jom j

/kATiBwoM secularism AoM An jB oMAoM ,Jo B]oT

Bo1i nBvM BU 1qnw Sw M ozQ kB{ ,komPMRBA SwB\A /j{ t C Soe S] Te JCTL8 BC k{n M ` ,C /k{BM yhMkB kAU L8jnAj k oM A B\A nj ,ka o /kBwn nB riA

2. atheism. 3. indifferentism (/Lm nA jn nj BTAM)

BM ` Bp A Lm 3oBMA 2jBdA BM jM kAi nL\

4. materialism (jB SBA Km) 5. monism.

,5nBA B ,4nBM jB LC pA Th BrkA

6. extreme empiricism. 7. coexistence.

BnB v RBA : j{ oMn BC oB@ 68AoA Ao Mo\UAn o BBo] A ,jBdA Bzn wnoM dU BM knj dv Bkv BMC ,Bv A BAnj nj /wBzM oTMq B /kjo ]Bd WdM Bdv ob BM L8 RBA JanBaoUnA{j BTeA B ,ka o ;nAj k oM A a A\1 [j]] 7 jL [BT kBM v RBA n A pA /SwAk tBveA B Bp A pA BM /k wnoM An BT [j]] TQo /kTA o1i M BvA nBTiA ,k{BM T{Aj j] Aki o A

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vRBA 76

JC oM y3 An AzkA o ,\1 [j]] pC kv Teoj> :jnAm CBM jC xU k] _ AoM B] k

1. II ny a plus rien faire. 2. metaphysics of love.

/1

A~BvA L Aki

Jo.v nj Aki zkA /1kMB nj ,jo koM An Aki Fv nBMnj ysQ vo pA o@ 1C ,nAkj Bjo o nj ,jqA oA B Aki n ~U An Aki j] BjC kwn o@ M /jnAj nBe ,knAj \U AkM o U M v C pA yQ j ,k \k~U L8 SAo M HLo3U/SwA TB gvM bo{ ,jpAjoPM jqA oA SB nBMnj kB@/kqa j v v RBA Sv kM ,A ,joM yQ k ?o{ j] B1 BM An ji nB v RBAM /k Jz An BT T M TvMA [B{A] j] nj An A pAao A ,SwA j zkA kp pA 3Tv v RBA o8Bi A

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vRBA 78

qa ;k{BM BA L ,C AoM kAU j RBMo\U BnBM/SwA jAj fn tB C L1AkMB nj q B v nj HCARFU An pA ] \BT M tB C 1wnA a Bva ,j RAjB3TA ,kjnC Swj M Aki j] nBMnj [v

Vok keA \T ,] vQA ,RnBL A < et hoc omnes dicunt Deum.> /1,SwAkQ zQ ] pA Ba ,kv jAo /SwAki j]RBLYA nj tBU B\QABD SwA nBpBw j RAjB9TA BM Aki nBMnj WdM CvD [BT SwA A/jnAk j] BC B

K RnBj 1() /kkj kQ An Ak Bs ,L8 wB{Aki AoQ SB uT

/kTooM ,SwA BC Aki n ~U AoM SdvBUo~M ,SwA jC x]jiBUo~M ku HLBb j

2. representations.

SB3 JBU 3 pC oMAoM nj 2BpBM oB~U BM KbA

/ B UvD ( /V/b 57 475)Xenophanes of Colopon /3

k3 pA B 8A 3uBq /SwA k{ ThC ,knAk

4. anthropomorphic. 5. Popular religion.

o 5B j nj 4LzU oM TL [ RAjB3TA] BpBM oM vjo jq B j kp M \zU ,v Tvh /kAjo

6. intimacy with God.

Aki nBMnj 3 To M kwn ,v ^k /Sv 6Aki M BvAyTwoQ nAqo{ AoM ABQ BvM a So A /SwA

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79 BvA L Aki A ~

An v oC ,jnC n yB Bj M v TC BA ,j{/k ow SzQ

j Aki K] nj v RBA Aki Sv B kM Aj] nj EkL B AqTA n~U Aki ,tB C o@ M /SwAg3 BvA ,k{BM T{Ak BvA kp nj TA _ Sv S33e ,j] zaow Aki ,u M /k pAjoQo@ xAnBMnjji pA Aki /SwA A nj qBd B Tv Soe RBe ,SwA oikB ,Aki j]RBLYA pA uQtBU ,n A pA /SwA oTjq B M BJz B\Q ro8 BBQ nj j] jpBw Bz o8Bi ,1wnA

/SwA \e j Aki B ,j{kB Th RB ,Aki M nB{A AoM BQnA k BBMp njdi pA Zeus B /jo nAoC jBTwA jn God deus ,[tU] qezv zn [1] /SwA k{ \Tz (kzinj M):kAjB yQ LU w ji BB /Sv}hz B [tU]qez

/B jrAoU nkQ ,B uBzB (/V/b 525456)Aeschylus /1gnBU nkQ An A ovw /B fn (tUjo) (/V/b 485425)Herodotus /2

/SwA kB

[TU] tiqhmi zn pA liF An C 2Rjo 1tiA/jnAj AoBo qa oM SwA B] yhMB@ Aki :kAjpA \Tz An [tU ] b1A A ,ji tUAo [Bwn] nj 8AAo]A CM Soe M Aop ,kAj (kj M [U]) qein

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vRBA 80

/B u Bkp fn (tinBUQ) (/J/b 4612)Plutarchus /1

BM qez k bo1 An o@ A 1nBUQ /k Sj BwCAn LU A dv Bkv BM /SwA zo [TvU]qeasqi

/n KAn kv (/J/b 4958)Cassiodorus /2 /BBPwA ,Bv kT\ AjRBA (b 56636) Isidorus /3

An deus [tU] qez ,3tnjqA 2tnjwB /kTooMpA qez kwn o@ M BA /kAj gLUo (toU =) timor BMB ,C wn oM jnAj Sj BTeA e1A dhes [2] /SwA k{ \Tz Tn nB M Lm wAo nj { BM (Dieu Dios ,Dio [C jABi RB ]) deus U

B{ SwA BQnA k BBMp pA ATwj [UU B] nr BBMp : Teutonic /4 /SwBC oTk3 BUn BkBwA BBMp vA BMp BC BMp

SwA 4UU A God [3] /jnAj SLv (BwC =) Divum/SwA jM jq nBvM numen U M C A B BTeApA [ Aki = ] God SwA jnAj j] BQnA k zn j:pA SwA RnBL KUoU M zn j A B /k{BM TB rB3T{A C/ ,

5. the divine.

B{ M An C T{Aj B RAn ~U BvA ,5jqA oA pApA Un SwA kz SB o _ ,SwA kBB JTh BA { B] nBe A AU a :k{BL C nj j/jM jo bo1 1wnA An ywoQ A ?jo LU An j BBkj

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81 BvA L Aki A ~

,B BkkQ k nB{A j jB3TA Fz j M A

1. impressions. 2. Premonitions.

BM ]A nj BvA /2BB CyQ BBn kB ,BvA bn 1RAoYFU: SwA oUA oUoM A pA kMBnj Mo\U M An TCA ,SL8 B]BwC S@ { , RBAe BB yAkQ , ~ ioanAmoYA TMA ,BAnBM Bpop ,BroM kn ,BBU ,nBTwoQS A kp AoM ,kTv BvA M TvMA BkkQ A /knAj k SAk \T A M An jC ,yBTw T{ /knAj jBM

k{ jBCTwA S A pA C nj kC oM tB3 RBk9 pA GoBv , \T A /3/SwA

Ao , Ro~M A SwA kM /3jnAj oMk S BkkQ A

/k ]Ao ~D A j yhM M ,DAoD M ]An fBM oD ol nBMnj /4

:SwA coob j oM TL M 4Sv ~h{ RBwBveA/kAo Ao T qTv ,B VjAe

{o kC nj o A ,BvA B A AU An T ABnr \ BC nj ,k{BM kz nBTo Bqa M d1w jkd,SwA Ja A1C pA yM qa Sinj ,tBwA A oM /kM oUoM TCA oM Aj Am ,SwA kBQ Aj RnkC oBM AopB\A nj /SwA C pA MBUpBM jnAj AoM C RB pA SwA oUB

5. divine.

L] A M jo nB{A 5 b1A pA o jBTwA M AU

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vRBA 82

kAo tB C L1AkMB nj /k Sj B{A |Bh{A |Bi

1. participation. 2. formal perfections.

RB :j{ LU 1koM [o@] gwU ,zkA BL

3. essential contents.

M C nj kASCA L pA AoM ,3UAl BATd B 2n

B M hw (law of transgression) B KUAo B3 pA ,jn A nj ,TnB Ar /4oUnqM B M An l jnAj nB{A oUBM qa M ,wB{ B o :jnC

/kj Vw

/4knAj j] jkdB Rn

j] RBLYA nj tBU] nBa 9ok j{ ,j{ kMRn T3 kTwA A /5/(koM w ~D M) / [Aki

BvM a Sv UBMo\U ,5coob kTwA A oM M AU B\A nj A /k SAk A j] LC M An jC

/SwA CiA nA nj Ak] Ak jo nB{A CoM RnkC B}h{ ,Tv L nBMnj ji BMo\U A BvA,BB B 3L1U BjA /SwA jo BM Th BUn M AnqBU BA q] LzU oM TL BpBM ,nBAkp ,TwoQ UUjoTv oYFUKbA C B LC L8 o gd /SwA BC

/jnAj j BpBM A gvM bo{ d oMjoTv Rn M BU BBkj oj nj A d MpA eo8 kkCoM jknj ` B33d ,So nAoC kFU jnnj /kj Swj M kAjo 8 j BpBM kB3 eAo

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83 BvA L Aki A ~

n~U}hzT B UnkC q M wkC oA B jqA oA ,Svh eo(LzU) BjC S nj (nBAkp) B] MBX M BkM ,k{j dU nm eo ka pA UA Jjn /SwA k{ kBBBpBM ,Bjo M jB Soe , jB] odw :jnC B M hw

1. representation of the Soul. 2. the numinous.3. Personification.k{ ozT ]oU wnBD M JBT A ] /1917 , (Das Heilige)wkFoA ,UA Gjn /4:k{ bo. j Fz nBMnj jkT Bol ,kM M 19 o3 j pA /[SwA, (totemism)TwoQ UU , (fetishism)TwoQ nATM , (ancestor worship)TwoQB/om (animism)nBA kp , (dynamism)nA B{A uQ nj B o M jB9TATw A Bkj A oM ApAkA BU ,jqA oA M Mo BC kozQ dU M jB9TAk9 A /SwA T{Aj j] SDozQ ,e nj SwA TL (k{ Do) dv

[BvA jAs xnoQ xpC] :A BM v JBT nj ,SDozQ MVon der Erziehung des Menschengeschlechtes

[ozM K gnBU Lv- M ]An BzkA AnC] : B M , njo JBT nj Ideen Zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit

[~dU Lv- nBMnj nBTL ]JBT nj S Sw A /SwA k{ bo.Cours de Philosophie Positive Vol.5A.AjqA TwoQ nATM eAo M An C ,jnC B M hw gnBU UBA o~ pA T3/k kM yhM (Monotheism) TwoQBT (Polytheism)TwoQ

/4BA q] ,3zhMS~h{ ,2 oA ,1bn

/BC tB{ 3 (18681954)Wilhelm Schmidt /5

/jo AkQ 5S{A B M n{oQ oTL JBh ,o@ AB{ An o A TwnjB BU jnCjo oY AAo kA{ AS{A /k RBLYA SwA j { oUjnoQB jBw ,j oUkC

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vRBA 84

oA pA }hzTB n~U SvAU AkTMA BvA jnAj jB3TA

/vAoD tB{jAs UvD (18571939)Lucien Levy-Bruhl /1

A oM L An 1oM w o@ ` A /k{BM T{Aj jqA

2. Prelogical.

RAjB3TA o@ kA{ /k jn jM 2 ,AkTMA BvA

/kAk AoQ kk] BU B9oDA pA k3 BU GTh Bjo pA o : Pigmies /3

A M ,TwoQBT pA AjBw nBvM ? pA Be 3Q BLC LmM ,dU S] /SwA j kp k{ TiB{ eo oUAkTMAjM Aki M ]An A zkA A { S@ Tn Swj pA Sw

M AU ,kjnC jo kM BoD pA yAnB S{A kA{ oM /4Bl B BvA pBi , B] B3 An Aki jo nB{A BTwBM Ba

/kTvAj 3iA

An j jB3TA n oUkC BLp jM C oM Te S{A /4SwAe pA ,BC \k~U C o jo LU AU nA{j MCA nj S{A /kATo zaow BvA M k{ B1A A

j kp B{ oUk3 jBp BTeA M SwA Bj C S{A jAo /5/SwB oM k{ TiB{

5 nj HLo3U k nB{A SCA A M SvAU \k~U jn ,k{ Jvd q \Bi ,KbA ,oM j] j RAjB3TA nj Boj BC /SwA jM nAmSoeAT b1A M eAo kwn o@ M /jAj n j xoTvAn C BBM `C /kAT{Aj j] BM ,ovT jBU nj ,j

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85 BvA L Aki A ~

k{BL 8B1dA pA yM qa BvM a ,kAkB SozQ k{n oM B Bo oj BM ThC ,kp { nj UAovU ?C oYA oM

/k{BM jBTDA VBCUA k a nj jAkn a SwA /1

1/SwA jAj n v AnC B BpBM ioM w oYFU oYAxnAq { nC n Job v Sw M AA B j~3 / AnA Aki nBMnj v k Bo@ pA Ajoz/pAjoPM tBU v RBA BM bo{ M ,tBwA A oM jM

/SwA B B o~Th B xnAq SwA {nnAjnioM AjBAr \ pA kwn Aki pA n ~U M 1wnAo nBvM ,nqM BzkA AnC KbA kB q A o@ TLA /SwA

2. apeiron.

2oBQC nBA M ji 1wnA /SwA ji pA yQ BzkA

/B CwD Tvh pA (/V b 61 b 547.6) Anaximander of Miletus /3

An jB EkL nB ,oBQC :kj ]U 3nkv BC (AoM =)pA oj 3e /SwA B RdU ovU S kj B\A,k{ T A odTB od o@ M B v oU o\p

/B oB{ UvD (/V b 5748)Xenophanes of Colophon /4

S SwA ^v uq8 oB{ ,4AuBv

C Aki pA An BToe oj A /kB B nj Aki SwA A uBDv nl 5/k

BM ,kj Soe An B] ao A ,5SwA odTB keA ,Akinj j fn v nBA B uBv BM /SwA C

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vRBA 86

1. Polytheism.AnC = Bv7j q-]JBT jpBw BzokBi op B9 nj (O.Gigon) /A /29D SwA BTwBM B RBA nj B k L ,tTwAoDU [L3 Lw- RAoS AnC KmA jo n ~U BTeA tTwAoDU /kj Swj M qaB RBkA/jnC nB{ M RBA op nj kBL An BkAo9w yQ"Die Theologie der Vorsokrat iker", in Studien Zur Antiken Philosophie,Berlin 1972, 41 - 68. 3. incomprehensibility.

oM TL RAjB3TA pA A jB3TA /2jM [An 1 TwoQAjqA BM kk{ MB3UAn C AU jz An Aki 3jM TiB{B oM xk FU LzU/jo 3U v RBA nj Tq 13

4. W.K.C. Guthrie. 5. arche/

pA LC] z{ \Q oC AoT> kv 4oUB n1BB Ao ///kAw B pA B nj n8 M [jnj SMBY BnBTw C qo nj p ,jo jkd An C BwC Sv oj qa ,Sv SCA BU ,B A BA /// knAj nAoC C gdTB ovU A o] pA SwA RnBL jnAj 8BeA C oM SvB B BTB Tw B8Ao3w yQ ioM o@ nj 5inC BjAk A pA oUAo oU}Bi TL8 ,inC B A o] A /SwA T{AjC AoT { B ,k{ Ak] C pA d M S{Aj B nj j]UdU ovU opBbC ji jM B kp AjB] ,inC /jM,B oM gd BU ;SwA jAj { An B k{ Jvd

6. A History of Greek philosophy, VOL.I, Cambridge 1962, 470.

87 BvA L Aki A ~

[/SwA k{ ozT ]oU wnBD M JBT A ]

/SwA jBM nBM a pA Mi BX nkv BC zkA kj Ba

/B UvD (/V b 48 DT) Heraclitus of Ephesus /12. Logos-fire ( /jAj Ai cU GkM t nBMnj)

C pA A 2 /MB 1uT Ao nj An C B k SAk An RAovU SwA B oM gd ,k hwSwA A EkL ,t yUC /j{ B kCo jnA ji Te

3. immanent//kk{ Jvd B] nj Be H BAki jqA oA ,B B j nj /4

/4C nj 3 Be SwA B] pA oM B] nBMnj ysQ pA k{ nj S] nj ovU ,BB1vw BMpA U ka /k{ pBbC B] BvA M jnC n ,L8/kTiAjoQ B Tw j RAjB3TA AnC pA jB3TA M ,BB1vw

/B Tv]oM BB.vDw pA (/V b 49 b 42) Protagoras of Abdera /5 /k{ jAp j pA L3 46 pA yQ BTeA B SvDw /Prodicus of Ceos /6

6tjoQ /jM k`Q onjA B] nj An ji 5tAnBUoQM B{A q |Bh{A :jB yQ BAki M jB3TA pA 3 LU/kk{ joM Ao A LUn M ,kjM kjw BvA AoM s

UA KT A AnAmBM pA (/V b 46 b 37)Democritus of Abdera /7 /B

BkkQ pA BvA toU pA {B An Aki n ~U AoUA 7 tTojjB3TA j pA yQ \Q oC j nj /SvAj L8 qAtAoo@ \L8oM /SB ?{ Lm wAo JAjC M qMo T w kB3 pA

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vRBA 88

/B uBzB (/V b 448 b 388)Aristophanes /1 /kDA jBTwA B UvD (/V b 47399)Socrates /2

[An oj Bw M An Tw BAki 2qAo3w ,1uBTvnC

/B rAoU uBzB (/V b 4846)Euripides /3

Ai 3tkPnA BBw pA nj /SwA jo LzU kTv/knAj jB3TA BAki M Sw ^o np M g3 jo

/k{ Jvd Sj oM kkU BAki nBA , A BM kwn K~U M UC nj BC ,qQQ ] ?o{ pA LC

4. Diopheites. 5. De morbo sacro.

Bv B 4uTj BC A BThMkM /SiBw o nAAqw An jBdA Bv ,kjo jn An BejBw BpBM [ RAjB3TA] TL BTwkBi RAo@ pA jB3TA /S{Am ro ,kjM kd AnB{CBM nBvM B ,SwA j BA RAjB3TA yAoQyk LzU oMbo1 An o@ A RA o M ji BBw nj tkPnA /jnAj jBdAAki _ ,k riA ^ i oM BAki kCiAob kAU BAki kj Bz v RFU /kTv,MBz ke BU o po8 BM /kL8 BvA pA qa _ ,k BnBM S k 5t kD nA ,nBM nBMnj 8Ao3M Bwn/knAj L8 BnBM :kTv BAki ,TiB{B

/B UvD (/V/b 5.499428.427) Anaxagoras of Clazomenae /67. mind.

@ S ,73 :jnAj MBz RAo@ ^v 6 tAn Bv BC

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89 BvA L Aki A ~

B] AjB BM jnAj j] v ,3 A /SwA B B@/jnAj qa o M ;SwA kz ThC ,k{ TiBw C pA L8nj a ,3 A kj c U tAn Bv BC ,A j] BM

1. causal processes. 2. demiurg.

/k 1 BkCon ~U :S{Aj q SLX BkBQ ,Tw j pA BB1vw jB3TAoYA B kCo oM 3 q M A Aki /k{ TwAoQ Aki kwn o@ M /k{ n~U ,k An Bo nA oM jnAm ,jo kFU An LzU oM TL RAjB3TA BpBM pA jB3TA ,qAo3wj oM Akd Be /kwo Aki pA 3Cj Aka n ~U M ji/S{Aj A Aki j]RBLYA AoM j ?AkMA bo8 M An Aoj ,TwBM jqA oA nBMnj An xjB3TA ,ji A RBwn nj 8ABpBM 8A /joM {n BvA M SwA Ji Aki :kknBSwnj BAki :kj nAoC jB3TA jn An AoB{ LzU oM TLjnAj BU SwA Jixji # KLw A M 2B /kBwn KwCBrA pA =A jB@TwA /k{BM L{ A M BA ke BU qa #s= oM BC Aop ,Sv nA{j pA Bi ,

3. ideas.

/k# Sj nB# BBvA BU To 3X pA ,Bqa pA AjoTvoA /SwA oUoM q @U oBM ,oU|Bi B nj jqA B A S@

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vRBA 90

RAoyU xhTwj o B] A pA oUBM oUoM SwA T>A AM k{BM oUBM j] KUAo vw nj qa BB] nka o /BBQMSwA qa C ,` A oA ,tBwA A oM /SwA oUA Aq BB M ThC =A >An @v nj /k{BM oUB] oU# #

/Sn nB# M B] sU AoM B` # ,nBAAo]A M AkAq n8 M ,ji BBwn vQA nj 8AAo]A xjo KUoU @ k{ tBveA :k ]U BwCCA /SwBC A RAl pA ABz ,BzoB RBLY q BwC,B M c1~ j ,j pA yQ nBa oC nj SwA A K1BM ATM kB{ An C xoTv n /jB xoTv M n B Bj njAo LzU j pA v jB3 oYFU BM q o~ AoA A oYFURBoe B@ @ M ]U wB{nBTw SozQ /jo LU Tw,BT]A wBw BnBTiBw o~ nj ,q BwC Ao]Aj tBveA A xoTv nj ,kjM k{ Ak RAovU xhTwj kv ji Bwn oiC nj 8A /S{Aj y3 kk]

1. Piety. 2. De Philosophia.

k Ao 1nAkj AoM An tBwA BQ oTM ,wB{nBTw/kzhM yAnC BvA M BBwC B1 A oj

B j r U oM ,2Ev6 nBMnjJBT jqw 1C nj ,q 1wnAM An BwC Ao]A ,k nB@ An B BLp u o :kj A

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91 BvA L Aki A ~

1wnA RBA /jo kAi Jvd BAki ,BAki MBXA AkTMA nj :SwA TB xoTv k{n op q1i BTwAn nj BTeAAki An Tvh B ,jAj B] X [B] nj An A oA Td ,S A M Aki nBMnj An yo pC ,BkM /jo{ oMnj yL] M An qa o ,A B M r{ , B A odTB odA JU /jnCnj nB pA ,SwA yiRAl M A S ,jnCA BM /SvAj B v ZA AU An o o A M Aki pARke Fv A /SB gvM bo{ B n8 M 1wnA RBA ,J kBwn B\C M An A xAo@ jo e An odTB od RoX B

/joM kjB An A Sz kAk B] M B An Aki

/B UvD (tnQA) (/V 34127)Epicurus /1

,1wnA pC BM vB3 nj ,BAki M ]An 1nQA o@,A jq nj /k jn An jqA oA B BU nQA /SwA ovQ jnBPw BjB{ M An ji B] ,oU pA Be B B Cjiq An A Sz A /Sv BdBzoQ pA Bn pA oTzM oTM qa]U a Aop ,knAk BBvA M TB C _ BAki :k jn_ nj BvA ,A oMBM /kp oM An BC AnC kp ,o8Bi \U jo S{Aj k~C CA nj nQA /k{BM BM BAki pA kBL 1Ao{

2. practical atheist.

2kd X kBM BvA A o@ pA /k jApC BAki pA toU kC pA An

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vRBA 92

nAoC kFU jn p ,BAki M nB{A ?B]nA BU /k kp SwA AnC kp pA A A BC BjB{ SwA A jo

k So{ Lm B Bz] nj BD nk M BnQA jL C pA B k9 A /1p9dU BAki ,nQA jq nj /k{BM Tv] LzU BAki TeAn Rm M w kM BU

/kABnC BjB{ RjBw B /n UvD oB{ (/V 99.94 55.51) Lucretius /2

nBA A [BT ,2tUo /1k{M kBM C M kwn AoM BvA/jo An A Sz

:jnAm d Aki j] RBLYA nj BoM ka oM ji nQA

3. inkling. 4. grace. 5. redemption.

UAn ~U oYFU /knAj BAki j] pA 3L n ~U , ACAB] B@ @ jBU /kwn B M BBMAi nj ,BAki M qMopA oMAoM jAkU BM omQjBv B{A jBp nBvM jAkU SwA C o nj

/jjo pAT omQBjBv RAj]_ BvA :k{ o kk] Bkj BTwBM CAn Km n BMBM kBM ,jnAk ji o Be kp An nj oj S{owjnAk 5omQk ,4 M pB _ A /k nBTn B nBwji

6. divine assistance.

BM B\C BU kjoi BvA , A BM /SwA Aq oA 6A jAkA

CvD nj /BA q] 9 ,B3 ,A : M B SwA A /t /7M ,kzhM BBw l B] M SwA B EkL B A ,t ,tT Ao

/kj l nBTDn BA M BvA 9 BM MBz d

B C nj An ji 7t B B@ M ]An ,yBTw vdU

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93 BvA L Aki A ~

CAn Km /SwA nAjnioM j AzkA pA ,k FU jpBwj] SwA k3T k \k~U An B] nj Aki S CA njA ,o@ A kFU nj v nA pA /jo RBLYA AU An AkiT{Ak jB3TA BAki M jnAk j] C _ SwA SCAM jnAk B oj k{BM T{Ak j] Aki o A A /k{BM ,B kAU BnAkkQ ,A SB /jnAj Ben o BvAAki /SwAki j] oBz kBz B RB]nj `

1. soul. 2. uncomposite (vM)/

A Se kj Soe qa M A /SvAj B] 1B] kBM An/jo oM nj An jAkn o

,BCAn Ao B RBA BM kk{ SBh nj AnkwA pA oUAo B] pA oUBM ,Aki /jAj nAoC kFU jn Gjk\ An Aki BU

3. eternal.

3kow 2KoB HCA SwA BU /SwA oi SB SopA ,jnC M 8A L1AkMB nj RBeA , /SwAM X ,A nj SvAj }hzT j] An Aki A ]

/jnAj nBe koC Bqa AoM BA MBX

/B UvD (j pA kM j o3)Albinus /4

ji BU q] 4tLC An kAki BU ,j pA uQ j oC nj/jo eA o8 An Lw RBA RBk3 A BnB v ,jAj nAoC SwA B Ba Aki /jo BM RB KBC nj AU An Aki j]

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vRBA 94

A RAl oBM SwA B TvB{ n8 C kAU T _k]A A /j A pA _ ,kM SwA Aki /k{BMA tv B ,xo BTwAn nj /BC kCB SwA RB

1. Maximus of Tyre. 2. analogous concepts.

nB ,Sv C ,Aki SiB{ jpBw Bz o8Bi 1ng3 /SwA oUAo ,j SLv A M `C o pA Aop ,SwA nA{jnB M A j]JU AoM 2B ,XU tBC n pA AU

/kM

/B UvD (j pA uQ j o3 oiAA)Numenius of Apamea /3

M BC ,jo nA 8A KT AoM An An 3t KoB A j] /jnAj v j] ,A Aki :k{ Aki nj dUji o BM B ,SwAki j nkQ A /SwA omQBJB zkA Be SwA B] B ,Aki w /jpBw An B]

/o~ kT ,kDA KT nAmBM (/J/b 2527)Plotinus /4

Aki M ]An Bo Te j H3 Bkj ,48A BM /SwAa /jo bo8 Aki j]RBLYA AoM BoM _ 8A /k{ bo1RFz A pA qa /SBnj Mo\U M AU An \1 EkL jM k3T

5. emanation. 6. the Principle. 7. the One.

pA qa _ 7 ,6j] EkL ,5BB A nj /joBM pBM k{M jnC n ji A M kBM qa o /kj Swj

8. Purification. 9. Concentration. 10. Contemplation.

M kAU ,10\U 9qoU ,8qU \o8 pA u /jjo kdT keA

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95 BvA L Aki A ~

1. Ecstasy. 2. omniperfection.

o AoM SwA ALUo oUBM 1Bo Mm] /jjopBM yi ATo o pA kB Bi nj keA ,Be A BM /SwA ~eMBC BvApA oUoM ,Aki Aop j SLv Aki M T _ AU B /SwA oUoMKLw A M Aki /SwA RoX qTv ,2\1 B :SwA RB zkA j] pA oUoM ,SwA SCA Rke LUo oUB nj oLU pA ji ,8A /kB ji nj keA /SwAAkT oiFT 8A KT nj oLU A M ,k jBTwA,U o pA oUoM An Aki SBxoTv k{n Lw RBA /k{

3. substance. 4. animistic mountain god.

/jAj B] zkA pA oUoM Te ,RBe 3o] pA oUoMkM /SwA tBU L8 RBA MB pA BU ,B vAki M ]An dv w xo n ~U oM q tkD JBT SwAB]A wnoM M kBM ,j A M /S{Am joTv \ oYFU

/pAjoPM tkD JBT nj Aki M ]An tkD JBT Bhw oUkC nj k{BM SwAn kB{kp nj M qMo B Bw Aki pA BBz AU , UB UoQ nj Bhw A jnm oj /jo AkQ 4nBAAoMA BM A /j{ d ,kj SLv Aki M AowAM,jnAj jq A1MAn A BM AoMA SwA kp ~h{ ,k hw

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vRBA 96

JBhTA e nBTiA Aki ,A /kwB{ Ji i An A kaoAn qa kAi Ao ji M An AoMA A /jnAj {@d An AoMAnj /kwoM >iA B# M AoMA # jnAj nB\TA A /k# dU A oM/jM kz TiB{ B] C B Bi A M p Aki ,eo Aji C Aki :kwn oU\ SiB{ M AowAM w n BMApnA BC M An B{|Bi So{ pow kj RB\ An C M nA jomQ ovU ,SwA tk3 B ,Aki /kC Tv> ,jo e w oM A B /kB nAjB ji

1. "I am the one I am" [ :14 C ,3 JBM ,Zoi oLw ,UT k]

qa jBM A ,jnAj j] A SwB A BT ,1

97 BvA L Aki A ~

An xAA RAjB3TA TC /So nAoC Bv BLC q d B BwM An BC kjo xU kk{ VL AoLBQ ,jAj J pA [nkU MAki kk{ nCjB C A M BnBM BnBM BC /kAjopBM M BAB] pA oUBM oUoM Aki /jo{ Bv L8 BnAkkQ BM kBL An,TeAn M ,yi jAnA M SwA 3Bi A Aop ,SwA BvA jBjC nAowA oM jnAj qa M Aki /SwA koC An B An Bv qo ,o8Bi M ,SwA kzhM BMo A /SwA JCA

/jnAm BU kTv A K8 nj |Bh{A nj Aki j] :kMB oTzM \U Aki kk] k nj,Aki /knAj keA A SL8 ,w o j{ \T AYYRj yi B w RBe M Tv] Jo3U M An BvA SwA SLd

/k

1. almighty Creator. 2. Loving care.

SwA 1\1 RnkC BM 3Bi n ~U ,tkD JBT nj Aki n ~UM BC kB jooM nj An B] 2xABAioi SBTLv a kwn o@ M /SwA BvA BA oM oB ,BMo nkQAn Aki j] M An BA o A ,BvA Bi ,RBCh BMn ~U B kAjo kTwA ,\3dU A pA ioM n A pA /kj/jnAj j] omQBnm B{ ,Aki pA B n ~U tkD JBT nj Akio@ A TomQ M TLbn B_ dv j AoT BA

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vRBA 98

JBT oM TL o U jo xU jM Bv Tvh pA /kAT{AkAki j] nBMnj v ysQ :k KoU B v BM An tkDn Kv AoM An A ,\T nj j{ BvA o k{ TwAoQ WBMn eAn a M q dv Ao Ak /k jBC BA,kjo jBTwA CAn 8A MB pA Be nj BC /kjnCk{pnA yM ,BA AoM jBC A M An v

/kjo{BM /SwA tkD JBT pA ,Aki nBMnj U B BMC pCRBe1A oMBU pA ,kT hw Aki nBMnj TC A j]

,Bv BMC pA dv AjRBA (/J/b 15 b 215)Clement of Alexandria /1 /UC kT /kj M ,U /2

kB ,1AnkwA S /kjo jBTwA q v pA TooMapaths Aki /kAj 2theein pA \Tz An thes ,8A

3. incomprehensible. 4. physical space.

(3omQB SiB{) akatalptos ,(Aq]A kM) amers ,(omQBovU)BMC KbA /Sv (achoortos) 4L8 BB nj A /j{ kAiBow l qa nj A nj Aki k Bz o8Bi BvkCo kBQ A /SwA jBob Aki /SwA BT q BC pA ,jnAjoYFU SdU GoB Bv BMC pA BM /Sv (agenntos) Rno

/SwA (o] =) Substance C vA jB SwA B AOusia /5

/kjM j jo Aki M 5o] jAj SLv nj Te ,8A v

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99 BvA L Aki A ~

/dv UvD AjRBA (35443)St. Augustine of Hippo /1

oQ Aki omQBSiB{ 8A o@ pA 1Tw C ukC

2. being (esse) itself.wM ,tBQnC d BeA pA /(/J A o3)Dionysius the Areopagite /3G9wA Tvh dv Ak{ pA ,RBAn pLkoM /ko Sdv M nAe uQ

/jM UC

oM q 3w BQnC twj /SwA 2d j] Aki RAl /k

4. hyperdea divinitas [jqA VD SA]/5. Super Substantialitas [o] VD So]].

Aki 5 o] r 4jqA o M A SA pA jpn k FU Aki BU/jnC B M hw

6. Scholastics.

gvM bo{ An ji v RBA ,jA A BM ,6wnk Bvw oX A AoM nB ,Aki pA dv n ~U ,ka o /kjAjhw Aki nBMnj Bkv TC ,oiAA BU /SwA k{ kk] ,}hzT j] ,jM dv BA Aki B{jAo ,kT

7. the personal being, the eternal, infinte and immutable Spirit.

kn BA /SwA koC An B] 7ovT BTB kow bn/SwA jM j] L1AkMB pA \nkU k{ nj S] nj ,jkd ,j{ To o@ nj Aki AoM AoTv ,KLw M

8. mechanism.

,xo A \L8 /8B AC JanBa nj B] |e o@ ,SwAT{Aj 8BeA B Tv Soe RBe oM Sv j] oj Aki

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vRBA 100

j yTwoQ Aki v Aki B kQ T{n ,A oM /k{BM

:M koM /1E.Gilson, God and Philosophy, New Haven 1941, 88.gnBU nj Aki C) Lv- A ki :SwA k{ ]oU wnBD M op RB~hz BM oYA A/x 1375 ,A ^ ,S99e RAnBzTA ,pBQ Ao{ ]oU ,vr UA (Jom CvD : 85| ,wnBD ]oU nj ,kv 0B]nA pA jAo> :SwA dv Sw nj Aki C B RnBj jq nj Aki CnjB3 ,p. B ,RAl M B3 ,omQBoU ,kow ,BTB SwA o] ,Aki koDC (k{BM T{Aj j] oj qa H3A o A) An oj qa o ji ,p.wnBD M oY A A ] .(Medit.III:Adam et Tannery VII, 45) /SwA jnC kkQoz qo ,keA keA ]oU ,RnBj n ,A Lv- nj RFU : SwA k{ kAjooMpA VD RAnBL /49 | ,wnBD ]oU nj kv 0B]nA /x 1361 ,A ^ ,BzAj

[/SwA k{ 9 wnBD ]oU A pA ,RnBj

/1jjo 1CJvd B] pA nj ,jke BU Aki ,RnBj B@ nj Be njBTB BB o@ A bo8 BM kjo w oj AoT ,k{/k nAoCoM q B Aki B A1MAn ,SwAki }B~i pA M ATM C jk M jM Ao@ kU ,B{nB uQ nj T yAo ApPwA yAoLB /SB Swj B Aki JBM nj keA {oB] B@ a ,kjo w RBT A{ M o ,uT KAn dv Aki ^BA pBM BC o@ nj Aki A BM /k uwFU

j] SBU T3A M Sv |Bi joC j] oj ,ApPwA Aki /2

L8 wB{Aki ,ka o /2ApPwA nBAB nj o TLA ,S{Aj

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101 BvA L Aki A ~

Aki /knAj nee (finite modes) BT RBe MBX M B{A ,A nj SwA,k M oD /SwA BT nj Be (self causing Power) S ji Rnk3Aki (deepest reality) j] VBe M BC nmn pA kTv (UBC) B RBeo SwA BTB RBC oM Tz o] ,Aki SwA A K. 3A /wnAn kM oD RBC 9D B /SwA BTB kow RAl o l L BC pA /Sv kjoU j] Rke M ApPwA yAo nj ,n A pA /wB{

B kBo An Aki RB pA BM CA S{Aj C M yAo (vj)15 pAyM S{m pA uQ SvK\ ,KLw M /jnAmM nBomQBovU AoM jn nj ] pA ,oj ByB o ,Bw

/SwA k{ bo1 ,AkiAki SomQ ,xAMo\U SBA Joz BBTCA M , B] RnBj jo B ,SwB jM 3 jBM pA M Aki M wU /kjM jAj SLv Aki M oj Ak yAoLBAki pA o1 n~U BvA A /SwA kAp nB ,So B /jpBw ,SwA jnC jo ve Mo\U pA jA pA An C M ,jnAkjB3TA 3 jB3TA B 8BC 1i kz nj kjjB3TA pA kk{ jB3TA nj A Bkj /Sn pA oUAo nBvM 3obA Sd AoM BTeA ,B] nj j] @ jM A 3ob /jnAj j] B] oMk B3 nj ,Aki jnAm CBM k3Aki TiB{ j]RB pA BM M ,BTeA So A jM C oMT{ BM /xACiA RB M j{ qMo (A RnkC o@)

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vRBA 102

Aki o Sv oTM B] nj o{ @e BM BC kwoQpA Aki B jo Ak] BM ,KUoU A M /SwA BT j]

:M koM Bkj nBMnj /1R.Hurlbutt , in Journal of the History ofIdeas 17 (1956) 486-497. James Noxon, Oxford 1973, 165-187.JBT M koM ` /SwA , U B BLUnA We pA v B zsQ

/12 ~D ,L3 j nBMnj BTL ,

/1SiBw oYAM An A ,BvA BT]A CiA RBeS kow K]A j] B` Aki , vj njAn B] koC nj Aki jApC oT /k{ Jvd ,SwA B j]BvA RB3{ RjBw BM An Aki S k FU BM A /jo nBAnB BvA zkA Bj pA An xji kk] nBpn Aki> /Sv nBSwA A AoM k{ wT A M p jo o A /

103 BvA L Aki A ~

,kBwn RBLYA M o@ 3 BM AU An Aki j] k kTwA

1. a postulate. 2. beings-in-themselves.

d M kATM C AoM BvA SwA 1 A ,C M p SB jq nj Aki /jnAj pB C M ,k kp nAjBSwj pA An ji SwA dv v Sw nj Aki Bjon