electoral systems first past the post additional member system
TRANSCRIPT
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Electoral Systems
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First Past the Post
Additional Member System
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A Product of Historical
Development
First Past the Post (FPTP)
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Representational Principles
• The Representation of Places
• The Representation of People
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Conflict Between Representation of-
• Local Constituencies (Places)
• National Constituencies (Political Parties)
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General Elections are not national but local
• They consist of 646 different elections
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But where is the Post?
• There isn’t one !!
• The System is really ‘Furthest Down the Course’
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…..when the voting stops
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Inverness, Nairn, & Lochaber, 1992 General Election
Johnston Lib Dem 13,258 26.0 %
Stewart Labour 12,800 25.0 %
Ewing SNP 12,562 24.7 %
Scott Conservative 11,517 22.6 %
Martin Green 766 1.5 %
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Who does FPTP favour?
• Butter more than margarine
• The parties whose support is geographically concentrated
• By and large the bigger parties
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The General Election, 1983
Vote % Seats %
Seats
Conservatives 42.4 61.1 397
Labour 27.6 32.2 209
Lib/SDP 25.4 3.5 23
SNP/PC 1.5 0.6 4
All Seats 650
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The General Election, 2005
Vote % Seats %
Seats
Labour 35.2 55.1 356
Conservative 32.4 30.7 198
LibDems 22.1 9.6 62
SNP/PC 2.5 1.4 9
All Seats 646
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2005 General Election
• Labour 356*• Con. 198• Lib/Dem 62• SNP 6
• Plaid Cymru 3• Kidmster Hsp 1 • Respect 1
• Ind (Lab) 1
• Ulster U 1• Democratic U 9• SDLP 3• Sinn Fein 5
*Inc. Speaker
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Usual Consequences of FPTP
• Single Party Government• General Elections decide who shall form
the government• Close connection between the
government and electors• Strong government, weak parliament• Unfair allocation of seats in the
parliament
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Additional Member Systems (AMS)* or Mixed Member
• Consists of two elements:
– 1. First Past the Post
– 2. Proportional Representation
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AMS has a number of variations
• In some cases the two elements are not linked
• The proportion of AM to FPTP seats vary
• The AM s may be distributed at a National or Sub-National level
• The elector may have one or two votes
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AMS
Scottish
Style
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Scottish Additional Member System
• Consists of two inter- connected elements:
– 1. First Past the Post
– 2. Proportional Representation
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Why the Additional Member System? (AMS)
• Labour wanted All-Party Support
• AMS was Labour’s Preferred Alternative
• Liberals Prepared to accept AMS as a compromise
• Labour also felt it would make it more difficult for the Nationalists to get a majority of seats
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Features of the Scheme
• 73 FPTP Seats (Westminster Seats pre-2005, but Orkney and Shetland divided)
• 8 ‘Regional’ Constituencies each returning 7 Additional Members
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Voting
• Each elector has two votes
• One for the FPTP seat
• One for a ‘Regional’ party list
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Nomination Strategies
• Disincentive for small parties to contest the constituency seats
• Thus: Few parties contest the constituencies
A plethora of parties context the lists
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North East
Constituencies
In eight out of nine seats only the four main parties stood
In Gordon the four main parties stood + Scottish Enterprise Party and two Independents
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Scottish senior citizens united party
Green
North East
Regional List
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The Voter Does Not Have to Vote for the Same Party with both of
His/Her Votes
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)
Patrick Harvie
Rosie KaneTommy Sheridan
‘Give us your second vote’
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Allocation of Regional Additional Members
•The regional list votes across all the FPTP constituencies in a region are added up
•Each party’s 2nd votes are then divided by the number of FPTP seats already won +1 (D’Hondt Quota)
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Allocation of AMs continued• After the division the First AM is allocated
to the party whose divided vote is highest
• The 2nd AM is allocated by dividing the 2nd Votes by seats already won, including the 1st Additional Member.
• The process continues until all seven AMs have been allocated
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The Allocation of Regional List MSPs in the North East
(see handout)
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The Ballot and Dislike of Small Parties
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The Ballot
• Prior to 2007 two pieces of paper
• 1st for Constituency Vote
• 2nd for the Regional List
• 2007 One piece of paper
• 1st vote for the Regional List
• 2nd vote for the Constituency
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Working of the system in 2007
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Overall Result of the Scottish Parliamentary Election 2007
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the main cast:
Party Leaders
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Turnout
• 1997: 58.2%
• 2003: 49.4%
• 2007: 51.7% (Turnout reduced by 2.2% due to a large number of spoiled ballots).
A second order election.
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Electronic Counter
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Dear Me!
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All Seats First Vote
%
Second Vote
%
All Seats
% Con 17 (-1) 16.6 13.9 13.2
Lab 46 (-4) 32.1 29.2 35.7
LibDem 16 (-1) 16.2 11.3 12.4
SNP 47 (+20) 32.9 31.0 36.4
Green 2 (-5) 0.1 4.0 1.6
Other
1 (-9) 2.2 10.6 0.8
2007 Summary
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Total Seats
Constituency Seats
List Seats
Con 17 4 (5.5%) 13 (23.2%)
Lab 46 37 (50.7%) 9 (16.1%)
LibDem 16 11 (15.1%) 5 (8.9%)
SNP 47 21 (28.8%) 26 (46.4%)
Green 2
2 (3.6%)
Other Total 129
1 129
73 (100.1%)
1 (1.8%) 56 (100.0%)
2007
Seats by Type
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Actual Seats
By First Vote
By Second
Vote %
Con 17 21 (-4) 18 (-1)
Lab 46 41 (+5) 38 (+8)
LibDem 16 21 (-5) 15 (+1)
SNP 47 42 (+5) 40 (+7)
Green 2
5 (-3)
Other
1 14 (-13)
2007
‘Fair Shares’?
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Working of the system continued• High level of female representation, esp.
Labour and SSP. (2003)
Males Females % FemaleConservative 14 4 22.2Labour 22 28 56.0LibDem 15 2 11.8SNP 18 9 33.3Green 5 2 28.6SSP 2 4 66.7Other 2 2 50.0
Total 78 51 39.5
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Working of the system continued• High level of female representation, esp.
Labour and SSP. (2007)
Males Females % Female Conservative 12 5 29.4 Labour 23 23 50.0 LibDem 14 2 12.5 SNP 35 12 25.5 Green 2 0.0 Other 0 1 100.0 Total 86 43 33.3
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Working of the System continued
• The Conservatives MSPs were mostly returned from the regional lists
• The Labour MSPs were overwhelmingly returned by First Past the Post
• Labour and the SNP were over-represented (5 to 7/8).
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Working of the system continued
• The way the votes were counted affected the outcome:– Labour would not have won AMs had they
been aggregated at national rather than regional level. (Based on 2nd Vote-share).
• Other parties were under-represented by 13 seats
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Working of the system continued
• The Liberals held the balance of power in the parliament
• More parties contested the regional lists than FPTP constituencies
• All four main parties won fewer regional list than FPTP votes, esp. LibDems
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Working of the system continued
• Ticket-Splitting– Minor parties gained representation through
the regional lists (SSP and Greens) in 2003 but barely so in 2005 (2 Greens + Margo MacDonald).
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Government Formation• The Labour-LibDem Administration was
defeated.
• The SNP as the largest party sought a coalition with the LibDems
• LibDem activists would not support coalition with the SNP
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Government formation continued
• The Conservatives are pariahs• The odds and sods too few and flakey• Therefore a minority single-party SNP
administration seeking support from others on an issue by issue basis, including the Conservatives.
• The minority status of the administration makes this an interesting parliament to follow
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