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Electric Power Applications of Coated Conductors – an update on recent activities and future directions Mathias Noe Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute for Technical Physics

KIT-Zentrum Energie 2 M. Noe, Electric Power Applications of Coated Conductors, CCA Workshop, Aspen 2016

Acknowledgement

To my colleagues at Institute for Technical Physics ! Joachim Bock ! Janusz Kozak ! Erik Marzahn ! Antonio Morandi ! Wolfgang Reiser ! Sergey Samoilenkov ! Florian Schreiner ! Mark Stemmle ! Vitaly Visotsky

Liye Xiao


Table of Contents

Electric Power Applications of Coated Conductors – an update on recent activities and future directions

! Introduction and Motivation ! Cables ! Fault Current Limiters ! Transformers ! Rotating Machines ! SMES and others


Table of Contents


! Introduction and Motivation ! Cables ! Fault Current Limiters ! Transformers ! Rotating Machines

SMES and others

European perspective


A few comments from ASC

...the utilities do not show up!

...the cost of the wire is too high...

!fault current limiters are expected to be a mature technology by 2025!

!there is no market pull or push for superconducting power applications...

I am still optimistic because!


Coated Conductor Manufacturers 2006


Coated Conductor Manufacturers 2016

! we have a choice and we get several offers for our quotes!

! for some applications the wire cost is not the dominating factor!

! it is not yet mass manufacturing in large industrial scale!

! the range of specifications is increasing!


Benefits of HTS Power Applications

Impact on Power Applications ! Improved energy efficiency ! Higher power density ! New technologies (e.g. FCL, SMES) ! Higher power quality Environmently friendly

Unique features of HTS ! Highest engineering current densities at ! zero DC resistance and at high magnetic fields ! Fast transition from zero to high resistivity

Superior parameters and complete new systems are possible


Table of Contents


! Motivation ! Cables ! Fault Current Limiters ! Transformers ! Rotating Machines

SMES and others


AC Cables – State-of-the-Art Manufacturer! Place ,Country, Year! Data! HTS!

?? Chicago, US 12 kV, a few miles ??

?? Enschede, NL, 2019 110 kV, 200 MVA, 3.4 km ??

LS Cable! Seoul, Korea, 2017! 22.9 kV, 1000 m! YBCO!

Nexans ! Essen, Deutschland, 2014! 10 kV, 2.4 kA, 1000 m! BSCCO!

Sumitomo! Yokohama, Japan, 2013! 66 kV, 1.8 kA, 240 m! BSCCO!

LS Cable ! Icheon, Korea, 2011! 22.9 kV, 3.0 kA, 100 m! BSCCO!

LS Cable ! Icheon, Korea, 2009! 22.9 kV, 1.3 kA, 500 m! BSCCO!

Nexans! Long Island, US, 2008! 138 kV, 2.4 kA, 600 m! BSCCO/YBCO!

LS Cable! Gochang, Korea, 2007! 22.9 kV, 1.26 kA, 100 m! BSCCO!

Sumitomo! Albany, US, 2006! 34.5 kV, 800 A, 350 m! BSCCO!

Ultera! Columbus, US, 2006! 13.2 kV, 3 kA, 200 m! BSCCO!

Sumitomo! Gochang, Korea, 2006! 22.9 kV, 1.25 kA, 100 m! BSCCO!

Furukawa! Yokosuka, Japan, 2004! 77 kV, 1 kA, 500 m! BSCCO!More than 10 years of operational experience and no HTS degradation reported.


DC Cables – State-of-the-Art

Place, Country, Year! Application! Data! HTS!Ludwigshafen, D, 2017! Chlor electrolysis! 20 kA, 1 kV, 25 m! YBCO!

St. Petersburg, Ru, 2016! Substation connection! 2.5 kA, 20 kV, 2.5 km! BSCCO!Ishikari, Japan, 2016! Test application! 2.5 kA, 20 kV, 1 km! BSCCO!Ishikari, Japan, 2015! Connection PV Datacentre! 5 kA, 20 kV, 500 m! BSCCO!Jeju Island, Korea, 2015! Substation connection! 3.25 kA, 80 kV, 500 m! YBCO!

CERN, CH, 2014! Test application! 20 kA, 20 m! MgB2!Kunitachi, Japan, 2013! Connection train converter! 6 kA, 1,5 kV, 30 m! BSCCO!

Gongyi, China, 2012! Aluminium plant! 10 kA, 1,3 kV, 360 m! BSCCO!Chubu, Japan, 2010! Test application! 2 kA, 10 kV, 200 m! BSCCO!Chubu, Japan, 2006! Test application! 2.2 kA, 20 kV, 20 m! BSCCO!


Status Ampacity Project

Objectives Built and test a 40 MVA, 10 kV, 1 km superconducting cable in combination with a fault current limiter

! Project partners ! RWE, Nexans, KIT

! Budget ! 13.5 Mio. "

! Duration ! Sept. 2011- Feb. 2016

Funded by:

cable in

L1 L2 L3LN2

LN2 backDielectric



Conventional Situation in Essen HTS Cable plus FCL Situation in Essen

A transformer and a high voltage cable can be replaced by a medium voltage HTS cable in combination with a fault current limiter.



Lessons learned ! The unsymmetrical capacitances need compensation. ! A few leaks have been fixed right after commissioning but during operation. ! The disconnection scheme after a short-circuit with an open-close cycle was changed.

Major result ! The cable and FCL installation fulfills all technical and operational requirements.

Status ! The operation has been extended. ! Business cases are under development.


Status Supernet NL Project

Objectives Feasibility and demonstration of a superconductive HV cable in the transmission grid (110 kV, 3.4 km, ~ 200 MVA)

! Project partners TenneT, TU Delft, U Twente, HAN U, IWO Project, RH Marine

! Duration ! Project start August 2015 ! Tender procedure finished in 2017 ! Demonstration test before

comissioning June 2019


Status 3S Project For more details see poster this evening

First 20 kA short sample tested and current lead developed outside the project.

stack of 96 copper lamellas

stack of 96 HTS tapes

soldered joint

Flexible Copper to HTS contact with low resistance and high number of stacks.

Objectives Develop and test a 25 m, 20 kA superconducting DC busbar for industry applications, First rigid modular design

! Project partners ! Vision Electric Superconductors, KIT, ILK

! Duration ! May 2015-April 2018


Compact, low loss current lead for DC busbars

Cryocooler

LN2 reservoir

Cu connection

Setup is finished, commissioning tests soon.

Cou

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: Vis

ion

Ele

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Sup

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ICE Link 20 kA current lead


Cables – Future Directions

Applications ! More real application studies with utilities ! Long term grid application

Towards higher voltages ! More DC applications

Technology Lower system cost and less maintenance Lower AC and cryostat loss

! R&D on high voltage issues


Table of Contents



SMES and others

20 | Mathias Noe | European Summer School on Superconductivity 2013

Important FCL projects

- State-of-the-art -

Lead company Country / Year Type Data SC type KfK Germany / 1980 Resistive 40 MW / 47 kV NbTi

GEC Alsthom France / 1989 Resistive 25 kV / 200 A NbTi

GEC Alsthom France / 1992 Resistive 7.2 kV / 1 kA NbTi

GEC Alsthom France / 1994 Resistive 63 kV / 1.25 kA NbTi

NEI UK / 1979 Sat. iron core 5 MVA NbTi

ASC / General Dynamics US / 1995 Sat. iron core 100 MVA BSCCO

ABB Switzerland / 1989 Shielded iron core 100 VA BSCCO

ABB Switzerland / 1989 Shielded iron core 20 kVA BSCCO

Daimler Benz Germany / 1993 Shielded iron core - YBCO

Hydro Quebec Canada / 1993 Inductive 100 VA BSCCO

Hydro Quebec Canada / 1995 Inductive 100 kVA BSCCO

TEPCO / Toshiba Japan / 1990 Inductive air coil 400 V / 100 A NbTi

TEPCO / Toshiba Japan / 1990 Inductive air coil 6.6 kV / 1.5 kA NbTi

Sekei Uni. Japan / 1990 Inductive 600 V / 6 A NbTi

SCFCL – State-of-the-Art around 1996

TRL Level 4 - Technology demonstrated in Lab

No field tests, good LTS technology development, first HTS demonstrators.


SCFCL – State-of-the-Art 2006 Company Country/Year 1) Type Data 2) Superconductor Field op.

ACCEL/Nexans SC 2004 Resistive 6.9 kV, 600 A, 3-ph. BSCCO 2212 bulk +

KEPRI 2004 Resistive 3.8 kV, 200 A, 3-ph. YBCO thin films -

CRIEPI 2004 Resistive 1 kV, 40 A, 1-ph. YBCO thin films -

Mitsubishi 2004 Resistive 200 V, 1 kA, 1-ph. YBCO thin films -

Yonsei University 2004 Diode bridge 3.8 kV, 200 A, 3-ph. BSCCO 2223 tape -

CAS 2005 Diode bridge 6 kV, 1.5 kA, 3-ph. BSCCO 2223 tape +

CESI Research 2005 Resistive 3,2 kV, 215 A, 3-ph. BSCCO 2223 -

KEPRI 2007 Res.-hybrid 13.2 kV, 630 A, 3-ph. BSCCO 2212 bulk -

Innopower 2007 Sat. iron core 20 kV, 1.6 kA, 3ph. BSCCO 2223 tape ?

Toshiba 2007 Resistive 6.6 kV, 50 A, 1-ph. YBCO coated cond. -

Siemens / AMSC 2007 Resistive 7.5 V, 267 A, 1-ph. YBCO coated cond. -

Hyundai / AMSC 2007 Resistive 13.2 kV, 630 A, 1-ph. YBCO coated cond. -

Nexans 2010 Resistive-ind. 63.5 kV, 1.8 kA, 1-ph. BSCCO 2212 bulk +

Zenergy power 2009 Sat. iron core 80 kV, ? kA, 3-ph. BSCCO 2223 tape +

IGC Superpower 2009 Resistive 80 kV, 1.2 kA, 3-ph. YBCO coated cond. +

AMSC / Siemens 2011 Resistive 66 kV, 1.2 kA, 3-ph. YBCO coated cond. +

Rolls Royce 2010 Resistive 6.6 kV, 200 A, 3-ph. MgB2 +

KEPRI 2010 Resistive 22.9 kV, 3 kA, 3-ph. ? +1) Year of test2) Phase-ground-voltageFirst successful field tests, HTS only, more field tests envisaged.

TRL Level 6 - Technology demonstrated in relevant environment


SCFCL – State-of-the-Art 2016

Nexans Siemens Applied Materials

Resistive type, YBCO 12 kV, 1600 A

Installed 11/2015


Installed 3/2016


Installed 7/2016

TRL Level 8 - system complete and qualified TRL Level 9 - actual system proven in operational environment

First commercial applications, several manufacturers.


SCFCL Field Tests – State-of-the-Art 2016 Lead Company/ Inst.! Year/Country ! Data ! Type! Superconductor!ABB! CH/1997! 10 kV, 70 A! Resistive! Bi 2212 bulk!ACCEL/NexansSC! Germany/2004! 12 kV, 600 A! Resistive! Bi 2212 bulk!IEE CAS China/2005 10.5 kV, 1.5 kA Diode bridge type Bi 2223 tape Toshiba! Japan/2008! 6.6 kV, 72 A! Resistive YBCO tape!Innopower China/2008 35 kV, 90 MVA DC biased iron core Bi 2223 tape Nexans SC Germany/2009 12 kV, 100 A Resistive Bi 2212 bulk Nexans SC Germany/2009 12 kV, 800 A Resistive Bi 2212 bulk Zenergy Power US/2009 12 kV, 1.2 kA DC biased iron core Bi 2223 tape Zenergy Power US/2010 15kV, 1.2 kA DC biased iron core Bi 2223 tape RSE! Italy/2011! 9 kV, 250 A! Resistive Bi 2223 tape!RSE! Italy/2012! 9 kV, 1 kA! Resistive YBCO tape!KEPRI! Korea/2011! 22.9 kV, 3 kA! Resistive YBCO tape!Nexans SC! Germany/2011! 12 kV, 800 A! Resistive YBCO tape!Nexans SC! Germany/2013! 10 kV, 2.4 kA! Resistive YBCO tape!Nexans SC! EU/2013! 24 kV, 1 kA! Resistive YBCO tape!Applied Materials! US/2013! 15 kV, 1kA! Resistive! YBCO tape!Nexans SC UK/2015 12 kV, 1.6 kA Resistive YBCO tape Siemens Germany/2016 12 kV, 815 A Resistive YBCO tape Applied Materials US/2016 115 kV, 550 A Resistive YBCO tape ASG Power UK/2017 36 kV, 800 A DC biased iron core MgB2

Shongtian/IEE CAS China/?? 220 kV, 1.5 kA Resistive YBCO tape South Power Grid China/?? 500 kV DC biased iron core ?? Superox Russia/2019 220 kV, 1.2 kA Resistive YBCO tape More than 15 successful field tests in the past 10 years and no damage of HTS and FCL

reported.


Smart Coil Project

Objectives Built and test a single phase 10 kV, 600 A air coil SFCL

! Project partners ! Siemens, KIT


Smart Coil Project

! HTS insert consists of single short circuited windings

SC inset Data

operation temp. 77 K critical current 550 A, sf number of sc-rings 80 diameter 1232 mm Cu-stabilization 14 #m (total) expected max. voltage < 30 V/m width of tapes 12 mm distance between tapes

3 mm

10 kV, 600 A demonstrator will be tested in 2017.


Electrotechnical Institute, Warsaw, Poland

Parameter Data

Voltage 15 kV Current 140 A Prosp. current 30 kA Limited peak current 3.4 kA Limitation time 120 ms Operating temp. 77 K HTS prim. winding 144 turns HTS sec. winding Each

24 turns

Source: Janusz Kozak, Michal Majka, Slawomir Kozak, Experimental results of a 15 kV, 140 A Superconducting Fault Current Limiter, preprint submitted to IEEE Transactions for Applied Superconductivity


Electrotechnical Institute, Warsaw, Poland

Successful high power grid laboratory testing in 2016.


SFCLs – Future Directions

Applications ! More commercial applications ! More field operational experience ! More different applications

Technology ! System improvement ! Demonstrators and prototypes for new types and higher

voltages ! DC Limiters


Table of Contents



SMES and others


Transfomers - Major Benefits

Manufacturing and transport ! Compact and lightweight (~50 % Reduction)


Transformers - Major Benefits


Environment and Marketing ! Energy savings (~50 % Reduction)

Ressource savings ! Non combustible (no oil)


Transformers - Major Benefits


Environment and Marketing ! Energy savings (~50 % Reduction)

Ressource savings ! Non combustible (no oil)

Operation ! Low short-circuit impedance

! Higher stability ! Less voltage drops ! Less reactive power

! Active current limitation ! Protection of devices ! Reduction of investment

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Transformers State-of-the-Art Country! Inst.! Application! Data! Phase! Year! HTS!Switzerland! ABB! Distribution! 630 kVA, 18.42 kV/420V! 3 Dyn11! 1996 field test! Bi 2223!

Japan! Fuji Electric! Demonstrator! 500 kVA, 6,6 kV/3,3 kV! 1! 1998! Bi 2223!

Germany! Siemens! Demonstrator! 100 kVA, 5,5 kV/1.1 kV! 1! 1999! Bi 2223!

USA! Waukesha! Demonstrator! 1 MVA, 13,8 kV/6.9 kV! 1! -! Bi 2223!

USA! Waukesha! Demonstrator! 5 MVA, 24,9 kV/4.2 kV! 3 Dy! -! Bi 2223!

Japan! Fuji Electric! Demonstrator! 1 MVA, 22 kV/6.9 kV! 1! 2001! Bi 2223!

Germany! Siemens! Railway! 1 MVA, 25 kV/1,4 kV! 1! 2001! Bi 2223!

EU! CNRS! Demonstrator! 41 kVA, 2050 V/410 V! 1! 2003! P-YBCO/S-Bi 2223!

Korea! U Seoul! Demonstrator! 1 MVA, 22,9 kV/6,6 kV! 1! 2004! Bi 2223!

Japan! Fuji Electric! Railway! 4 MVA, 25 kV/1.2 kV! 1! 2004! Bi 2223!

Japan! Kuyshu Uni.! Demonstrator! 2 MVA, 66 kV/6.9 kV! 1! 2004! Bi 2223!

China! IEE CAS! Demonstrator! 630 kVA, 10.5 kV/400 V! 3! 2005 field test! Bi 2223!

Japan! U Nagoya! Demonstrator! 2 MVA, 22 kV/6.6 kV! 1! 2009! P-Bi 2223/S-YBCO!

Japan! Kyushu Uni! Demonstrator! 400 kVA, 6.9 kV/2.3 kV! 1! 2010! YBCO!

Germany! KIT! Demonstrator! 60 kVA, 1 kV/600 V! 1! 2010! P-Cu/S-YBCO!

Australia! Callaghan In.! Demonstrator! 1 MVA, 11 kV/415 V! 3 Dy! 2013! YBCO!

Japan Kyushu Uni Demonstrator 2 MVA, 69 kV/6.9 kV 3 yy 2013 YBCO

China! IEE CAS! Demonstrator! 1.25 MVA, 10.5 kV/400 V! 3 Yyn0! 2014! Bi 2223!

Germany! KIT/ABB! Demonstrator! 577 kVA, 20 kV/1 kV! 1! 2016! P-Cu/S-YBCO!

Russia RS R&D CI Demonstrator 1 MVA, 10 kV/0.4 kV 1 2016 YBCO

HTS transformers are developed up to TRL Level 4 – technology validated in laboratory.


1 MVA Current Limiting Transformer

Nominal power 577 kVA Primary voltage 20 kV

Secondary voltage 1 kV Short-circuit impedance > 3 %

Primary/Secondary current 28.9 A/577.4 A Secondary fault resistivity 0 Ohm

Fault duration 60 ms

Turn-to turn Voltage 40 V Primary/Secondary turns 500/25 Short-circuit impedance 2.96 %

Max. magn. flux dens. iron core 1.6 T Max. magn. flux dens. stray gap 0.029 T

Fault current (1st half wave) 14,997 A, (71.8%) Fault current, (6th half wave) 7,326 A, (35.1%)

Unlimited fault current 20,875 A Length of secondary winding 47.3 m Number of parallel HTS tapes 12

Average tape Ic 140 A Copper stabilization per tape 110 #m

Iron core losses 3820 W Primary winding losses 885 W

Cryostat losses through wall < 25 W Estimated HTS AC-losses ~50

Current lead losses 64 Sou

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1 MVA Current Limiting Transformer Winding process

More homogenous Ic variation in the tapes and coated electrical insulation would help.

Buckling free winding support


1 MVA Current Limiting Transformer Main parts

Extensive tests are ongoing and test results will be presented at EUCAS 2017.


Transformers – Future Directions

Applications ! First field tests (TRL5 – tested in relevant environment)

Technology ! More technology demonstrators ! Further reduce losses (AC and thermal insulation)

Include current limiting function ! Higher currents at low voltage coil


Table of Contents



SMES and others


Rotating Machines – Benefits

Smaller Volume and Weight ! Half the weight and volume

Two times higher power density

Less Ressources ! Higher efficiency

Less material

Improved Operation Parameters Lower voltage drop (xd~ 0.2-0.3 p.u.)

! Higher stability and higher torque ! Higher ratio of breakdown torque to nominal torque ! More reactive power


Rotating Machines – Which One?

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Many potential applications that differ in speed, rating and torque.


Rotating Machines – Wind Generator

Affiliations! Speed (rpm)!

Mass (ton)!

Volume (m3)! SC length (km)! Materials!Poles!Diameter

(mm)!GE 10 143 49 720 NbTi 36 4830 DTU Wind Energy 9,65 52b 84 474 MgB2 32 5880 Kalsi Green power system 10 52 20 146 MgB2 24 5000

AMSC 10 150 <59 1.5 per poleset/36 km YBCO 24 4500-500

0 Tecnalia 8,1 <240 89a 154 MgB2 48 10100c

Univ. of Edinburgh 10 184 48 15/3.4 MgB2/YBCO 88 6630

Univ. of Electron. Sci.&Tech. of China 10 66b 13a 504 YBCO 24 5806

Changwon National Univ. 10 105 b 24 390 YBCO 24 5330 Changwon National Univ. 10 108 b 25 418 YBCO 24 -- Changwon National Univ. 10 95 b 31 565 YBCO 24 -- Niigata Univ. 10 50 b 16 a 572 HTS 8 3670 Niigata Univ. 10 55 b 16 a 856 HTS 12 3670 Iran Univ. Sci.e and Tech 10 74 b 15 a 708 YBCO 8 3210 Tokyo Univ. of Marine Sci. & Tech. 10 105 48 58 YBCO 96 14100 Changwon National Univ. 10 147 -- 586 YBCO 24 -- Changwon National Univ. 10 196 -- 222 BSCCO 24 --

Main parameters of selected studies on 10 MW superconducting wind generator

Wide variation in main parameters.


ECOSWING Project (H2020, ecoswing.eu)

Objectives ! Design, develop and manufacture a full scale multi-

megawatt direct-drive superconducting wind generator Install this superconducting drive train on an existing modern wind turbine in Thyborøn, Denmark (3.6 MW, 14 rpm, 128 m rotor)

! Project partners Envision, Eco5, Theva, FhG, U Twente, SHI, DNV-GL, Jeumont Electric, Delta Energy Systems

! Duration ! March 2015-March 2019

! Project cost ! EUR 13,846,594, EU contribution EUR 10,591,734

Coated Conductor and HTS coil is provided by Theva.


Rotating Machines – Future Directions

Applications ! Wind generator demonstrators in relevant environment ! Demonstrators for electric airplanes ! Power generators and propulsion

Technology ! Coil technology (winding, insulation, stability)

Cryostat development (high mechanical stability, low losses)


Summary

Source: IEA High Temperature Superconductivity: A Roadmap for the Electric Power Sector 2015-2030

Many thanks for your attention!

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