electric power systems more than meets the · pdf fileelectric power systems more than meets...
TRANSCRIPT
Bite of Science Dr. Emanuel Bernabeu
Electric Power Systems
More than Meets the Eye
Agenda
• Overview: Dominion Virginia Power.
• Power Systems: More than Meets the Eye.
– The most important infrastructure.
– The world largest machine.
– Perfect just-in-time.
– Markets.
– Geomagnetic Disturbances.
• Conclusion.
Presenter
• Emanuel Bernabeu:
– Bachelors in Electronics Engineering – Universidad Catolica de Cordoba, Argentina.
– Ms degree in Applied Economics – Virginia Tech.
– Ms degree in Electrical Engineering – Virginia Tech.
– Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering – Virginia Tech.
• Currently holds a position in Operations Engineering at DVP:
– Lead engineer for “special” studies.
Dominion Profile
4
Leading provider of energy and energy services in the Midwest, Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions of the U.S.
~28,200 MW of electric generation
6,000+ miles of electric transmission
12,000 miles of natural gas transmission, gathering and storage pipeline
Cove Point LNG Facility
2.4 million electric customers: VA/NC
942 billion cubic feet of natural gas storage operated
1.3 million natural gas customers in OH & WV
2.1 million non-regulated retail
customers in 13 states
Our Integrated Business Model
Dominion Virginia Power • Electric Distribution • Electric Transmission • Unregulated Retail
Dominion Generation • Regulated Generation • Merchant Generation
Dominion Energy • Gas Transmission • Gas Distribution • Producer Services
The Dominion Electric Transmission System at a Glance
6
$2.1B of assets in service – 6300+ miles of
transmission lines • 500kV – 1250 mi.
• 230kV – 2600 mi.
• 115kV – 2300 mi.
– 400+ substations
– 882 FTEs
The Electric Power Grid
• E.F. Schumacher: “There is no substitute for energy… It is not ‘just another commodity’ but the precondition of all commodities, a basic factor equal with air, water, and earth.”.
Source: J. Peerenboom, R. Fisher, and R. Whitfield, 2001. “Recovering from Disruptions of Interdependent Critical Infrastructures”
Overview
• The power grid:
– Generation.
– Transmission.
• P = I2*R
• P = V*I
– Distribution.
0 0 0EB ds i
dt
0B dA 0
qE dA
BE dsdt
Source: how stuff works.
Fun Facts: ONE Machine
• The electric grid is the world’s largest machine.
– Blackout in Italy 2003 caused by a fault in Switzerland.
Fun Facts: Perfect Just-in-Time (JIT)
• Electric power cannot be economically stored.
– Holy grail: specially for renewable sources.
• Generation must match the load (always!).
LOAD GENERATION
60.0
55.0 65.0
Time
Load
Generation Portfolio
• Base load generation:
– Nuclear, Coal, Gas, etc.
• Peak generation:
– Gas, Hydro, etc.
• Wind/Solar:
– Non dispatchable.
Source: CAISO – Integration of renewable resources.
Bath County Pumped Storage Generation
• Largest pumped storage generation in the world.
– Built in 1985.
– 2.7 GW (Hoover=2GW, Nuclear=2GW).
– $1.7 Billon.
Fun Facts: Markets
• Load Forecasting:
– Weather/day/season.
– Yearly, monthly, daily, hourly.
• Unit dispatch:
– Based on cost.
• Contractual paths:
– Kirchhoff’s law.
Source: UCTE blackout report.
Fun Facts: Geomagnetic Disturbances
1-3 Days
Source: NASA
Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GIC)
Ionospheric Electrojet
GIC flow
E
GIC GIC
Transmission Line
Grounded Transformer
Grounded Transformer
0
1 1t
y
x
B tE t du
tt u
0
1 1t
x
y
B tE t du
tt u
Source: NOAA
GMD Impacts
• Hydro-Quebec blackout 1989.
• Transformer AC & DC excitation:
– Hot-spots.
– MVARs (voltage stability).
– Harmonics.
Conclusion
• Electrical Power System: critical and exciting field.
• “The future is not what it used to be”:
– Environmental regulations – generation retirements.
– Load composition and growth.
– Integration of renewable sources.
– Stressed network (difficult to build new lines).
• Within the next 5 years, ~50% of Dominion’s work force will be eligible for retirement.
– We NEED students interested in math/science/engineering.
Future Planned PMU Installations to be incorporated into system developed under this grant.
Questions?