electric vehicle technology: present and future · electric vehicle technology: present and future...

Electric Vehicle Technology: Present and Future

Dr. Surin KhomfoiAssociate Professor in EE

King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang

TAIAApril 1, 2015

Outline• Introduction

• International outlooks on EV

• EV chargers• EV charger standard• EV charger infrastructure • EV charger Impacts for Thailand cases• Conclusion

Introduction

Comparison between the ICE, HV, and EV

ICE HV EV

Efficiency Converts 20% of the energy stored in gasoline to power the vehicle

Converts 40%, of the energy stored in gasoline to power the vehicle.

Converts 75% of the chemical energy from the batteries to power the wheels

Speed (average top speed)

198 km per hour (km/hr)

176 km/hr 48-152 km/hr

Acceleration (on average)

0-96 km/hr in 8.4 seconds

0-96 km/hr in 6-7 seconds

0-96 km/hr in 4-6 seconds

Mileage Can go over 480 km before refueling. Typically get 8.37 kmper liter

Typically get 20.29 to 25.36 km per liter

Can only go about 160 to 320 km beforerecharging

Comparison between the ICE, HV, and EV

ICE HV EV

Maintenance • Wheels/tires • Engine • Fuel/gas• Bodywork/paint• Electrical• Lights• Dash/instrument warning lights

Same as ICE. Does not require as much maintenance because it does not use a gasoline engine. No requirements to take it to the Department of Environmental Quality for an emissions inspection

Cost (on average) 456,400 THB to 554,200 THB

619,400 THB to 815,000 THB

Extensive range, 195,600 THB to 3,260,000 THB

Advantages and Disadvantages of the EV

Advantages Disadvantages

Fuel can be harnessed from any source of electricity, which is available in most homes and businesses.

Limited in the distance that can be driven before the complete failure of the battery.

It reduces hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide, responsible for many environmental problems, by 98%.

Accessories, such as air conditioning and radios drain the battery.

Also reduces pollution. Heavier car due to the electric motors, batteries, chargers, and controllers.

Does not produce emissions. Important in urban cities, where cleaner air is much needed.

More expensive because of cost of the parts.

A Technical Research Report: The Electric Vehicle By Rony Argueta (University of California Santa Barbara College of Engineering)

EV sales

U.S. market ( Highway EVs)

International EV outlookSource: EV city casebook 2012

WORLD EV/PHEV SALES (MILLIONS/YEAR)

WORLD EV/PHEV STOCKS (MILLIONS)

EV Outlook

EV SALES IN EVI COUNTRIES (MILLIONS)

EV STOCK IN EVI COUNTRIES(MILLIONS)

EV Outlook

EV by brands

EV by numbers

GOTO ISLANDS, JAPAN

CITY SIZE

POPULATION

REGISTEREDVEHICLES

632.87 km2

62,696

39,542

ELECTRICITY MIX

EV & EVSE STATUS

TODAY TOMORROW

EV 155 500

EVSE 12 40

60 -100 kmDISTANCE FROM MAINLAND

KANAGAWA JAPAN

2.20%

7.90%

8.80%

26.80%

26.90%

27.40%

0.00% 5.00% 10.00% 15.00% 20.00% 25.00% 30.00%

Other

Hydro

Oil

Coal

Nuclear

Natural Gas

ELECTRICITY MIX

CITY SIZE

POPULATION

REGISTERED VEHICLES

2,415.86 km2

9,061,898

3,055,966

EV & EVSE STATUS TODAY TOMORROW

EV 2,183 3,000EVSE 450 1,100

NETHERLANDSELECTRICITY MIX

CITY SIZE

POPULATION

REGISTERED VEHICLES

5,000 km2

2,400,000

1,888,928

EV & EVSE STATUS

TODAY TOMORROW

EV 755 1,500 EVs500 e-bikes

EVSE 500 3,000

4.00%

4.00%

8.00%

23.00%

61%

Other

Nuclear

Renewab…

Coal

Natural Gas

Oth

er 2

%

Walk17%

Public Transpor

t 2%

Passenger

Vehicle53%

Bike25%

AVG. DAILY TRAVEL (km)

31.0

TRANSPOTATION MIX

HAMBURG GERMANNY

ELECTRICITY MIX

CITY SIZE

POPULATION

REGISTERED VEHICLES

755 km2

5,100,000

834,000

EV & EVSE STATUS

TODAY TOMORROW

EV 350 15,000EVS

E 200 1,200


32.0

5.2%

13.7%

16.5%

23%

42%

Heating Oil, Pumped …

Natural Gas

Renewables

Nuclear

Coal Lignite Walk28%

PublicTranspo

rt18%

Passenger

Vehicle42%

Bike 12%

TRANSPOTATION MIX

BARCELONA

CITY SIZE

POPULATION

REGISTEREDVEHICLES

101 km2

1,640,494

981,580

TODAY TOMORROW

EV

280( public fleet )

500( public fleet )

200( private 150 ePTW )

2,500( forecast for 2014 )

EVSE

248(slow charging stations)

4,400(slow charging stations)

1(fast charging stations)

20(fast charging stations)

forecast for 2014

6.5

TRANSPOTATION MIX

Public Transport34.6 %

Walk or Bike41.7 %

Passenger Vehicle34.6 %


ELECTRICITY MIX

EV & EVSE STATUS

SHANGHAI CHINA

ELECTRICITY MIX

CITY SIZE

POPULATION

REGISTERED VEHICLES

6,340.5 km2

23,026,600

1,702,500

EV & EVSE STATUS

TODAY TOMORROW

EV 1,614 30,000-50,000

EVSE 687 5,000


39.0

TRANSPOTATION MIX

0.20%

1.00%

6.00%

19.00%

61.00%

O TH E R R E N E WAB

LE S

N ATU R AL GAS

H Y D R O

O I L

C O AL

Walk27%

Public Transport 33%

Passenger

Vehicle20%

Bike

10%

ELECTRICITY MIX

EV & EVSE STATUS

TODAY TOMORROW

EV 230 UndeterminedEVSE 75 Undetermined

CITY SIZE

POPULATION

REGISTERED VEHICLES

1214.18 km2

8,200,000

1,800,000

NEW YORK CITY TRANSPOTATION MIX


14.48

ELECTRICITY MIX

EV & EVSE STATUS

TODAY TOMORROW

EV 2,000 80,000EVSE 106 Undetermined

CITY SIZE

POPULATION

REGISTERED VEHICLES

1216.77 km2

4,100,000

2,500,000

LOS ANGELESTRANSPOTATION MIX


37

Norway

Electric Vehicle Policies in Norway

Norwegian EV Incentives– Exempt from non-recurring vehicle fees– Exempt from sales tax– Exempt from annual road tax– Free parking where there is public parking– EVs permitted in bus and taxi lanes– Free use of toll roads– Exempt from taxation for company

car benefit tax (from 01.01.2009)

ทีม่า Electric Vehicle Policies in Norway

Use of transport before EV.

EV replacement of traditional

Why did you choose an EV?

Fuel cost41%

CO2 tax6%

Fuel tax33%

Sales tax20%

0%

GasolineNorway

Fuel cost67%

Fuel tax10%

Sales tax6%

Prov tax17%

0%

Gasoline Canada

Fuel taxes are higher in Norway than in Canada

Source : Canadian finance dept

New cars are twice as costlyin Norway compared to Canada

Cos

t [kC

AD

] inc

ltax

es a

nd fr

eigh

t

Vehicle model

Source: www.finn.no/www.carcostcanada.com

EV Chargers

EV Charging Level 1

Input : normal voltage and low current and low power

Recharge : 8-14 hrs. to fully recharge.

Advantage : Easy to charge with household outlet Disadvantage : Long time charging

Input: normal voltage medium current and medium power

Recharge: 4-8 hrs. to fully recharge

Advantage : Charging Speed.: Charger will found in common place (eg. House, public parking, employment setting)

Disadvantage : Charging time increasing in cold weather.: Heat from charging will decrease battery life

EV Charging Level 2

Called DC fast charging

Input : medium voltage and high current and high power Recharge : ≤ 30 min to fully recharge Only charge a car up to 80 percent to protect battery Advantage : the fastest type of charging currently available Disadvantage

: Cold weather can lengthen the time required to charge: Heat from charging will decrease battery life: Hard to found charger station

EV Charging Level 3

TypeInput

Voltage(VAC)

Input Curren

t (Amps

)

Input Power (kW)

Phase Recharge Time (hr.)

Standard Output

Level 1 120 ≤ 16 ≤ 2 Single 8-14 NEMA5-15R(Standard 110V outlet for US)

Level 2 208/240 ≤ 80 ≤ 20 Single 4-8 SAE J1772/3

Level 3

480 > 125 > 60

Three ≤ 0.5 or 30 min.

Direct Current charge in US/Japan SAE standard coming 2012

600 < 400 < 240 CHAdeMO is Japanese specification whichis supported by several automakers

Comparison

Comparison for available EV charger

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

Level 1 Level 2 SAE std. CHAdeMO

hrs.

Recharge Time (Hrs.)

Level 1 Level 2 SAE std. CHAdeMO

Electrical aspects

Power (kw)

Current (A)

Voltage (V)

Comparison for available EV charger

EV Charger Standard

JapanCHAdeMO

Standard for electric vehicle

SAE J1772 North American

IEC 62196 International

Connector

J1772 Connector for Level 1 & 2 Charging

J1772 Combo Connector for

Level 1, 2, & 3

CHAdeMO

Some currently available plug-in vehicles that are equipped to accept DC fast charging (like the Nissan Leaf and Mitsubishi i) are using the CHAdeMOconnector

Solution for all vehicles

CHAdeMO

EV Charger Infrastructure

Goto Islands, Nagasaki

Regional ITS spot service for EV

Figure: EV diffusion rate in Japan

Nagasaki EV&ITS Station Network Model

Regional ITS spot service for EV

- Tourism Info - Event Info- Charger Info- Traffic Info- Weather/Disaster Info

Precise and up-to-dateinfo service from local region

http://elmo.ee/home/

ELMO- EstonianEstonian Green Transportation Plan Goal

10% of energy consumption in transportation from renewable sources

ทีม่า ELMO - Estonian Electromobility programme Short overview

Goals of the ELMO program

Estonian private transportation is green and economically sustainable

Long term vision

•Reduce emissions of the private transportation •Raise the awareness about green transportation alternatives with focus on electric vehicles (EV)

Long term goals

•Remove the barriers from the electric vehicle market uptake in Estonia

Short term goals

1.Government procures full infrastructure solution at once-Assets: chargers and operating system-Services for 5 years: maintenance, business, customer support-Single operator system2. Government negotiates locations and high power connections at once and centrally–Easier to plan and execute

EV Charger impacts for Thailand cases

Method Voltage Current Power

AC Level 1 120V, 1-ph. 12A 1.44kW

AC Level 2 208-240V, 1-ph. 32A 6.66-7.68kW

AC Level 3 208-600V, 3-ph. 400A >7.68kW

DC 600V max. 400A max. <240kW Nissan Leaf Charger Outlets

10,000 EVs 100,000 EVs 1,000,000 EVs

?Impact of Electric Vehicle on Grid

Impact of charging station in Thailand

MEA SystemAC Level 1: 10,000 CarAC Level 2: 10,000 Car

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

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9,000MW

Time

Impact of charging station on MEA System

MEA System

AC Level 2: 100,000 Car

AC Level 2: 1,000,000 Car



0

2,000

4,000

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10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

0.00

1.00

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AC Charging Level 1

AC Charging Level 2

Peak Demand of MEA

0

20

40

60

80

100

100 %

0.17%0.78%

100 %

1.7%7.83%

100 %

17%

78.35%

10,000 EVs 100,000 EVs 1,000,000 EVs


PEA System



0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

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18,0000.0

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Impact of charging station on PEA System

PEA System





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MW

Time


AC Charging Level 1

AC Charging Level 2

Peak Demand of PEA

0

20

40

60

80

100

100 %

0.09%0.42%

100 %

0.92%4.42%

100 %

9.17%

42.42%

10,000 EVs 100,000 EVs 1,000,000 EVs


Impacts of fast charging station

Requires a bigger amount of power capacity from the supplying electrical grid.

Needs more supplies from medium voltage (MV) grid.

Needs to be constructed alongside motorways in a similar way than the gasoline stations exist today.

The extra load caused by the chargers might overload the grid components and/or cause voltage quality issues when the voltage drop is higher than permitted.

The most serious issue is the overloading of the secondary cable connecting the LV mains of the twin stations and the MV / LV transformer supplying these stations.

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electric vehicle technology: present and future · electric vehicle technology: present and future...

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