electricity and chp production from biomass€¦ · biomass potential is very uncertain zbiomass...
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
Electricity and CHP production Electricity and CHP production from biomass from biomass ––
R D & D priorities and R D & D priorities and investment needs.investment needs.
Prof Ralph E H SimsRenewable Energy Unit© OECD/IEA 2007
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
Heat,Heat, Electricity and CHP Electricity and CHP production from biomass production from biomass ––
and and biofuelsbiofuels too!too!R D DR D D & Deployment& Deployment
priorities and investment priorities and investment needs.needs.
Prof Ralph E H SimsRenewable Energy Unit
IPCC AR4 Biomass IPCC AR4 Biomass -- cross cutting chapterscross cutting chapters
IPCC AR4 Biomass IPCC AR4 Biomass -- cross cutting chapterscross cutting chapters
Competition for the biomass resource?Competition for the biomass resource?
IPCC AR4 Biomass IPCC AR4 Biomass -- cross cutting chapterscross cutting chapters
Public R D & D investment in Public R D & D investment in RenewablesRenewables for for IEA member countries (1990IEA member countries (1990--2003 average)2003 average)
0
1
2
3
4
5
Aus
tralia
Aus
tria
Bel
gium
Can
ada
Cze
ch R
epub
licD
enm
ark
Finl
and
Fran
ceG
erm
any
Gre
ece
Hun
gary
Irela
ndIta
lyJa
pan
Kor
eaLu
xem
bour
gN
ethe
rland
sN
ew Z
eala
ndN
orw
ayP
ortu
gal
Spa
inS
wed
enS
witz
erla
ndTu
rkey
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
US$
(200
2 pr
ices
and
exc
hang
e ra
tes)
per
cap
ita (a
vera
ge 1
990
to
2002
)Small Hydro (<10 MW)Large Hydro (>10 MW)GeothermalBiomassOceanWindSolar Thermal-ElectricSolar Photo-ElectricSolar Heating & Cooling
Annual Annual US$ / capitaUS$ / capita
Renewable energy R & D budgetsRenewable energy R & D budgets
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
Mill
ion
US$
(200
2 pr
ices
and
exc
hang
e ra
tes)
Small Hydro (<10 MW)Large Hydro (>10 MW)GeothermalBiomassOceanWindSolar Thermal-ElectricSolar Photo-ElectricSolar Heating & Coolin
Biomass potential is very uncertainBiomass potential is very uncertainBiomass sourced from crop and forest Biomass sourced from crop and forest residues and organic wastes has a residues and organic wastes has a technicaltechnical potential of around 100 EJ/yr.potential of around 100 EJ/yr.Increasing the Increasing the market market potential of potential of biomass will require integrated production biomass will require integrated production of agricultural and forest systems and of agricultural and forest systems and improved supply chain logistics.improved supply chain logistics.The present contribution from dedicated The present contribution from dedicated energy crops of 0.3 EJ/yr is projected to energy crops of 0.3 EJ/yr is projected to increase significantly over the next few increase significantly over the next few decades decades –– but competing land uses, water but competing land uses, water and nutrients are possible constraints. and nutrients are possible constraints. Present average crop yields of 5 Present average crop yields of 5 -- 20 oven 20 oven dry t/yr (100 dry t/yr (100 -- 400 GJ/ha/yr) may be 400 GJ/ha/yr) may be increased through genetic modification.increased through genetic modification.Various analyses and projections for Various analyses and projections for biomass uptake by 2030 at competitive biomass uptake by 2030 at competitive costs range between 15 costs range between 15 –– 150 EJ/yr.150 EJ/yr.
Analyses of the biomass potentialAnalyses of the biomass potential440 EJ/yr440 EJ/yr
15 EJ/yr15 EJ/yr
150 EJ/yr150 EJ/yr
Biomass in other Biomass in other scenariosscenarios…………....
Biomass in other Biomass in other scenariosscenarios…………....
Biomass in other Biomass in other scenariosscenarios…………....
Biomass in other Biomass in other scenariosscenarios…………....
We know how to grow trees and crops, We know how to grow trees and crops, how to burn wood and wastes to how to burn wood and wastes to
generate heat and power, and generate heat and power, and how to distribute the energy services.how to distribute the energy services.
But further R D & D is needed to:But further R D & D is needed to:•• understand sustainable production methods;understand sustainable production methods;•• develop more efficient develop more efficient bioenergybioenergy plants;plants;•• accurately measure the carbon offset benefits; andaccurately measure the carbon offset benefits; and•• link link bioenergybioenergy with sustainable development.with sustainable development.
Sustainable?Sustainable?
Or not sustainable?Or not sustainable?
Certification and world tradeCertification and world trade
IEA IEA BioenergyBioenergy IA Task 40 and GBEPIA Task 40 and GBEP
In Western Australia oil In Western Australia oil malleemallee trees have trees have been planted in strips on arable land to been planted in strips on arable land to overcome overcome drylanddryland salinity problems on salinity problems on
50 million ha.50 million ha.Trees are to be harvested every 3 Trees are to be harvested every 3 –– 4 years 4 years and processed through a and processed through a gasifiergasifier to give:to give:
••fine oils for the pharmaceutical industry;fine oils for the pharmaceutical industry;•• activated carbon for air filters, industrial activated carbon for air filters, industrial
applications etc; applications etc; •• electricity generation from residues;electricity generation from residues;•• renewable energy certificates;renewable energy certificates;•• carbon credits.carbon credits.
Aim for multi Aim for multi –– product, product, biorefineriesbiorefineriesand to better understand all coand to better understand all co--benefits.benefits.
Other coOther co--benefits: What do people want?benefits: What do people want?Technical solutions??Technical solutions??
Social benefits??Social benefits??
EmploymentEmployment
Wealth retention in communitiesWealth retention in communitiesNew skillsNew skillsEquityEquity
Social cohesionSocial cohesion Local investmentLocal investment
Protection of recreational areasProtection of recreational areasPride and independencePride and independence
Improved quality of lifeImproved quality of life
Stable climateStable climate Good healthGood health
Secure energy suppliesSecure energy suppliesHappiness…….
Harvesting new energy crops remains a major challenge.Harvesting new energy crops remains a major challenge.
Energy Energy input / output input / output ratios ratios for the entire for the entire biomass / biomass / bioenergybioenergy system are not yet well system are not yet well understood.understood.
The carbon mitigation potential is also uncertain The carbon mitigation potential is also uncertain since it varies with the system employed.since it varies with the system employed.
BiofuelsBiofuels greenhouse gas abatement potentialgreenhouse gas abatement potentialWell-to-wheel emission reductions
0 20 40 60 80 100
Second generation
Rapeseed, EU
Corn, US
Wheat, EU
Sugar cane, Brazil
Sugar beet, EU
% reduction, compared to petroleum gasoline
Harvesting, transporting, Harvesting, transporting, storing and processing of storing and processing of biomass are major costs.biomass are major costs.
Biomass has a low energy density.Biomass has a low energy density.
Complex interactions exist Complex interactions exist between volume, weight and between volume, weight and moisture content of biomass.moisture content of biomass.
e.ge.g for 85mfor 85m33 truck and trailer unittruck and trailer unit
FOREST RESIDUES - NELSON
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
System A
System B
System C
System D
System E
System F
System G
$/t odt delivered
PurchaseHarvesting/chippingHandlingTransportStorage
The sugar cane industry is well experienced in The sugar cane industry is well experienced in handling, transport and processing of handling, transport and processing of ““biomassbiomass””
Large plant sizes (typically 300,000t / yr) Large plant sizes (typically 300,000t / yr) necessitate maximizing payloads in order to necessitate maximizing payloads in order to minimize delivered costs over long distances.minimize delivered costs over long distances.
100MW steam100MW steam
265 MW electric265 MW electric
60 MW district heating60 MW district heating
66 bales / 60 t truck. Burns 400 bales / h 66 bales / 60 t truck. Burns 400 bales / h
Yorkshire ARBRE 10MWYorkshire ARBRE 10MWeeBiomass Integrated Combined Cycle GasificationBiomass Integrated Combined Cycle Gasification
Deployment of Deployment of bioenergybioenergy projectsprojects
Section 1Section 1
Section 2Section 2
Section 3Section 3
COCO2 2 capture and storage.capture and storage.
Energy conversion plant to provide heat, power etc
COCO2 2 capture and storage linked capture and storage linked with with bioenergybioenergy..
Also can sequester Also can sequester some extra carbon some extra carbon into the soil.into the soil.
Bioenergy conversion plant to provide heat, power etc
Woody biomass
Short rotation forests
RDF
Sewage sludge
Straw
Vegetative grasses
Animal wastes
Oil crops
New energy crops e.g Jatropha
State of the art for Biomass SupplyState of the art for Biomass Supply
MS Waste MS Waste incinerationincineration
BioethanolBioethanol
AD biogasAD biogas
CoCo--firingfiring
Combustion Combustion steam turbinesteam turbine
CHPCHPPyrolysisPyrolysis
GasificationGasification
BiohydrogenBiohydrogen
22ndnd generation generation biofuelsbiofuels
BiorefineriesBiorefineries
State of the art for Bioenergy plantsState of the art for Bioenergy plants
BiodieselBiodieselLandfill gasLandfill gas
Biomass R D D & D summary.
Better assessment of the available Better assessment of the available biomass resource.biomass resource.Supply chain logistics and storage.Supply chain logistics and storage.New energy crop production.New energy crop production.New and improved efficiency of New and improved efficiency of bioenergybioenergy conversion processes.conversion processes.BioBio--refinery concept analysis.refinery concept analysis.Guidelines for Guidelines for bioenergybioenergy project project development.development.