electro ceramics web course (nptel)nptel.ac.in/courses/113104005/lecture_pdf/module1.pdf · electro...
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Electroceramics Overview
Electro Ceramics Web Course (NPTEL)
Contact information of the course instructor
Ashish Garg Associate ProfessorDepartment of Materials science and EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016 IndiaTelephone 0512-259-7904Email ashishgiitkacinWeb httphomeiitkacin~ashishg
Introduction
Electro-ceramics or broadly speaking electronic optical and magnetic ceramics are useful in a varietyof technological applications such as sensors actuators transducers data storage devices etc Some of the examples are
Dielectric materials such as SiO2 are used as data storage elements in random access
memories or RAMsFerroelectrics such as BaTiO3 and PbTiO3 are used as sensors and actuators
Magnetic oxides such as iron oxides are used for data storage in magnetic headsZnO is used circuit protection materials in devices named as varistorsZrO2 stabilized with other oxides is used in fuel cells and batteries
Hence to understand these materials better and to engineer them as per our needs we need tounderstand their science viz their structure defects in these materials phenomenon of conductionfundamentals of various functional properties A sound understanding of these would (hopefully)enable us tailor the structure and properties of these material with good degree of control
Pre-requisites
Basic courses on structure of materials thermodynamics and solid state physicsSuited for final year undergraduate students of most disciplines and fresh graduate students
List of Topics
Module Topics Equivalent Lectures (50-60 meach)
1 Structure of Ceramic Materials 5
2 Defect Chemistry and Equilibria 7
3 Diffusion and Conduction in Ceramics 7
4 Linear Dielectric Ceramics 8
5 Nonlinear Dielectric Ceramics 6
6 Magnetism and Magnetic Ceramics 5
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7 Superconducting Ceramics 1
8 Multiferroic and Magnetoelectric Ceramics 1
9 Synthesis Methods 1
Total number of equivalent lectures 41
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Electroceramics Table of Contents
Table of Contents
1 Structure of Ceramic Materials
11 Brief Review of Structure of Materials12 A Brief Review of Bonding in Materials13 Packing of atoms in metals14 Interstices in Structures15 Structure of Covalent Ceramics16 Ionically Bonded Ceramic Structures17 Compounds based on FCC Packing of ions18 Other cubic structures19 Orthogonal Structures110 Structures based on HCP packing of ions111 Summary
2 Defect Chemistry and Defect Equilibria
21 Point Defects22 KroumlgerndashVink notation in a metal oxide MO23 Defect Reactions24 Defect Structures in Stoichiometric Oxides25 Defect Structures in Non-stoichiometric Oxides26 Dissolution of foreign cations in an oxide27 Concentration of Intrinsic Defects28 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Defects29 Units for defect Concentration210 Defect Equilibria211 Defect Equilibria in Stoichiometric Oxides212 Defect Equilibria in Non-Stoichiometric Oxides213 Defect Structures involving Oxygen vacancies and interstitials214 Defect Equilibrium Diagram215 A Simple General Procedure for constructing at Brouwerrsquos Diagram216 Extent of non-stoichiometry217 Example Comparative behaviour of TiO2 and MgO vis-agrave-vis oxygen pressure
218 Electronic Disorder219 Examples220 Summary
3 Defects Diffusion and Conduction in Ceramics
31 Diffusion 32 Diffusion Kinetics 33 Examples of Diffusion in Ceramics 34 Mobility and Diffusivity
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35 Analogue to the electrical properties 36 Conduction in Ceramics vis-agrave-vis metallic conductors General Information37 Ionic Conduction Basic Facts 38 Ionic and Electronic Conductivity39 Characteristics of Ionic Conduction 310 Theory of Ionic Conduction Conduction in Glasses 311 Conduction in Glasses312 Fast Ion Conductors313 Examples of Ionic Conduction314 Electrochemical Potential315 Nernst Equation and Application of Ionic Conductors316 Examples of Ionic Conductors in Engineering Applications317 Summary
4 Dielectric Ceramics Basic Principles
41 Basic Properties Dielectrics in DC electric field 42 Mechanisms of Polarization43 Microscopic Approach 44 Determination of Local Field 45 Analytical treatment of Polarizability 46 Effect of alternating field on the behavior of a dielectric material 47 Frequency dependence of dielectric properties Resonance 48 Dipolar Relaxation ie Debye Relaxation is Polar Solids 49 Circuit Representation of a Dielectric and Impedance Analysis 410 Impedance Spectroscopy 411Dielectric Breakdown 412 Summary
5 Nonlinear Dielectrics
51 Introduction 52 Classification based on Crystal Classes 53 Ferroelectric Ceramics 531 Permanent Dipole Moment and Polarization 532 Principle of Ferroelectricity Energetics 533 Proof of Curie-Weiss Law 534 Thermodynamic Basis of Ferroelectric Phase Transitions 535 Case I Second order Transition 536 Case ndash II First Order Transition 537 Ferroelectric Domains 538 Analytical treatment of domain wall energy 539 Ferroelectric Switching and Domains 5310 Measurement of Hysteresis Loop 5311 Structural change and ferroelectricity in Barium Titanate (BaTiO3)
5312 Applications of Ferroelectrics
54 Piezoelectric Ceramics 541 Direct Piezoelectric Effect 542 Reverse or Converse Piezoelectric Effect
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543 Poling of Piezoelectric Materials 544 Depolarization of Piezoelectrics 545 Common Piezoelectric Materials 546 Measurement of Piezoelectric Properties 547 Applications of Piezoelectric Ceramics
55 Pyroelectric Ceramics 551 Difference between and pyroelectric and ferroelectric material 552 Theory of Pyroelectric Materials 553 Measurement of Pyroelectric coefficient 554 Direct and Indirect effect 555 Common Pyroelectric Materials 556 Common Applications
56 Summary
6 Magnetic Ceramics
61 Magnetic Moments62 Macroscopic view of Magnetization 63 Classification of Magnetism 64 Diamagnetism65 Paramagnetism66 Ferromagnetism67 Antiferromagnetism 68 Ferrimagnetism69 A Comparison 610 Magnetic Losses and Frequency Dependence 611 Magnetic Ferrites 612 Summary
7 High temperature Superconductors
71 Background72 Meissner Effect73 The critical field Hc74 Theory of Superconductivity75 Discovery of high temperature superconductivity76 Mechanism of high temperature superconductivity77 Applications78 Summary
8 Multiferroic and Magnetoelectric Ceramics
81 Introduction82 Historical Perspective83 Requirements of a magnetoelectric and multiferroic material84 Magnetoelectric Coupling85 Type I Multiferroics86 Type II Multiferroics87 Two Phase Materials88 Summary
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9 Synthesis Methods
91 Bulk Preparation Methods92 Thin Film Preparation Methods93 Thin film deposition Issues94 Summary
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Electroceramics General Bibliography
General Bibliography
The following are the books which can be referred for general reading More references are providedin each module
Recommended Reading
1 Physical Ceramics Principles for Ceramic Science and Engineering Y-M Chiang D PBirnie and W D Kingery Wiley-VCH
2 Introduction to Ceramics 2nd Edition W D Kingery H K Bowen D R Uhlmann Wiley3 Principles of Electronic Ceramics by L L Hench and J K West Wiley4 Electroceramics Materials Properties Applications by A J Moulson and J M Herbert Wiley5 Nonstoichiometry Diffusion and Electrical Conductivity in Binary Metal Oxides (Science amp
Technology of Materials) PK Kofstad John Wiley and Sons Inc
Supplementary Reading
6 Introduction to Solid State Physics C Kittel Wiley7 Electrical Properties of Materials L Solymer and D Walsh Oxford University Press8 Introduction of Solid State Physics NW Ashcroft and ND Mermin Brooks Cole9 Solid State Physics AJ Dekker Prentice-Hall
10 Transition Metal Oxides An Introduction to Their Electronic Structure and Properties PA CoxOxford University Press
11 Basic Solid State Chemistry AR West Wiley12 Non-stoichiometric Oxides O Toft Soslashrensen Academic Press13 Dielectrics and Waves AR von Hippel John Wiley and Sons14 Feynman Lectures on Physics Volume 1-3 RP Feynman Addison Wesley Longman15 Materials Science and Engineering A first course V Raghavan Prentice Hall of India16 Materials Science And Engineering An Introduction WD Callister Wiley
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Module 1 Structure of Ceramic Materials Introduction
In this module we will first review the structure and bonding in the materials in general followed by abrief discussion on how atoms pack together in the solids and what are the types of intersticespresent in various structures Then we would briefly delve into the types of bonding with reference tothe nature of materials Together this information will form the basis for structures in ceramicmaterials which are typically bonded with a mix of ionic and covalent bonding Subsequently wewould discuss the structure of ceramic materials with purely covalent bonding followed by ratherdetailed description of ceramic materials with ionic bonding These are essentially based on packing ofanions closed packed forms where cations fill the interstices
The Module contains
Brief Review of Structure of Materials
A Brief Review of Bonding in Materials
Packing of Atoms in Metals
Interstices in Structures
Ionically Bonded Ceramic Structures
Compounds based on FCC Packing of ions
Other Cubic Structures
Orthogonal Structures
Structures based on HCP packing of ions
Summary
Suggested Reading
Materials Science and Engineering WD Callister Jr Wiley
Physical Ceramics Principles for Ceramic Science and Engineering Y-MChiang D P Birnie and W D Kingery Wiley-VCH
Introduction to Ceramics W D Kingery H K Bowen D R Uhlmann Wiley
Fundamentals of Ceramics Michael Barsoum McGraw Hill
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Module 1 Structure of Ceramics Brief Review of Structure in Materials
11 Brief Review of Structure of Materials
In the following sections we will quickly look at the concepts of lattice unit-cell and crystalstructures which will be useful to understand the crystal structures of common ceramic compounds
111 Point Lattice
In a point lattice the following characteristics are obeyed
There is a periodic arrangement of points in space (Figure 11(a))
In addition each point must have identical neighbourhood(Figure 11(b))
Lack of regular arrangementNo periodicityNon-identical neighbourhood
Regular arrangementPeriodicityIdentical neighbourhood of each point
Figure 11(a) Unit-cellrepresentation