Electronic Publishing and the Economics of Information

SLA 2001

Carol Tenopir University of Tennessee, Knoxville

ctenopir@utk.edu

http://web.utk.edu/~tenopir/tenopir.html

Donald W. KingUniversity of Pittsburgh

dwking@mail.sis.pitt.edu

Carol Tenopir and Donald W. King. Towards Electronic Journals: Realities for Scientists, Librarians, and Publishers, 2000.

Jose-Marie Griffiths and Donald W. King. Special Libraries: Increasing the information Edge, 1993.

We will cover:

• Part I: Electronic Publishing

• Part II: Implications for Libraries – Data Collection & Measurement

Part I: Electronic Publishing

• Overview of Electronic Journals

• Licensing Options & Issues

• Usage Studies

Overview of Electronic Journals

Main Questions:

• Is the title I need available electronically?

• What is included in the e-version?

• Can I cancel print?

Useful Publications

• Directory of Scholarly Electronic Journals and Academic Discussion Lists, 1st ed. Editors, Dru W. Mogge and Peter Budka. Association of Research Libraries, 2000.

• Fulltext Sources Online. Edited by Donald T. Hawkins and Mary B. Glose. Medford, NJ: Information Today, twice yearly.

Growth in Peer ReviewedE-Journals

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 2000

Peer Reviewed

Growth in Full Text Sources

400050006000700080009000

10000110001200013000140001500016000

1993 1995 1997 1999 2001

Major Electronic Publishers

• Elsevier Science Direct

• Springer Link

• Academic Press

• Johns Hopkins

• American Chemical Society

Major Electronic Journal Aggregators (General)

• OCLC

• EBSCO

• ProQuest

• Gale Group

• H.W. Wilson

Major Electronic Journal Aggregators (Specialized)

• JSTOR

• OVID

• Highwire

• PubMed Central

• LexisNexis

• Dialog

• Factiva

Electronic Journals

Paper byproduct

Text only

Document delivery

Linked to indexing

Electronic only

Multimedia

Interactive

Direct from publisher

1 2 3 4 5

Electronic Journals

Paper byproduct

Text only

Document delivery

Linked to indexing

Electronic only

Multimedia

Interactive

Direct from publisher

1 2 3 4 5

Electronic Journals

Paper byproduct

Text only

Document delivery

Linked to indexing

Electronic only

Multimedia

Interactive

Direct from publisher

1 2 3 4 5

Electronic Journals

Paper byproduct

Text only

Document delivery

Linked to indexing

Electronic only

Multimedia

Interactive

Direct from publisher

1 2 3 4 5

Electronic Journals

Paper byproduct

Text only

Document delivery

Linked to indexing

Electronic only

Multimedia

Interactive

Direct from publisher

1 2 3 4 5

Electronic Journals

Paper byproduct

Text only

Document delivery

Linked to indexing

Electronic only

Multimedia

Interactive

Direct from publisher

1 2 3 4 5

Electronic Journals

Paper byproduct

Text only

Document delivery

Linked to indexing

Electronic only

Multimedia

Interactive

Direct from publisher

1 2 3 4 5

Electronic Journals

Paper byproduct

Text only

Document delivery

Linked to indexing

Electronic only

Multimedia

Interactive

Direct from publisher

1 2 3 4 5

Electronic Journals

Paper byproduct

Text only

Document delivery

Linked to indexing

Electronic only

Multimedia

Interactive

Direct from publisher

1 2 3 4 5

Category 1

Paper byproduct, text only, document delivery, linked to indexing, full text searching

1

Category 2

Text and graphics of full articles, image, document delivery, linked to indexing, print still dominant

2

Category 3

Electronic journals, print still dominant, most of journal is online (e.g., ads, letters), may be less than print

3

Library Journalhttp://libraryjournal.com

Category 4

Electronic journals, offer substantially more than print, print still available, multimedia, interactivity, may be limited

4

Chemical & Engineering Newshttp://pubs.acs.org/cen/

Category 5

Fully electronic, no print, multimedia, interactive, direct from publisher

5

Journal of Electronic Publishinghttp://www.press.umich.edu/jep

D-Lib Magazinehttp://www.dlib.org

Other Factors to Consider:

• Coverage

• Pricing policy

• Licensing restrictions

• Preference of your users

Licensing Options & Issues

Licensing Options:

• Pay-as-you-go

• Fixed-rate

• User-based

Pay-as-you-go:

• Connect-time

• Output-based

• Per search

Fixed-rate:

• One-time cost or yearly subscription rate

• Licenses or terms and conditions of use

• More cost for networking or multiple connections

User-based:

• Most common option

• Complex and based on multiple factors

• Negotiation

Factors Affecting User-based Pricing:

• Number of Users– Total user population (constituency)– Potential users– Simultaneous users

• Size or prestige of library or institution

• Consortia

Which Option for Your Library?

• Pay-as-you-go– Search costs billed back to clients or customers– Specific databases or systems infrequently used– Add-on services

• User-based– Libraries with an identifiable base of customers– When need a yearly rate

Public Libraries - Preferred Pricing Options

Option % of Libraries

Simultaneous Users 56.7%

Flat Fee 33.3%

License Based on Size of Library

10%

Per Use 8.3%

Other 18.3%

Academic Libraries – Preferred Pricing Options

Option % of Libraries

Flat Fee 45.6%

Simultaneous Users 36.8%

License Based on Potential Users 21.2%

License Based on Size of Library 10.5%

Per Use 8.8%

Other 15.5%

Useful Licensing Resources:

• LIBLICENSE-L Mailing List

http://www.library.yale.edu/~llicense/mailing-list.shtml

• Yale University Licensing Digital Information Resources

http://www.library.yale.edu/~llicense/index.shtml

More Resources:

• University of Texas System, Office of General Counsel

http://www.utsystem.edu/OGC/intellectualproperty/index.htm

• Committee on Institutional Cooperation Standardized Language Agreement Language

http://www.cic.uiuc.edu/cli/contracts/standardized_agreement_language.htm

And one more:

• ARL Licensing Brochure Online

http://arl.cni.org/scomm/licensing/licbooklet.html

Usage Studies

Data From:

• 14,000 scientists

• All fields of science

• University and non-university settings

• Over 100 organizations (publishers and libraries)

Average Number of Scholarly Article Readings Per Year

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1977 1978-1983

1984 1985-1989

1990-1993

1994-1998

2000-2001

Years of Observation

Amount of Reading

• Engineers ~ 72 per year

• Physicists ~ 204 per year

• Chemists ~ 276 per year

• Physicians ~ 322 per year

Time Spent Reading

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1977 78/83 1984 85/89 90/93 94/98 00/01

Total Scientists

What Scientists Are Reading

• Approx. 50% of readings contain information that is new to the reader

• Over 35% of readings are of articles older than one year

• Older articles are very valuable to scientists’ work

Too Many Journals?

• Growth of journal literature is correlated with the number of scientists

• 1 article per 10 scientists

• 70% of all readings are done by non-academicians

Amount of Journal Readings

• Scientists read from an average of 18-26 journals each year

• Medical faculty read from an average of 13 journals each year

• Medical faculty read more in each journal (26 articles)

Preprints

• Electronic preprints accounted for 3.6% of total readings (ORNL)

• 1/3 of ORNL scientists were aware of LANL’s arXiv.org and 1/4 were aware of the DOE PrePrint Network.

Eprint Usage

• 3/4 of those aware of arXiv.org had read 7.9 articles per person in the past year, but only 14% had ever submitted papers to the service.

• 1/2 of those aware of the DOE PrePrint Network read an average of 6 preprints from the service in the past year

Impacts of Electronic Publishing

• Electronic journals use is increasing

• Students prefer electronic

• Differences between work fields

• Peer review important to many

• Much e-reading in new titles

• Non-core readers price sensitive