Electronic Waste in India:

What is E-waste??

E-waste means waste electrical and electronic equipment, whole or in part or rejects from their manufacturing and repair process, which are intended to be discarded. What made E-waste Severe??

The rapid pace of technological change in the field of electronics has made appliances for homes and office equipment both affordable and widely used. The extreme growth rates but also ever increasing obsolescence rates result in large quantities of electrical and electronic equipment being added to the waste stream.

The improper way of recycling the E-waste is causing severe problem to the environment.

E- Waste at a Glance:

E-waste is a critical and arising environmental issue Improper disposal of E-waste is a moral and public liability E-waste contains dangerous Toxic chemicals Unauthorized recyclers use dangerous method to extract metals from E-waste which ultimately

effects the environment Proper Disposal will leads to environmental benefits E-waste Recycling Facility promises a Eco – friendly recycling of E-waste with all necessary

legal compliances

Market Review:

Rapid growth, combined with rapid product obsolescence and discarded electronics is now the fastest growing waste stream in the industrialized world.

The growing quantity of waste from electronic industry, known as E-waste is beginning to reach disastrous proportions.

The problems associated with E-waste in India started surfacing after the first phase of economic liberalisation, after 1990

The developments, along with indigenous technological advancement, have lead to an addition of wide gamut of E-waste churned out from Indian households, commercial establishments, industries and public sectors, into the waste stream

Solid waste management, which is already a mammoth task in India, has become more complicated by the invasion of E-waste, particularly computer waste to India, from different parts of the world.

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E-waste contains significant quantities of hazardous waste, including lead, mercury and Cadmium.

Improper recycling and disposal operations found in different cities of India often involve the open burning of plastic waste, exposure to toxic solders, river dumping of acids, and widespread general dumping.

As per country level Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) assessment study, Mumbai and Pune falls under the top ten cities that are generating maximum quantities and Mumbai alone generates maximum among all the cities of India

Total WEEE waste generation in Maharashtra is 20270.6 tons. Out of this Navi Mumbai contributes 646.48 tons, Greater Mumbai 11017.06 tons, Pune 2584.21

tons and Pimpri-Chinchwad 1032.37 tons

Factors contributing to E-waste

A relative category of e-waste brought along with the hi tech boom, E-waste include all types of electrical or electronic equipments which have become obsolete or have been discarded due to:

Advancement in technology Changes in fashion, style, status or perception Nearing the end of their useful life Generally understood to refer to any old, obsolete, end of life appliances using electricity which

has been disposed off by their owners.

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E-Waste Components:Computers & Peripherals

Personal Computers Laptops / Notebooks Printers/cartridges Scanners Displays Main Frame Machines Network Equipment

(i.e. Modems, Hubs, etc)

Media Drives & Hard Disks

Other Accessories (i.e. Mouse, View-cam, etc)

Office Equipments

Copy Machines Facsimile/Telex Answering systems

Consumer Electronics

Cameras (Digital / Conventional)

Camcorders CD players Joysticks Play stations Power Tools Radios / Stereos Televisions Video Recorders Refrigerator Washing machines

Telecommunication Products

Accessories Cellular phones Telephones & Telephone

Systems

Cables & Wires

Computer wires Interface wires Telecommunication cables

& wires Electronic Components Ballast Caps Circuit Boards Resistors Transformers

Industrial Equipments:

ABS PS GPS PC Other industrial rejected

Electronic Items

Toxicity of E-waste….

Toxic Chemicals Components Health Impact

Lead Circuits boards, CRT monitors Neurotoxin, affect IQ of children

Mercury Display panels Damage brain and central Nervous systems, particularly in early age

Cadmium Batteries, contacts and switches; and CRT monitors

Human carcinogens, affect kidneys and bones

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Beryllium electrical contacts and semi-conductor Human carcinogens, affect lungs

Chromium Metal housing Highly toxics, Carcinogens

Brominated Flame Retardant

Circuit board and plastic casting Affect IQ, memory loss, affect Hormone system, cause neurotoxicity

Poly-vinyl chlorinated (PVC)

Wires and cable Highly persistent, highly toxics

E-waste: Current Situation in India

95% E-waste generated are being disposed / processed by unauthorized sector Most of the generators are more concerned about value out of scrap, instead of compliance Lack of consumer awareness Growing E-waste, at crisis level. Poor collection mechanism Weak or no regulation at present. Two distinct E-waste stream in India

Growing domestic consumption Illegal Import

Un-Authorized Sector

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Manual with basic tools Uses Primitive technology Done with bare hands, exposed Unskilled workers, including women / children Recycling by crude methods like open burning, acid baths etc. Emissions of toxic chemicals & pollutants into air, earth, water Impacts - serious occupational hazards

Need For Environmentally sound Management of E-Waste:

Based on the outcome of the studies carried out and the consensus arrived at the National Workshop on electronic waste management held in March 2004 and June 2005

organised by CPCB and Ministry of Environment & Forests, an assessment was made: Increasing amount of E- Waste: Toxic components Lack of environmentally sound recycling infrastructure

E- Waste & Legislation:

E-waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 Effective from 1st May, 2012.

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Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986) Guidelines for Environmentally sound management of E-waste (CPCB) Draft rules, E-waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2010 (MoEF) Basel convention

Proposed Treatment Procedure:

Technology used in E-Waste Recycling:

(PYROMETALLURGY & HYDROMETALLURGY)

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E-Waste collection

Storage

Dismantling

Segregation/shredder

Non ferrous/Recycle/recove

r

Waste after recovery

Disposal by landfill & incineration

Ferrous/recycle/recover Plastic/recycle

Pyrometallurgy:

This involves Smelting of the materials like PCBs, ICs, Directly after dismantling and mechanical crushing. Recovery of Base metals and Precious metals by using Hydrometallurgical Refining techniques.

This Technology is being Used Across the world by several refineries for the efficient recovery of base metals and precious metals.The Processing Capacity is very large.

Hydrometallurgy:

This involves a series of processes where there is separation of metals, non-metals etc. Various metals will be recovered by using chemical refining techniques. The Processes are usually done in Batches and the processing capacity is lesser as compared to

pyrometallurgy, but there is better traceability.

Pollution and Control Measures in Pyrometallurgical Process:

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PCB’s , IC’s etc Crushing Smelting Base metal recovery

Precious ,Rare metal Recovery &

Refining Using Hydrometallurgy

PCB’s , IC’s etc ManualDismantling

Crushing &Mechanical

Process

Smelting or directChemical process

Optimise reuse and recycling of

non metallic materials

Separate non-metallics from metallics.Non metallics can be recycled

into products

Limited amount of non metallics being

put into the process thus reducing the danger

of harmful fumes being released

to the atmosphere

Presence of BFRs, Plastics, PVC, PCB, Polymers etc during smelting will cause emission of Dioxins, Furans, CO, CO2, NOx etc.

Ineffective process control might cause the liberation of Dioxins. These pollutants are the most harmful substances which results in the Ozone Layer Depletion, Global warming and also have severe health hazards.

Slag is generated during the smelting Process which needs to be Land filled. The emission control system must capable of treating the above pollutants. The Exhaust emission

needs an efficient monitoring and recording system.

Pollution and Control Measures in Hydrometallurgical Process:

The air pollutants generated are usually NOx, SOx, and Chlorides etc. during the chemical process. The treatments of these fumes are done using Scrubbers.

Wastewater is generated which is spent chemical solution. This is treated in the wastewater treatment plant where it is neutralized; the Dissolved Solids are removed and ensure the discharged water meets the legal requirements.

There is better control on handling the pollutants and the Environmental cost in Hydrometallurgy is lower than that of Pyrometallurgy.

Why we need profession E-Waste Recycler in India?

Protect Intellectual property right (IPR) Create more revenues for the government Protect the environment Create job & business opportunities Incentive for foreign investments (electronic industries) Preserve the natural resources Project India’s E - waste management image at International arena as Scientific E waste

Management country at par with standards of developed countries.

Contribution of E – waste:

IT/ITES companies – 40% House Holds – 30% Industries - 15% Others – 15%

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Responsibilities of the Producer:

Collection of e-waste generated during the manufacture of electrical and electronic equipment and channelizing it for recycling or disposal.

Collection of e-waste generated from the “end of life” of their products in line with the principal of “Extended Producer Responsibility”

Setting up collection centers or take back systems. Organizing a system to meet the costs involved in the environmentally sound management of e-

waste generated from the end of life of its own products and historical waste available on the date from which these rules come into force.

Provide contact details such as address, telephone numbers of authorized collection centres, so as to facilitate return of used electrical and electronic equipments.

Creating awareness through publications, advertisements, posters or by any other means of communication and information booklets accompanying the equipment, with regard to-

Information on hazardous constituents in the equipments Information on hazards of improper handling, accidental breakage, damage or improper recycling

of e-waste. Instructions for handling the equipment after its use, along with Do’s and Don’ts. Affixing a visible, legible on the products or information booklets to prevent e-waste from being

dropped in garbage bins containing waste destined for disposal.

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Responsibilities of the Dismantler:

Obtain authorization from State pollution Control Board in accordance with the procedure under rules 9 & 11

Ensure that no damage is caused to environment during storage & transportation of E-waste. Ensure that the dismantling process do not have any adverse effect on health & Environment. Ensure that facility and dismantling process are in accordance with the standards of the guidelines

published CPCB from time to time. Ensure that dismantled E-waste is segregated and send to the registered recycling facility for

recovery of material. Ensure that non recyclable/non recoverable components are sent to the authorized treatment,

storage and disposal facility. File a return in form 3 to the state pollution control board or the pollution control committee

concerned as the case may be on or before 30 th June, following the financial year to which that return relate.

Not process any E-waste for recovery or refining of materials unless he registered with state pollution control board as recycler for refining and recovery material.

Responsibilities of Recycler:

Obtain authorization and registration from state pollution control board in accordance with the procedure under rules 9 and 11

Ensure that facility and recycling processes are in accordance with the standards laid down in guidelines published by CPCB, from time to time.

Make available all records to the central or state pollution control board of pollution committee of union territories for inspection.

Ensure that residue generated thereof is disposed of in hazardous waste disposal facility. File annual returns in form 3, to the state pollution control board or pollution control committee

as the case may be on or before 30th June following the financial year to which that returns relate

Recyclable recovery rate in India:

USA Recovery Rate - 60% Europe Recovery Rate - 70% UK recovery Rate - 35% China - 25% India - 14%

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Approvals for the Project:

IEM registration Consent for Establishment (CFE) from MPCB Consent for Operation (CFO) from MPCB Registration as authorized e-waste recycler from Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) And all other clearances required for the project

Thank You

Suniel Sapkal

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