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Element A7
Element A7
PSYCHOLOGY
Study of the mind
Info through senses
Processed Governed by personality
Behaviour Not expected = something wrong with info or processing
Controlling behaviour / human error is important consideration in risk management
Element A7
SOCIOLOGY
Study of
Development
Structure
Functioning of society
Workplace = society
Employees = members of society
Individuals form into groups
Affect society more than individuals
Element A7
PERSONALITY
Traits inherited and learnt
Difficult / unethical to change
MGT of risk
Choose people for task with correct physical and
mental capabilities
Element A7
ATTITUDE
Pre-set response to conditions that are
presented to the person
Not directly observable
Only assessed by observing behavioural expression
Physical or verbal
Persons attitude will govern how situation is viewed
Dictates response
Element A7
ATTITUDE
Attitude
Difficult to change
Over time
Drink driving, smoking, seat belts etc
Through education and peer pressure
Element A7
APTITUDE
Closely linked with personality
Developed over time as a skill
Characteristics
Important factor when recruiting /
selecting for jobs
Element A7
MOTIVATION
What makes people strive to satisfy
their needs
Bonus schemes = cutting corners
Money is important
But so is social belonging and acceptance by peers
Job satisfaction
Sense of belonging / social interaction
Not just pay
Element A7
EFFECTS ON BEHAVIOUR AT WORK
Experience
To know hazards at work
Make decisions based on past experience
Accident free past could be down to luck
May not see hazards – too familiar
Element A7
EFFECTS ON BEHAVIOUR AT WORK
Social and Cultural background
All individuals are different
Inherited and life experiences
Important to bear this in mind
Job description
Person specification
Element A7
EFFECTS ON BEHAVIOUR AT WORK
Education
Well educated – more easily trained
Training
Important for experienced and inexperienced
Experienced
Refreshers to prevent complacency
Inexperienced
Training and education to work safely
Element A7
EFFECTS ON BEHAVIOUR AT WORK
Training
To show safe and healthy method of working
Education
To show them why
Element A7
ONLINE PROCESSING
Instinct
Relies on correct learning in first place
Difficult to insert new actions later
Element A7
OFFLINE PROCESSING
Consider results as a number of
actions
Depends on intelligence and amount of practice using
the skill
Element A7
TYPES OF BEHAVIOUR LEADING TO ERRORS
Skill based behaviour
Slips or lapses
Routine / auto action
Rule based behaviour
Many routines
Wrong one chosen – lever up instead of down
Element A7
TYPES OF BEHAVIOUR LEADING TO ERRORS
Knowledge based
Unfamiliar situation – first time
Complex
Incorrect plan
Unaware of others
Violations
Deliberately breaks rules
Element A7
INDIVIDUAL DECISION MAKING
Humans more complex than machines
More so in groups / organisations
Behaviour changes
As they learn
When being watched
Experience
Element A7
PERCEPTION OF RISK
Sensation
Attention
Interpretation
Perception
Element A7
PERCEPTION OF RISK
Perception of danger
How people interpret info they take in though the
senses
Boring repetitive work =
Daydreaming
Complacency
Element A7
PERCEPTION OF RISK
Perceptual set
Of the individual
Attention + Interpretation
Factors which influence above processes and how they
operate
Element A7
PERCEPTION OF RISK
Perceptual Distortion
Prejudice
To cope with the world
Sensitisation + defence
Blotting out threats
Avoid anxiety
Element A7
PERCEPTION OF RISK
Errors in perception
Human error =
inappropriate response to a signal
Signal =
Message from the environment relating to existing or
potential danger
Element A7
PERCEPTION OF RISK
Filtering and Selectivity
Always more info in environment than senses can deal with
Shift gaze over area until it rests on an object
Know in advance what characteristics to tune into
= perceptual set
Tune into seeking out a defect (or sounds) and blot out all other info
May be important but we are unaware
Element A7
PERCEPTION OF RISK
Perception and Expectancy
Problems occur when real world differs from expectation
Population stereotypes
Expect something will be a certain way
RED means danger / stop
Turning valve clockwise will turn off
STANDARDISATION IS IMPORTANT
ESPECIALLY IN AN EMERGENCY
Element A7
HALE AND HALE MODEL
Human as a system
Acc / ill health = damage to the system when
system fails
System has goals and objectives
Different goals at same time = conflict
Element A7
HALE AND GLENDON MODEL
Skills stage
Warning built into task
(warning program into mind)
Rules stage
If warning heard then do this
Knowledge stage
Equip person to act in certain way
Element A7
HSG 48
Element A7
IMPROVING RELIABILITY
Motivation / Reinforcement
Incentive schemes
Reward safety not just production
Job satisfaction
Achievable goals
SMART objectives
Feedback
Surveys to measure Appraisals
Element A7
IMPROVING RELIABILITY
Importance of correct selection of
individuals
Job description
Person spec
@ interview stage
Observe behaviour and reactions
Match skills and attitudes
Training competence and experience
Element A7
IMPROVING RELIABILITY
Training and competence not enough
+ EXPERIENCE
Chartered Membership
CPD
Fitness for work + health surv.
Encouraged to report ill health and stress.
Element A7
ORGANISATIONAL FACTORS
Set proper STDs
Not “should”, “ASAP” – but “always”, “never”
Policy
Poor culture leads to human error
Planning
Inadequate time / equip for job
Unrealistic deadlines
Workers compromised
Element A7
ORGANISATIONAL FACTORS
Information
Uninformed decisions = error
Responsibilities
Clearly defined
Monitoring
ID infringements and correct before harm
Implementation
SSOW not implemented and operators not supervised = routine
violations = errors
Element A7
JOB FACTORS
Task complexity
Complex / boredom = opportunity for error
Shift patterns
>10 hours = deteriation
Day workers Accident rates increase at start of shift and after lunchtime
Shift workers Nights = higher acc rate at start
3 shift = most physically disruptive
Element A7
JOB FACTORS
Payment systems
Bonus = rushing = cutting corners
Element A7
ERGONOMICS
Layout of controls and displays
Badly designed = errors
Monitor
Highlight problems to be designed out
Poorly designed workstations = poor
performance
Element A7
ALLOCATION OF FUNCTION
Computer / Machine or Human
Consider for most desirable results in case of
malfunction
Consult workers at design stage
Controls
Position of workstation etc
Element A7
PHYSICAL STRESSORS
AFFECT RELIABILTY
Noise
Glare
Lighting
Dust
Fumes etc
Affect concentration
Element A7
BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE PROGRAMS
At National level
Seatbelts
Drink driving
Take time to be accepted
Generation and legislation
Non conform = punishment
Element A7
BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE PROGRAMS
Organisations
Commit to long term program
Stages
Progress
Periodic relapse
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
To change worker AND Mgt behaviour
Element A7
BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE PROGRAMS
Safety Culture
Peer pressure most important
Instinct – going with the flow
“tipping point”
ID key bad behaviour – tackle it. 90% acting good – tipping
point
Behaviours
Items can combine
Several bad behaviours
Change one = avoid accident (domino theory)
Element A7
BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE PROGRAMS
Human error and just culture
People = variable
5 mins a day daydreaming
X 200 people!
HK – avoid accidents
No name – No blame
Just Culture
MGT Cues
Voice / Tone / Body language
Element A7
BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE PROGRAMS
Nudge Theory
Lead by example
Top down
Individual behaviour
Temptation from peer pressure
Why unsafe acts?
Investigate
Proactively put right to avoid temptation M/C mods or process mods
Element A7
BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE PROGRAMS
Leadership
Recognition more important than reward
Element A7