Elimination

Elimination is the process of removing waste from the body.

Hubbs Pre-CNA Elimination UnitSP2-AP2

Two Elimination Systems The Urinary System removes liquid

waste (urine) from the body and maintains fluid balance.

The Gastrointestinal (Digestive) System removes solid waste (feces) from the body.

The Urinary System

1. ______________2. ______________3. ______________4. _______________

The Digestive System

1.___________

9.______________

3._____________4.______________

5.______________

6._____________________________

7.___________________________

8.______________

2.______________

Urinary System Topics covered:

Normal urine characteristics Factors affecting urinary elimination Urinary system changes with aging Urinary problems Urinary tract infections

Normal Urine Color Pale yellow

Straw- colored Amber color

Clarity Clear

Particles No

Odor Faint

Factors Affecting Urinary Elimination

A healthy person produces about 1500 cc’s of urine per day

Age Disease Foods eaten Salt intake Body

Temperature Perspiration Medication

Urinary System Changes With Aging

Kidney function decreases

Waste removal is less efficient

Bladder muscles weaken

Bladder size decreases – holding less urine

Prostate gland in men enlarges

Common Urinary Problems Urinary Incontinence:

inability to control the bladder.

Urinary frequency: voiding at frequent intervals

Urinary urgency: the need to void immediately

Urinary retention – the bladder does not empty completely

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

SYMPTOMS Urinary frequency

Urgency Pain or burning on

urination Blood or pus in the

urine Foul-smelling urine fever

What the CNA can do to help

Encourage fluids Provide good peri-

care Accurate

observation of urine

Women are more susceptible to UTIs than men because the female

urethra is shorter than the male’s..

bladder

urethra

bladder

urethra

Female Male

Digestive (GI) System Topics covered:

Factors affecting bowel elimination Normal bowel movement

observations Common GI disorders

Factors Affecting Bowel Elimination

Privacy Habits Diet Fluid intake Activity Medications Disability Age

Bowel Movements Observations

Observe: Normalcolor brownconsistency soft/formed/moistodor yesshape like the rectumsize variesfrequency varies-some people have BMs

daily, others every 2-3 days

Common GI Disorders Fecal incontinence –

inability to control the passage of feces through the anus.

Diarrhea – frequent passage of liquid stools.

Emesis-Vomiting is a sign of illness

Constipation – the passage of a hard, dry stool.

Fecal impaction - a build up of feces in the rectum.

Enemas Enemas (the

placing of fluid into the rectum to soften and remove stool) can be used to relieve constipation and fecal impaction.

Elimination Equipment

Male Urinal Bedridden men

(not women) use to urinate.

Incontinence Products Incontinence

products help keep the person’s skin dry.

Standard Bedpan Bedridden women

use for urinating and defecating.

Bedridden men use for defecating.

Fracture Bedpan Fracture pans are

used for persons with:

Casts Limited back motion

or spinal cord injury Surgery Hip fracture or

replacement surgery Painful joints

Commode A commode is a

chair or wheelchair with an opening for bedpan or container.

It allows for normal sitting positioning for elimination.

Urinary Catheters Also called a FOLEY A tube inserted into

the bladder to drain urine.

Can promote comfort and prevent skin breakdown for person with urinary incontinence.