ell strategies to improve learning. what makes content areas easy or hard for ell students?
TRANSCRIPT
ELL Strategies to Improve Learning
What Makes Content Areas Easy or Hard for ELL Students?
Math
Easy Some notation is
the same Some is “hands-
on” Some concepts
transfer Lower volume of
written material Computation uses
less “language”
Hard Some notation is
different Some processes
are different Word problems,
vocabulary Concepts are often
abstract
Science
Easy Demonstrations,
“hands-on” Visuals, pictures,
diagrams
Hard Cause-effect, if-then
relationships Hypothesis-testing Volume of
vocabulary Terms with technical
& non-technical meanings (table, kingdom, power, etc.)
Social Studies
Easy Interesting to
different cultures Opportunities to
incorporate ELL students culture
Hard Technical & non-
technical terms (subjects, power, etc.)
Volume of reading Cultural
assumptions are not always explicit
Abstract concepts
Literature
Easy Interesting to
student from another culture
Opportunities to incorporate ELL students culture
Hard Volume of reading
requires analysis & evaluation
Required background knowledge
Variety of language used (poetry, Shakespeare, root words, etc.)
BICS versus CALP
Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills Skills involved in everyday communication;
listening, speaking, carrying on basic conversation, understanding speakers & getting basic needs met.
Pronunciation Grammar Vocabulary Not related to academic achievement Universal across all native speakers Attained after 2 or 3 years in the host country
BICS versus CALP
Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency
Skills that are needed to succeed in the academic classroom; problem solving, inferring, analyzing, synthesizing & predicting.
Language of the classroom; decontextualized Language outside of the immediate
interpersonal context CALP in 1st & 2nd language overlaps in spite of
differences in language Related to literacy skills Attained between 5 to 7 years in the host
country
BICS versus CALP
Cognitively Undemanding (BICS)
Cognitively Demanding (CALP)
A C
B D
Content Embedde
d Content Reduced
BICS versus CALP
Quadrant AFollowing directions, face-to-face conversation, getting absence excuse, buying popcorn, oral presentations, art, music & PE classes
Quadrant BDemonstrations, experiments, audio-visual lessons, basic math facts, projects & activities, health instruction, social studies, science experiments
BICS versus CALP
Quadrant CTelephone conversation, note on the refrigerator, written directions, instructions without diagrams or illustrations
Quadrant D Standardized tests, reading & writing, math concepts & applications, abstract concepts, lecture with few illustrations, social science texts, mainstream English texts
BICS versus CALP
Cognitively Undemanding (BICS)
Cognitively Demanding (CALP)
A C
B D
Content Embedded
Content Reduced
Three Principles Which Help ELL Students in Content Classrooms
Increase Comprehensibility
Increase Interaction
Increase Thinking Skills
Increase Comprehensibility
• Provide additional/non-verbal clues (pictures, objects, demonstrations, gestures, intonation cues, etc.)
• Share lesson objectives in “student language”
• Break new material into smaller chunks with frequent comprehension checks
Increasing Comprehensibility Use a lesson sequence which proceeds:
From prior knowledge to new knowledge From the concrete to the abstract From oral language to texts From more contextual support to less
contextual support• Use Contextual Support (visuals, hands-
on, non-verbal clues, etc.) to communicate the overall message, then correlate the message with the language.
Increase Comprehensibility
Did I make the instruction understandable to my students by providing clear, meaningful context & reinforcement?
Visual aids, labels, classroom routines, realia, graphic organizers, previewing content, activating prior knowledge, role-plays, theme-based instruction, chants, songs, etc.
Increase Interaction
One-on-one Interaction
Small Group Interaction
Provide opportunities for active participation to share ideas & language in smaller setting
Increase Interaction
Think-Write-Pair-Share Numbered Heads Together Jigsaw Peer Tutoring Pair Assignments Cooperative Projects
Increasing Interaction
Did I give students multiple opportunities to practice the content, to build understanding, & to improve their command of the language through peer interaction?
Pair work, think-write-pair-share, cooperative learning, peer editing, shared writing, shared reading, dialogue journals, choral response, etc.
Increase Thinking Skills
Think Alouds
How do you know that? Why do you think that?
Graphic Organizers to show relationships
Use of Cognitive Strategies (imagery, summarization, making inferences, transfer, deduction, classification, grouping, note-taking, elaboration
Increasing Thinking Skills
Did I provide students with adequate exposure to & practice with higher order thinking skills & learning strategies?
Think alouds, explicit instruction, graphic organizers, summarizing, making inferences, analyzing, evaluating, comparing, contrasting, responding to how & why questions, etc.