THE VERB "BE' 7
THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE................................................8
THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE ..........................................................10
THE SIMPLE PRESENT or THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS ...............13
NONPROGRESSIVE VERBS................................................................14
CONFUSING VERBS............................................................................!1
USE OF THE PST CONTINUOUS TENSE.........................................!7
THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.......................................................3!
THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE..............................39
USE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS ............................39 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE or CONTINUOUS ................................40
THE PST PERFECT TENSE .............................................................4#
USE OF THE PST PERFECT TENSE
PRESENT PERFECT or PST PERFECT ..........................................47
SIMPLE PST $%& PST PERFECT % TIME CLUSES......................49
THE PST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE ....................................55
PST PERFECT CONTINUOUS or PST CONTINUOUS ...................5#
FUTURE TIME (WILL/SHALL or BE GOING TO) .................................#0
USE OF THE FUTURE TENSES ..........................................................#0
FUTURE TENSE % TIME CLUSES ....................................................#!
THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE..................................................#4
USE OF THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE ...................................#4
THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE ........................................................##
USE OF THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS ..............................#7
TENSE GREEMENT % TIME CLUSES.............................................#9
TEST YOURSELF 1...............................................................................81
RE(UESTS............................................................................................95
POLITE RE(UESTS )*+ *+, SUB-ECT "YOU1...................................9#
POLITE RE(UESTS )*+ IMPERTIVES..............................................99
PROHIBITION/ MUSTN'T .................................................................. ...10!
 VISBILIT .......................................................................................105
SHOULD NOT, OUGHT NOT TO, HAD BETTER NOT.........................10#
SHOULD/SHOULDN'T BE DOING
SHOULD/SHOULDN'T HAVE DONE 
SHOULD/SHOULDN'T HAVE BEEN DOING
 BILIT/ CAN $%& BE ABLE TO ...........................................................111
MING SUGGESTIONS .....................................................................115
EGREES OF CERTINT % PRESENT TIME ................................. . 117
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MOLS .............................. 118
EGREES OF CERTINT % PST TIME............................................ 119
PST PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MOLS ...................................... 1!0
EGREES OF CERTINT % FUTURE TIME ..................................... 1!1
 VNCE NOTES ON MOLS........................................................ 1!!
PREFERENCE ....................................................................................... 1!5
TEST YOURSELF 2 ............................................................................... 131
POSITION OF TIME VERBILS IN THE PSSIVE ......................... 145
USING "BYPHRASE' ............................................................................   147
INIRECT OB-ECTS S PSSIVE SUB-ECTS..................................... 15!
THE PSSIVE FORM OF MOLS...................................................... 155
STTIVE PSSIVE................................................................................. 15#
THE PSSIVE ITH "GET" .................................................................. 159
"BY PHRASE" OR NOTHER PREPOSITION...................................... 1#1 IMPERSONL PRONOUNS % *+, PSSIVE ....................................... 1#!
PSSIVE ITH GERUNSINFINITIVES ............................................. 1#3
ITS SAID THAT.../HE IS SAID TO... !!.................................................. 1#4
TEST YOURSELF 3............................................................................... 173
IF CLAUSES........................................................................................... 187
TPE 1/ TRUE IN THE PRESENT OR FUTURE .................................. 188
TPE 1 I# CLUSE 6, ULLNILN TENSE'LER ............................. 188
TPE !/ UNTRUE IN THE PRESENT OR FUTURE ............................. 190
TPE ! "I$' CLUSE 6, ULLNILN TENSE'LER.............................. 191
TPE 3/ UNTRUE IN THE PST........................................................... 193
TPE 3 "IF1 CLUSE 6, ULLNILN TENSE'LER .......................... 193
OTHER TENSE COMBINTIONS IN "F CLUSES .......................... .. 19#
OTHER CONITIONLS ..................................................................... !0!
"MI2E TIME" IF CLUSES ................................................................ !07
OMITTING "I#'........................................................................................ !09
TEST YOURSELF 4............................................................................... 221
NOUN CLUSES ITH "WHETHER OR NOT' ....................................  !39
NOUN CLUSES ITH "THAT' ............................................................ !4!
THE SUB-UNCTIVE IN NOUN CLUSES ........................................... !4#
NOUN CLUSE S OB-ECT OF THE PREPOSITION ........................ !48
NOUN CLUSES S SUB-ECT COMPLEMENT ................................. !49
TENSE RELTIONS IN NOUN CLUSES............................................. !49
 ITIONL INFORMTION BOUT NOUN CLUSES ..................... !51
(UESTION ORS FOLLOE INFINITIVES............................... !5!
E2CLMTIONS ................................................................................... !53
SPECIL EMPHSIS ITH %UESTION ORS : ON EARTH /IN 
THE WORLD.......................................................................................... !54
TEST YOURSELF !PART ONE ......................................................... 28
 REPORTE SPEECH .......................................................................... !70
REPORTING IMPERTIVES ................................................................ !77
 U2ILIR VERBS IN SHORT NSERS........................................... !81
1
"SO" $%& "OT" REPRESENTING $ THTCLUSE............................ !85
(UESTION TGS .................................................................................. !87
GERUNS ............................................................................................. 303
GERUN S SUB-ECT COMPLEMENT ............................................ 304
GERUN S IRECT OB-ECT.............................................................. 305
## E2PRESSIONS : GERUN ....................................................... 314
#8 THE PSSIVE GERUN.............................................................. 317
#9 INFINITIVES ................................................................................. 319
#11 INFINITIVE S SUB-ECT COMPLEMENT................................. 3!!
#1! INFINITIVE S IRECT OB-ECT .............................................. 3!3 #13 GERUN or INFINITIVE............................................................... 3!7
#14 INFINITIVE FTER CERTIN NOUNS ........................................ 33!
#15 INFINITIVE FTER CERTIN -ECTIVES ............................. 33!
#1# PSSIVE INFINITIVE N PST INFINITIVE ........................... 334
#17 INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE/ IN ORDER TO ................................ 33#
#18 INFINITIVE ITH TOO N ENOUGH........................................ 337
#19 VERBS OF PERCEPTION ........................................................... 339
#!0 INFINITIVE ITHOUT"TO"FTER"LET" N"HELP"................. 341
#!1 CERTIN VERBS : NOUNPRONOUN : INFINITIVE ............... 34!
#!! INFINITIVE FTER (UESTION ORS .................................. 343
#!3 CUSTIVES .............................................................................. 343
TEST YOURSELF $............................................................................... 348
71 -ECTIVES ............................................................................. 3#0
7! THE ORER OF -ECTIVES ................................................. 3#!
73 PRESENT N PST PRTICIPLES S -ECTIVES ............ 3#3
74 VERBS .................................................................................... 3#7
75 FORMING VERBS ITH &LY ................................................. 3#7
7# USE OF VERBS ..................................................................... 3#7
77 IRREGULR VERBS .............................................................. 3#8
78 POSITION OF VERBS IN SENTENCE ................................ 371
79 VERBS OF EGREE .............................................................. 37!
710 SENTENCE VERBS ................................................................. 38!
711 FOCUSING VERBS ................................................................ 384
71! -ECTIVE N VERB STRUCTURES ................................ 385
713 TOO N ENOUGH .................................................................... 385
714 SO... THAT, SUCH... THAT ......................................................... 38#
715 COMPRTIVE -ECTIVES N VERBS ........................... 390
71# COMPRISON ITH S.... AS/THE SAME.... AS ...................... 39#
717 SUPERLTIVE FORMS OF -ECTIVES N VERBS......... 40!
718 'TO : IN#INITIVE' FTER -ECTIVE STRUCTURES............... 40#
719 LIE, AS, SUCH AS ..................................................................... 407
TEST YOURSELF 7 .............................................................................. 411
81 EFINING RELTIVE CLUSES................................................. 4!4
8! RELTIVE PRONOUNS S SUB-ECT OF THE CLUSE............ 4!4
83 RELTIVE PRONOUNS S THE OB-ECT OF VERB.............. . 4!# 84 RELTIVE PRONOUNS S THE OB-ECT OF PREPOSITION .. 4!7
85 USING "WHOSE" N "OF WHICH'.............................................  4!8
8# USING "WHERE' ..........................................................................  4!9
88 USING "H1 ............................................................................... 431
89 USING RELTIVE CLUSES TO MOIF PRONOUNS... ......... .. 433
810 NONEFINING RELTIVE CLUSES......................................... 434
811 SUB-ECT POSITION ................................................................... 435
81! OB-ECT POSITION ...................................................................... 435
813 POSSESSIVE ...............................................................................
435
814 "WHERE' IN NONEFINING RELTIVE CLUSES.................... 43#
815 "WHEN' IN NONEFINING RELTIVE CLUSES...................... 438
81# E2PRESSIONS OF (UNTIT IN RELTIVE CLUSES......... .. 438
817 USING "WHICH' TO MOIF HOLE SENTENCE.................. 439
818 RELTIVE CLUSE> NOUN CLUSE OR VERBIL CLUSE.. 440
819 REUCTION OF RELTIVE CLUSES........................................ 443
8!0 CLEFT SENTENCES ................................................................... 451
TEST YOURSELF 8............................................................................. .. 47
+UANTIFIERS...........................................................
94 COUNTBLE OR UNCOUNTBLE............................................... 474
95 POSSESSIVE NOUNS ................................................................... 47#
9# INEFINITE RTICLE/ A/AN .......................................................... 478
97 EFINITE RTICLE/ THE ............................................................... 480
98 (UNTIFIERS ................................................................................. 484
99 ANY, MANY, MUCH, SOME, A LOT O#/LOTS O#, NO .................. 484
910 #EW/A #EW, LITTLE/A LITTLE .................................................... 487
911 MOST, SEVERAL, PLENTY O#, ENOUGH ................................... 488
91! ALL, WHOLE, NONE, HAL# ......................................................... 489
913 BOTH> EITHER, NEITHER ........................................................... 49!
914 (UNTIFIERS USE ITH SINGULR NOUNS/ ONE>
EACH, EVERY ....................................................................................... 495
915 OTHER E2PRESSIONS OF (UNTIT ...................................... 497
91# COMPRTIVE N SUPERLTIVE ITH (UNTIFIERS ........ 498
917 INEFINITE PRONOUNS ............................................................. 500
918 REFLE2IVE PRONOUNS ............................................................. 50!
919 SUB-ECTVERB GREEMENT .................................................... 504
9!0 BSIC SUB-ECTVERB GREEMENT ........................................ 505
9!1 SUB-ECTVERB GREEMENT ITH E2PRESSIONS OF
(UNTIT ............................................................................................. 505
9!! SUB-ECTVERB GREEMENT ITH THERE IS THERE RE 5(#
9!3 COLLECTIVE NOUNS ................................................................. . 507
9!4 NOUNS THT RE LS PLURL ......................................... 507
9!5 SUB-ECTVERB GREEMENT ITH SOME IRREGULRITIES 507
9!# PRONOUN GREEMENT ............................................................. 509
TEST YOURSELF # .............................................................................. 1$
101 COORINTING CON-UNCTIONS ............................................. 5!8
10! CORRELTIVE CON-UNCTIONS................................................. 530
103 SUBORINTING CON-UNCTIONS ........................................... 534
104 VERBIL CLUSES OF TIME................................................... 534
105 VERBIL CLUSES SHOING CUSE N EFFECT
RELTIONSHIPS.................................................................................... 538
10# E2PRESSING PURPOSE.............................................................. 545
107 CONCESSION N CONTRST .................................................. 548 108 REUCTION o? VERBIL CLUSES *o MOIFING
PHRSES............................................................................................... 5#1
1010 INVERSION.................................................................................. 5#8
11!  AT, ON, IN ...................................................................................... 588
113 PREPOSITIONS USE ITH TIME E2PRESSIONS................... 59!
114 PREPOSITIONS OF PLCE $%& MOVEMENT............................ 594
115 PREPOSITION COMBINTIONS.................................................. 598
11# NOUN : PREPOSITION ............................................................... 598
119 -ECTIVE : PREPOSITION....................................................... #09
1110 VERB : PREPOSITION................................................................ #10
TEST YOURSELF 11 !PARTTWO ....................................................... $32
UNIT 12 PHRASAL &ER)S....................... ..
1!1 PHRSL VERBS/ TRNSITIVE or INTRNSITIVE................... #43 1!! TRNSITIVE PHRSL VERBS................................................... #43
1!3 INTRNSITIVE PHRSL VERBS................................................ #44
TEST YOURSELF 12.............................................................................. $$'
 PPENI2 VERB : PREPOSITION.................................................... #75
 PPENI2 3 VERB : OB-ECT : PREPOSITION.................................. #7#
 PPENI2 4 COMMON PREPOSITIONL PHRSES......................... #77
 PPENI2 5 MINI PHRSL VERB ICTIONR................................  #79
3
INTRODUCTION
WORD ORDER IN AN ENGLISH SENTENCE (ngilizce bir cümlede szcü! dizimi"
ngilizce sözcük dizimi, Türkçe sözcük diziminden farkldr. Türkçe bir cümlede yüklem cümlenin sonunda yer alr ve özneyi de içinde barndrr.
#en ngilizce $%l&'&r&m zne !esne "üklem #ub$ec% &b$ec% 'erb
cümlesini, )ngilizce $%l&'&r&m) biçiminde de ifade edebiliriz ve ikinci cümlede özneyi açk  olarak göremedi(imiz )alde, öznenin 1. %ekil *a)s oldu(unu yüklemdeki +m %aksndan anlarz.u durum ngilizce için geçerli de(ildir. "ani ngilizce bir cümlede yüklem özneyi belli e%mez.u yüzden, cümleye özne ile ba*lamak zorundayz. -ormüle edilmi* olarak ngilizce cümle düzeni *öyledir
S*b+ec, - .erb - Ob+ec, zne "üklem !esne
)ngilizce $%l&'&r&m) cümlesini ngilizcede /0 s,*d/ Englis0) biçiminde ifade edebiliriz.
1,1 THE &ER)-)E" #özcükleri ras%gele bir araya ge%irerek cümle kuramayz. ümle kurabilmemiz için mu%laka bir fiile i)%iyacmz vardr. )#e fiili, "come, go, study, eat, become" vb. gibi asl fiilimiz olmad( zaman cümle kurmamz sa(lar. /e/ fiilinin *imdiki zaman ve geni* zaman biçimi ayndr ve
 bu %enselerle )%m1 is, are" biçiminde kullanlr. Sing*l%r S*b+ec, 2r3n3*ns
I am43* are e4#)e40% is
2l*r%l S*b+ec, 2r3n3*ns
5e % r e "ou %reT)ey %re
0 am al6ays nervous before an e7am, (general) 0 am nervous no6, because 0m %aking an e7am in )alf an )our, (present)
%" )#e) fiilini asl fiil olarak kullanabilece(imiz ba*lca üç kal8 vardr %" be - n3*n b" be - %d+ec,i5e c" be - 6re63si,i3n%l 60r%se 0 am a %eac)er. T)ey %re s%uden%s. #)e i s a Turk. Today is Tuesday.
e is %all. T)e 6orld is round. T)ey %re in%elligen%. 0%s very )o% %oday.
:;# < =
>
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elsinside-and-outkitap 5/827
b" /e/, yardmc fiil olarak sürerlik bildiren %enselerle de kullanlr.
I am writing no6. #)e is reading %)e ne6s8a8er. T)ey are listening %o music.
1 ,2 THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE 7OR8
?ffirma%ive !ega%ive 0n%erroga%ive 0 am 6ri%ing no6. "ou are reading a book. e4#)e40% is ea%ing lunc). 5e are lis%ening %o music. "ou are 6orking )ard. T)ey are discussing %)eir financial 8roblems.
0 am no% 6ri%ing no6. "ou are no% reading a book. e4#)e40% is no% ea%ing lunc). 5e are no% lis%ening %o music. "ou are no% 6orking )ard. T)ey are no% discussing %)eir financial  8roblems.
?m 0 6ri%ing no6@ ?re you reading a book@ 0s )e4s)e4i% ea%ing lunc)@ ?re 6e lis%ening %o music@ ?re you 6orking )ard@ ?re %)ey discussing %)eir financial 8roblems@
&lumsuz soruyu iki *ekilde sorabiliriz.
 Am 0 not %rying %o )el8 you@ or   Are you not )el8ing your mo%)er@ or   Is s)e not s%udying :nglis)@ or 
 Are 6e not leaving for class no6@ or   Are you not 6a%c)ing %)e film@ or   Are %)ey not )aving breakfas%@ or 
 Aren't 0 %rying %o )el8 you@  Aren't you )el8ing your mo%)er@  Isn't s)e s%udying :nglis)@
 Aren't 6e leaving for class no6@  Aren't you 6a%c)ing %)e film@  Aren't %)ey )aving breakfas%@
S2ELLING O7 9ING
#onu :e ile bi%en fuller 6ri%e admire )o8e
)ide
 dü*er. A
#onu bir sesli )arf Bbir sessiz )arfle bi%en fiiller 
T:C ::; -;;:D u gruba giren %ek )eceli fiillerde. sondaki sessiz )arf çif% yazlr.
s%o8  beg si%
run rub se%
C ::; -;;:D 'urgu l.)ecedeyse sondaki sessiz )arf %ek yazlrE2.)ecedeyse çif% yazlr.
aF lis%en   )a88en  bF 8refer    refer 
lis%ening )a88ening  8referring referring
o8en ri8en  begin con%rol
o8ening ri8ening  beginning con%rolling
#onu :/ ile bi%en fiiller s%udy re8ly
%ry
da de(i*iklik olmaz.
dying lying %ying
s%and )old s8end
s%anding )olding s8ending
s%ar% find  bend
ki sessizle bi%en fiillere :ing eklenirken yazmda de(i*iklik
A #onu :ee biçiminde bi%en fiiller :Ing %aks alrken +e dü*mez see-seeing, agree-agreeing, free-freeing 
; % ELS
,3 USE OF THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
%" u %ense ile %emel olarak içinde bulundu(umuz anda ya8mak%a oldu(umuz eylemleri anla%rz. Gaman 8eki*%irmek için ise now, right now, at the moment, at present, still  gibi zaman zarflan kullanrz.
Ho%)er is in %)e ki%c)en no6. #)e is cooking dinner. + 5)ere is your sis%er@ + 0 %)ink s)e is writing a le%%er in )er room.
;is%enI T)ey are talking abou% us. an you )ear 6)a% %)ey %re saying?
b" Conu*mann geç%i(i srada eylemi ya8yor olmasak bile, o sralarda ya8mak%a oldu(umuz i*leri de bu %ense ile anla%rz ve nowadays, these days, this term, this year, this month, this semester, at the moment ("u sralar" anlamndaF gibi zaman zarflar kullanrz.
+ o6 many courses %re you taking %)is %erm@ + I<m taking five courses.
+ 0 )aven% seen Je%er recen%ly. ave you@ + !o, bu% 0 %alked %o )im on %)e 8)one las% #a%urday. e is very busy %)ese
days. e is redecorating )is )ouse by )imself.
c" Ke(i*mek%e olan durumlar, olaylar bu %ense ile anla%rz.
"Everything is epensive! (er ey pahal!)" cümlesi, fiya%larn o anki durumunu anla%r. -aka%, "Everything is getting more and more epensive! (er ey gitti#$e pahallayor!)" ifadesi, fiya%larn sürekli de(i*%i(ini, yükseldi(ini gös%erir.
0% is cold. (ava so%u#!) 0% is getting colder. (ava gitti#$e so%uyor!)
T)e economic si%ua%ion in Turkey is very bad. (&'r#iyenin e#onomi# durumu$o# #t'!) T)e economic si%ua%ion in Turkey is getting 6orse. (&'r#iyenin e#onomi# durumu gitti#$e #t'leiyor!)
d" u %ensei, "always" ve ayn anlam veren benzer zarflarla (perpetually, repeatedly, continually, forever, constantly) kullanarak, %ekrarlanan eylemleri vurgulayabilir, ya da yaknma ve )o*nu%suzluk ifade edebiliriz.
I<m %=>%/s hearing s%range %)ings abou% )im. "oure %=>%/s making mis%akes. e more careful. "oure constantly smoking a% %)e dinner %able. an% you go some6)ere else@
e" u %ensei, tomorrow, net wee#, net year, net summer gibi gelecek zaman zarflaryla, gelecek%e ya8may 8lanlad(mz eylemleri anla%mak için de kullanrz.
I<m meeting ?nn next Saturday. T)ey %re giving a 8ar%y next month. #)e isleaving 0s%anbul in two days.
rneklerde görüldü(ü gibi, cümle ya8 olarak *imdiki zamana, anlam olarak ise gelecek zamana ai%%ir. ?yn kullanm Türkçede de vardr ve bu cümleleri Türkçeye, gelecek zaman ya da *imdiki zaman ya8snda çevirmemiz mümkündür. #on örne(i *u *ekilde çevirebiliriz
ki gün sonra s%anbuldan ayrlyor. (*#i g'n sonra *stanbuldan ayrlacak.)
ELS ? @
7OR8
  Airm%,i5e  !ega%ive In,err3g%,i5e
  0 ge% u8 early. "ou go on )oliday every year. e s%udies )ard. #)e cleans %)e )ouse )erself. 0% s%ands in %)e corner.
5e kee8 our 8romises. "ou like animals. T)ey )el8 8eo8le around.
0 don% ge% u8 early. Ko 0 ge% u8 early@ "ou don% go on )oliday every year. Ko you go on )oliday every year@ e doesn% s%udy )ard. Koes )e s%udy )ard@ #)e doesn% clean %)e )ouse )erself. Koes s)e clean %)e )ouse )erself@ 0% doesn% s%and in %)e corner. Koes i% s%and in %)e corner@
5e don% kee8 our 8romises. Ko 6e kee8 our 8romise@ "ou don% like animals. Ko you like animals@ T)ey don% )el8 8eo8le around. Ko %)ey )el8 8eo8le around@
Lçüncü %ekil *a)s için (he+she+it) fiil, olumlu cümlede +s %aks alr.
e reads a lo%. #)e buys a ne6s8a8er regularly. T)e ca% drin#s only milk in %)e morning.
&lumsuz cümlede ve soruda, yani "does" ya da /doesnt bulunan cümlelerde fiil daima yalndr.
e doesnt read a lo%. #)e doesnt buy a ne6s8a8er every day.  oes %)e ca% drin# milk in %)e morning@
/)ave/ fiilinin üçüncü *a)s biçimi /)as/ dir. ?ncak, soruda ve olumsuz cümlede fiilin yaln )ali /)ave/ kullanlr.
+  o you have a ba%) every day@+ "es, 0 do. M0 have a ba%) every day.F
+  oes your son have a ba%) every day@ + "es, )e does. Me has a ba%) every day.F
+ Koes your fa%)er have breakfas% in %)e morning@ + !o, )e doesn%. Me doesnt have breakfas% in %)e morning.F
1 , USE OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
aF u %ense ile, genelde ya8%(mz i*leri, al*kanlklarmz anla%rz ve always, sometimes,
never, often vb. sklk bildiren zarflarn yan sra, every day, every month, every year,every summer gibi zaman zarflarn skça kullanrz.
+ 5)a% %ime do you usually ge% u8@ + 0 usually ge% u8 a% seven oclock.
+ Koes s)e always ge% u8 early@ + !o% a46ays. #)e sometimes ge%s u8 very la%e.
+ o6 of%en do you go %o %)e cinema@ + 0 go %o %)e cinema every wee#end+once a wee#+three times a year, etc!
+ o6 of%en does your bro%)er 6ri%e %o you@ + e 6ri%es %o me very often!
1N a :;#
%l>%/sall %)e %ime (hep, her .aman) %lm3s, %l>%/s=ne%rl/ %l>%/salmos%4nearly all %)e %ime, M)emen her .aman) 5er/ 3,en ($o# s#) *s*%ll/=gener%ll/ (genelli#le) 3,en=reB*en,l/ (s# s#)
s3me,imes=3cc%si3n%ll/ from lime %o %ime (ba.en, ara sra)r%rel/=seld3m Mender, nadiren, seyre#) 0%rdl/ e5er=sc%rcel/ e5er=%lm3s, ne5er M)emen hemen hi$) ne5er (hi$, hi$ bir .aman, asla)
"ardmc fiil bulunmayan olumlu cümlelerde bu zarflar asl fiilden önce, yani özne ile yüklem arasnda yer alr.
S0e %=>%/s sings in :nglis). . . 0 sometimes feel de8ressed. T)ey seldom go %o %)e %)ea%re.
u zarflar )%m1 Is1 %re) dan sonra gelir.
I sometimes go %o 6ork la%e.40 am s3me,imes la%e for 6ork.
#klk bildiren zarflarn olumsuz cümledeki yeri de(i*ik%ir. Al>%/s daima olumsuzluk eki /no%/ dan sonra gelir.
0 don% %l>%/s ge% u8 early. #)e doesn% %=>%/s s%udy very )ard. T)ey aren% always la%e for class.
reB*en,l/1 s3me,imes 5e 3cc%si3n%ll/ olumsuzluk ekinden önce gelir.
I sometimes don% 6an% %o be 6i%) 8eo8le. S0e re!uently doesn% 6an% %o do )er )ome6ork. T)ey sometimes aren% ready on %ime. S0e occasionally isn% 8oli%e %o %)e 8eo8le around )er.
NOT/........................................................................................ irinci %ekil *a)s için bu kural geçerli de(ildir. Garf, yardmc fiil )%m) ile /no%/ arasnda yer alr.
I<m sometimes no% 8a%ien% enoug) 6i%) c)ildren.
*s*%ll/1 gener%ll/ 5e 3,en )er iki durumda da kullanlr.
T)ey usually don% go ou% on #undays.4T)ey don% *s*%ll/ g3 ou% on #undays. We oten don% 6a%c) T'.45e don% oten 6a%c) T'.
T)ey generally aren% a6ake %ill 1 la.m.4T)ey aren% generally a6ake %ill 1 la.m.
r%rel/1 seld3m1 0%rdl/ e5er1 %lm3s, ne5er 5e ne5er olumsuz cümlede kullanlmaz. u zarflar
sadece olumlu cümlede kullanlr, ancak olumsuz bir anlam %a*r.
I hardly ever go %o %)e %)ea%re. (&iyatroya hemen hemen hi$ gitmem!)
I<m hardly ever nervous before an e7am. (/ir snav ncesinde neredeyse hi$ heyecanlanmam.)
S0e never comes %o )er classes on %ime. #)e is never on %ime for )er classes. (erslerine asla+hi$ va#tinde gelme.!)
ELS ? II
&lumlu anlam %a*yan sklk zarflarn (usually, generally, often, fre0uently, sometimes, occasionally) dilbilgisi kurallarna uygun bu kullanmlarnn yan sra, cümlede vurguyu ar%rmak için, cümlenin ba*nda da kullanabiliriz. zellikle some%imes bu *ekilde çok sk kullanlr.
ometimes 0 ge% angry easily. 1ccasionally 2 don% need %o ge% u8 early. 3sually they s8end %oo muc) money on lu7uries.
&ccasionally ve some%imes, cümle sonunda da yer alabilir.
0 go %o %)e %)ea%re occasionally! e is a bi% lazy sometimes!
&f%en, özellikle Oui%e ve very ile birlik%e kullanld(nda cümle sonunda da yer alabilir.
5e come %o %)is res%auran% 0uite often! Ko you ca%c) colds often4 0 don% 6a%c) %elevision very often!
Darely ve seldom, özellikle only, very ve Oui%e ile birlik%e kullanld(nda, cümle sonunda yer alabilir.
0 ea% mea% very seldom!
#)e smokes cigars 0uite rarefy!
NOTE0 ?l6ays bu *ekilde cümle ba*nda ya da sonunda yer alma.!&lumsuz anlam %a*yan sklk zarflan (rarely, seldom, hardly ever, scarcely ever, never5 cümlenin ba*na geldi(i zaman cümle devrik olur.
0 never ea% fis)...................................... !ever do 0 ea% fis). e rarely smokes................................... Darely does )e smoke. "ou seldom make mis%akes.................... eldom do you make mis%akes. #)e scarcely ever visi%s us.....................carcely ever does s)e visi% us.
:ver olumlu veya olumsuz soruda kullanlr ve hi$ anlamn verir. &lumsuz cümlede hi$ demek için do no% ever yerine never kullanlr.
+ Ko you ever smoke@+ !o, 0 never smoke.
+ Kon% you ever )el8 your mo%)er@ + "es, 0 )el8 )er 6)en 0 )ave %ime.
cF Ko(a kanunlarn, )er zaman geçerlili(i olan do(rular ve genellemeleri bu %ense ile ifade ederiz.
? diamond is a 8recious s%one. 5a%er consists of o7ygen and )ydrogen. T)e :ar%) revolves round %)e #un. Jlan%s need 6a%er in order %o gro6. 5a%er boils a% 1NN degrees cen%igrade. 5ood floats in 6a%er bu% iron sinks.
dF "6hat do you do4" sorusu ki*inin neyle u(ra*%(n, i*ini sorar. "ani /5foar is your   7ob+occupation4" sorusu ile ayn anlamdadr.
+ 5)a% do you do@ + 0m a %eac)er.
+ 5)a% does your fa%)er do@ + e is an accoun%an%.
89 < :;#
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"6hat do you do4" sorusunu bir zaman zarfyla kullanrsak, "s.' edilen .amanda ne yaparsn" anlamna gelir.
+ 5)a% do you do at the wee#ends4 + 0 usually mee% friends.
+ 5)a% does your fa%)er do in the evenings@
+ e reads )is ne6s8a8er or 6a%c)es %elevision.
eF "6hy dont!!!!!!@/ kalb birine öneri ge%irirken kullanlr.
+ 0 )ave a )eadac)e. + 6hy dont you %ake an as8irin@
+ 5e )ave no%)ing %o ea% a% )ome. + 6hy dont we go ou% for dinner@
fF #inema, %iya%ro gibi e%kinliklerin ba*lama ve bi%i* saa%lerini, ders 8rogramlarn ya da uçak, %ren, o%obüs %arifelerini belir%irken, geni* zaman gelecek zaman anlamyla kullanabiliriz.
T)e buses start a% P a.m. and stop a% 12 a.m. every day. (simple present) T)e %rain %o ?nkara leaves a% Q a.m. %omorro6 and arrives %)ere a% P 8.m. (future)
&ur classes usually begin a% Q and finis) a% 12. (simple present) ! Hy class
begins a% Q %omorro6 and fini shes a% 12. Mfu%ureF
(F Raze%e man*e%lerinde, normalde 8as% %ense ile ak%arlmas gereken (olmu, ger$e#lemi) olaylar. #im8le Jresen% Tense ile ak%arlr.
? live bomb blows up a s)o88ing cen%re in 0srael.(:blew up) ? coac) collides 6i%) a %rain in 0ndia )undreds killed and )undreds more 6ounded. (:collided)
1,$ THE SIMPLE PRESENT THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Simdi bu iki %ensei kar*la*%ralm.
aF Conu*mann geç%i(i anda ya da o sralarda ya8mak%a oldu(umuz i*leri Jresen% on%inuous ile M0 am doing); genelde ya8%(mz i*leri, al*kanlklarmz ise #im8le Jresen% ile M4 doF ifade e%%i(imizi belir%mi*%ik.
-a%)er is in )is room no6. e is resting, (now) -a%)er al6ays res%s in )is room in %)e af%ernoon, (simple present)
0 6an% %o concen%ra%e on my s%udies, so  2m not playing volleyball %)is year. 0 usually play volleyball a% %)e 6eekend. 0 dont play on 6eekdays.
:;# < 13
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b" Li5e ve >3r! fiilleri ile sürekli o%urdu(umuz4çal*%(mz yeri ifade ediyorsak, geni* zaman kullanlr.
+ 5)ere do you five@ + I live in 0s%anbul.
+ 5)ere does your fa%)er work?
+ He works for a cons%ruc%ion com8any.
?ncak, geçici olarak ikame% e%%i(imiz4çal*%(mz yeri *imdiki zamanla belir%iriz.
0 moved %o is%anbul las% 6eek, and I<m living 6i%) a friend for %)e %ime being. is com8any sen% )im abroad for a mon%), and no6 )e is working in Cu6ai%.
c" az fuller sürerlik bildiren %enselerle M4 am doing, 2 was doing, 2 have been doing, etc!) kullanlmazlar. u fuller, konu*ma srasnda bi..at ya8lmak%a olan bir eylem (action)
 bildirmezler, durum ifade ederler.
"2m writing now!" ifadesinde, >ri,e fiili bir eylem bildirir. "ani benim *u anda ya8mak%a oldu(um bir i*i ifade eder. /4 #now English!" ifadesinde ise !n3> fiili bir eylem bildirmez. "ani, ki*inin ya8mak%a oldu(u bir  i*i de(il, s%a%ik bir durum bildirir.
Kurum bildiren fiillerin Sim6le 2resen, ve 2resen, C3n,in*3*s için kullanmlar ayndr.
5)en 0 ge% u8 in %)e morning, 0 >%n, %o drink coffee, (simple present) 0m very %)irs%y. 0 >%n, %o drink some%)ing, (now)
Jeo8le need money in order %o live, (simple present) 0 need some money. an you lend me some@ (now)
1 ,7 PRO%RESSI&E !CONTINUOUS TENSE-LERLE ULLANILMAYAN FLLER
. KLSL!H:": ;SC! -;;:D MH:!T?; #T?T:F %)ink A realize unders%and
su88ose no%ice feel believe recognize doub% imagine kno6 remember 
forge% mean 6an% need 8refer 
2. K"R :;CT:! -;;:D M:H&T0&!?; #T?T:F love dislike loa%)e )a%e a88recia%e fear like de%es% envy
mind 6is) care forgive desire
3. #?J;C ;KD:! -ii;;:D MJ&##:##0&!F  8ossess )ave A o6n
 belong
>. K" -;;:D M#:!#: J:D:JT0&!#F see A )ear smellA
%as%e A feel A
U. KV:D KDH ;KD:! -;;:D  look A o6e be A seem cos% e7is% a88earA 6eig) A advise
 8romise consis% of refuse include con%ain sound
A <annda yld. olan fiiller, far#l bir anlam tad#lar .aman, s'rerli# bildiren tenselerle #ullanlabilirler!
? ELS
NON2ROGRESSI.E
0 thin# %)ey 6ill visi% us ne7% 6eek. A,, "*+!-' 
Dig)% no6, 0m looking ou% of %)e 6indo6, and 0 see lo%s of 8eo8le in %)e s%ree%.
smell "#o#ma#" 
%as%e Mbir nesnenin tadndan söz ediyorsakF
T)is sou8 tastes a6ful. 0 can% ea% i%. (=orbann tad berbat!) T)e dinner looks bad bu% %as%es delicious. (<eme%in gr'nt's' #t' ama tad g'.el!)
feel Mbir nesnenin bize verdi(i duyguyu ifadeederkenE "se.inleme#, umma#" anlamndaF
T)is 8illo6 feels very )ard. MT)is pillow is very hard!+/u yast# $o# sert!) 2 feel M%)a%F some%)ing bad 6ill )a88en. (>t' bir eylerin olaca%n hissediyorum!)
l33! "gi#i g$r%nmek' 
"ou loo# ill. "oud be%%er go )ome. T)a% ladder doesnt loo# safe.
a88ear "gibi gr'nme#" 
T)e %eac)er appears %o be in a bad mood %oday. #)e appears %o be bored 6i%) %)e film.
6eig) Mbir nesnenin a%rl%n söylerkenF T)e baby weighs si7 kilograms.
 be Mgenel bir durum ifade ederken am, is, are)
"ou are very rude. (=o# #abasn!) MCi*inin genelde kaba biri oldu(unu belir%ir.F
)ave (sahipli# bildiriyorsaF
0 dont have muc) money no6. #)e has %6o  bro%)ers.
2ROGRESSI.E
%)ink "d''nme#" 
 2m thin#ing abou% going abroad ne7% year. #)e is thin#ing abou% )er family.
see "gr'me#" 
T)e doc%or is seeing )is 8a%ien% no6. T)e manager is seeing %)e a88lican% no6.
smell "koklamak' 
;ookI Ho%)er is smelling %)e flo6ers. 5)y are you  smelling %)e milk@
%as%e "tadna ba#ma# 
;ookI T)e $udges are tasting my dis) rig)% no6. 0 can% 6ai% %o )ear %)e resul%.
feel "hissetme#" 
1 feel be%%er no6.40m feeling be%%er no6. (?imdi #endimi daha iyi hissediyorum!)
look "ba#ma# 
a88ear "(ortaya) $#ma# 
T)e comedian is appearing nig)%ly a% %)e roken Koor club.
6eig) /%ar%mak/
T)e bu%c)er is weighing %)e mea% no6.
 be Mkonu*ma annda bir de(i*imi ifade ederken am+is+are being)
"ou are being rude. (>abalayorsun!) MCi*inin konu*ma srasnda kaba davrand(n belir%ir. /Cabalk/ ki*inin genel bir özelli(i olmayabilir.F
)ave (eylem bildiriyorsaF
#)e is having breakfas% no6. -a%)er can% come %o %)e 8)one. e is having  a s)o6er rig)% no6.
  #a)i8lik bildiren "have+has"  "have got+has gol" biçiminde de kullanlr  0 )ave %6o sis%ers. W 0 don% )ave any bro%)ers. W #)e )as a car. W #)e doesnt have a bike. W  o you )ave any ne8)e6s@W "es, 0 do!  !o, 0 dont!  &oes s0e 0%5e % b3%, F 4es1 s0e d3es F N31 s0e doesn't.
. 0 )ave got %6o sis%ers. I haven't got %n/ br3,0ers S0e 0%s got % c%r S0e hasn't got % bi!e ave you got any ne8)e6s@ 4es1 I 0%5e N31 I haven't.
 (as s0e got a b3%, "es, s)e )as.  !o, s)e hasnt!
ELS ?
IS
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EERCISE se ei%)er %)e imple @resent or %)e @resent @rogressive of %)e verbs given 0n  8aren%)eses.
1. ? 5)a%....................you MdoF ......................)ere in %)e ki%c)en@ 0 M%as%eF ..................................%)e sou8 %o see if i% (have) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
enoug) sal%. 2. ? .....................you (#now) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!%)e 6oman 6)o (tal#) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!%o
Je%er over %)ere@ !o, 0 Mno% recogni.e) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)er, bu% 0 Msu88oseF
...................................%)a% s)e is )is gues% from Rermany. 3. ? iI o6 are you@
-ineI 5)y.....................you (whisper) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!@ ? T)e baby (sleep) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!and 0 (try) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! no% %o 6ake
)er. &). 5)ic) room ............. .. s)e Ms=ee8F ..........................in@ ? 8s%airs, in my bedroom. 5ell, 0 Mno% thin#) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6e (be) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! close
enoug) %o dis%urb )er, any6ay. >. ? 5)y..............you (ta#e) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!your umbrella@ 0% (not, rain) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
0 Mal6ays, ta#e) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!i%. 9us% in caseI
? u% i% Mnever, rainF ..................................)ere in 9uly. &), 6ell. "ou Mnever, #now) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Today mig)% be differen%I
U. !early everybody in %)is %o6n M6orkF ................................... a% %)e local car fac%ory. 0n fac%, %)e com8any (rely) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!on %)e %o6ns8eo8le for i%s 6orkforce, so, %o s%o8 %)em looking else6)ere, i% (pay) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!really 6ell and M8rovideF ..................................lo%s of e7%ra facili%ies. urren%ly, i% (build) ...................................a 8lay+cen%re for %)e c)ildren of %)e 6orking mo%)ers.
P. 0 M=ookF ...................................like our mo%)er and my sis%er (ta#e) ...................................af%er our fa%)er, bu% our bro%)er Mno% resembleF ...................................ei%)er of %)em.
! Jrices MriseF ...................................so Ouickly no6adays %)a% 6e Meven, consider) ...................................selling our car $us% %o kee8 u8.
X. Hum (weigh) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)erself again because s)e (try)
................................... %o lose 6eig)% in %ime for )er )oliday ne7% mon%).Q. Hy bro%)er (weigh) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!abou% =N kg, bu% )e MseemF
...................................)eavier because )e Ma46ays, wear) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! suc)  bulky clo%)es.
1N. T)ese cul%iva%ed roses (loo#) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!so beau%iful, bu% %)ey Mno%  smell) ...................................a% all.
11. &ur gues%s MarriveF .................................. s)or%ly, and #ara) (still, wrap) ...................................%)e 8resen%s.
12. 9ack is lucky. e Mlis%enF ....................................%o ra)mss music live a% %)e ?lber% all a% %)is very momen% 6)ile 6e (sit) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)ere in %)e office lis%ening %o %)e orc)es%ra on %)e radio.
13. T)is 8o6dered 8udding is s%ra6berry flavour, bu% ac%ually, i% Mno% %as%eF ..................................frui%y a% all.
1>. T)e :ar%) (get) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6armer and 6armer, 6)ic) MraiseF...................................%)e sea+level. 8B! 5)a% lovely Ouali%y %)is baby ou%fi% isI 0% (feel5 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! nice and %)ick. 8C! ? "ou MlookF ......................... ..... .......very 6orried. 0 (hope) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
no%)ing bad )as )a88enedI 5ell, 0ve broken Rrandmas favouri%e mug, and no6 0 (thin#)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!  abou% )o6 %o e78lain i% %o )er. 1=. Kon% 6orry abou% your dog. T)e ve% (feel) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)is legs %o c)eck %)a%
no%)ing is broken.
...................................a% %)e momen%. ? &), i%s Rivenc)y + lans 8resen% for )ris%mas. 0% (smellD!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6onderful.
1Q. ? snakes skin MlookF ......................................slimy, bu% i% (not, fee4F
...................................slimy a% all. J T)e condi%ions %)ese ?fg)an refugees MendureF..............................................in %)ese
%roubled %imes are a88alling. ?% %)e momen%, %)e $udge MseeF .................................... bo%) %)e Kefendan%s la6yer 
and %)e laiman%s la6yer 8riva%ely in )is c)amber. 22. ? ...................you (thin#) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!you M)aveF ..................................... any c)ance
of 6inning %)is c)ess ma%c)@ "es, 0 MseeF..................................... a number of good moves %)a% 0 can make from
%)is 8osi%ion.
-&DH
?ffirma%ive  !ega%ive 0n%erroga%ive
0 s%udied :nglis). 0 didn% s%udy :nglis). Kid 0 s%udy :nglis)@
"ou 6orked )ard. "ou didn% 6ork )ard. Kid you 6ork )ard@ e4#)e came lale. e4#)e didn% come la%e. Kid )e4s)e come la%e@ 0% rained )ard yes%erday. 0% didn% rain )ard yes%erday. Kid i% rain )ard yes%erday@
5e en$oyed %)e 8ar%y. 5e didn% en$oy %)e 8ar%y. Kid 6e en$oy %)e 8ar%y@
"ou )el8ed a lo%. "ou didn% )el8 a lo%. Kid you )el8 a lo%@ T)ey go% u8 early. T)ey didn% ge% u8 early. Kid %)ey ge% u8 early@
&lumlu cümlede, fiillerin 6%s, ,ense biçimi, olumsuz cümlede ve soruda ise fiillerin /%l&n )ali kullanlr.
l lived in zmir for five years. #)e didn't study )ard enoug) %o 8ass %)e e7am.
 &id you s,%/ )ome yes%erday@
Csa ceva8%a did ve didn<, kullanlr.
 &id you go %o %)e cinema las% 6eek@ "es, 6e did. M"es, 6e went %o %)e cinema las% 6eek.F
Did you visit your friends yes%erday@  !o, I didn't. M0 didn't visit my friends yes%erday.F
ELS % K
1,1' USE OF THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE
u %ensei geçmi*%e ya8%(mz eylemleri, olaylan ve durumlan anla%rken kullanrz. "es%erday, last night, last wee#, last summer, halfan hour ago, ten days ago, two years ago vb! bu %ense
ile skça kullanlan zaman zarflardr.
0 became a %eac)er eig)% years ago. 5)ere did you go on )oliday las% summer@ e didnt play foo%ball las% #unday because )e 6as ill. #)e left %)e coun%ry a fe6 mon%)s ago.
aF Küzenli (regular) fiillerin 8as% biçimi, fiilin yaln )aline +ed eklenerek elde edilir.
Jresen% 6an% s%ay s%udy s)ave Jas% 6an%ed s%ayed s%udied s)aved
 bF /e/ fiilinin 8as% biçimi /6as, 6ere/ biçimindedir.
0 lived in a village 6)en 0 6as a c)ild. #)e 6as la%e for 6ork yes%erday, so )er boss 6as angry 6i%) )er. 5e 6eren% a% )ome las% nig)%.
cF Küzenli fiillerin +ed %aksn almasyla ilgili yazm kurallan *öyledir
0F Yo(u düzenli fiil +ed alr.
%alk + %alked govern + governed roar + roared 6alk + 6alked seem + seemed roam + roamed
üF ir sessiz B bir sesli B bir sessiz )arf%en olu*an ksa fiillerde, sondaki sessiz )arf çif% yazlr.
grab + grabbed s%o8 + s%o88ed beg + begged
 ban + banned slim + slimmed rob + robbed
üIF #onu +e ile bi%enler sadece +d %aks alr.
gaze + gazed s%are + s%ared like + liked
smile + smiled )a%e + )a%ed save + saved
0'F #onu bir sessiz )arf B y ile bi%enlerde +y, +l olur, ondan sonra +ed eklenir.
%ry + %ried cry + cried $ 88ly + a88lied
dry + dried fry + fried s%udy + s%udied
+y den önce bir sesli )arf varsa yazmda de(i*iklik olmaz.
 8lay + 8layed delay + delayed be%ray + be%rayed
 8ray + 8rayed decay + decayed s8ray + s8rayed
1X < :;#
dF Küzensiz (irregular) fiillerin 8as% biçimi ise %abloda görüldü(ü gibidir.
AN ALPHA)ETICAL LIST OF IRRE%ULAR &ER)S
#0HJ;: #0HJ;: J?#T #0HJ;: #0HJ;: J?#T -&DH J?#T J?DT00J;: -&DH J?#T J?DT00J;:
arise arose arisen fling flung flung  be 6as, 6ere been fly fle6 flo6n  bear bore borne 4born forbid forbade4forbid forbidden
 bea% bea% bea%en4bea% forecas% forecas% forecas%  become became become forge% forgo% forgo%%en
 begin began begun forgive forgave forgiven  bend ben% ben% forsake forsook forsaken  be% be%  be%A freeze froze frozen  bid bid bid ge% go% go%%en A
 bind bound bound give gave given  bi%e  bi%  bi%%en4bi% go 6en% gone
 bleed bled bled grind ground ground
 blo6 ble6 blo6n gro6 gre6 gro6n
 break broke broken )ang )ung )ung  breed bred bred )ave )ad )ad
 bring broug)% broug)% )ear )eard )eard
 broadcas% broadcas% broadcas% )ide )id )idden  build buil% buil% )i% )i% )i%
 burs% burs% burs% )old )eld )eld  buy  boug)% boug)% )ur% )ur% )u r%
cas% cas% cas% kee8 ke8% ke8% ca%c) caug)% caug)% kno6 kne6 kno6n
c)oose c)ose c)osen lay laid laid cling clung clung lead led led
come came come leave lef% lef% cos% cos% cos% lend len% len%
cree8 cre8% cre8% le% le% le%
cu% cu% cu% lie lay lain
deal deal% deal% lig)% li%4lig)%ed li%4lig)%ed dig dug dug lose los% los% do did done make made made dra6 dre6 dra6n mean mean% mean%
ea% a%e ea%en mee% me% me%
fall fell fallen mislay mislaid mislaid
feed fed fed mis%ake mis%ook mis%aken feel fel% fel%  8ay  8aid 8aid
fig)% foug)% foug)%  8u% 8u% 8u%
find found found Oui% Oui% Oui% A fi% fi% fi%A read read read flee fled fled rid rid rid
ELS G @
SI82L SI82LE 2AST SI82LE SI82LE 2AST
7OR8 2AST 2ARTICI2LE 7OR8 2AST 2ARTICI2LE
ride rode ridden s%and s%ood s%ood ring rang rung s%eal s%ole s%olen
rise rose risen s%ick s%uck s%uck   run ran run sung s%ung s%ung
say said said s%ink s%ank4s%unk s%unk   see sa6 seen s%rive s%rove s%riven seek soug)% soug)% s%rike s%ruck s%ruck4 s%ricken
sell sold sold s%ring s%rung s%rung send sen% sen% s6ear s6ore s6orn se% se% se% s6ee8 s6e8% s6e8%
s)ake s)ook s)aken s6im s6am s6um s)ed s)ed s)ed s6ing s6ung s6ung
s)ine s)one 4s)ined s)one4s)ined %ake %ook %aken s)oo% s)o% s)o% %eac) %aug)% %aug)%
s)o6 s)o6ed s)o6n4s)o6ed %ear %ore %orn s)rink s)rank4s)runk s)runk %ell %old %old
s)u% s)u% s)u% %)ink %)oug)% %)oug)%
sing sang sung %)ro6 %)re6 %)ro6n si% sa% sa% %)rus% %)rus% %)rus% slee8 sle8% sle8% unders%and unders%ood unders%ood
slide slid slid under%ake under%ook under%aken sli% sli% sli% u8se% u8se% u8se%
s8eak s8oke s8oken 6ear 6ore 6orn s8eed s8ed 4s8eeded s8ed4s8eeded 6eave 6ove 6oven
s8end s8en% s8en% 6ee8 6e8% 6e8%
s8in s8un4s8an s8un 6in 6on 6on s8i% s8i%4 s8a% s8i%4 s8a% 6ind 6ound 6ound
s8li% s8li% s8li% 6i%)dra6 6i%)dre6 6i%)dra6n s8read s8read s8read 6ring 6rung 6rung
s8ring s8rang4s8rung s8rung 6ri%e 6ro%e 6ri%%en
A u fiiller için American English ve  /ritish English arasndaki farkllklara dikka% ediniz.
?merican ri%is)
 be% + be% + be% be% + be% + be% r  be% + be%%ed + be%%ed fi% + fi% + fi% fi% + fi%%ed + fi%%ed ge% + go% + go%%en ge% + go% + go% Oui% + Oui% + Oui% Oui% + Oui%%ed + Oui%%ed
 AmericanEnglishde düzenli olan baz fiiller /ritish Englishde düzensizdir.
Americ%n burn+burned, dream-dreamed, #neel-#neeled, lean-leaned, smell-smelled, spill-spilled, etc! #ri,is0 bum-burnt, dream-dreamt, #neel-#nelt, lean-leant, smell-smell, spill-spilt 
MO ? ELS
dF Küzensiz (irregular5 fiillerin 8as% biçimi ise %abloda görüldü(ü gibidir.
 N LPHBETICL LIST OF IRREGULR VERBS
SI82LE SI82LE 2AST SI82LE SI82LE 2AST 7OR8 2AST 2ARTICI2LE 7OR8 2AST 2ARTICI2L
arise arose arisen fling flung flung  be 6as, 6ere  been fly fle6 flo6n  bear bore borne4born forbid forbade4forbid forbidden
 bea% bea%  bea%en4bea% forecas% forecas% forecas%
 become became become forge% forgo% forgo%%en
 begin  began begun forgive forgave forgiven
 bend ben% ben% forsake forsook forsaken  be%  be%  be% A freeze froze frozen
 bid  bid  bid ge% go% go%%en A
 bind  bound bound give gave given
 bi%e  bi%  bi%%en4bi% go 6en% gone  bleed  bled bled grind ground ground
 blo6  ble6 blo6n gro6 gre6 gro6n  break broke broken )ang )ung )ung  breed bred bred )ave )ad )ad  bring . broug)% broug)% )ear )eard )eard
 broadcas% broadcas%  broadcas% )ide )id )idden  build buil%  buil% )i% )i% )i%
 burs% burs%  burs% )old )eld )eld
 buy  boug)%  boug)% )ur% )ur% )ur%
cas% cas% cas% kee8 ke8% ke8% ca%c) caug)% caug)% kno6 kne6 kno6n
c)oose c)ose c)osen lay laid laid
cling clung clung lead led led
come came come leave lef% lef% cos% cos% cos% lend len% len%
cree8 cre8% cre8% le% le% le%
cu% cu% cu% lie lay lain
deal deal% deal% lig)% li%4lig)%ed li%4lig)%ed
dig dug dug lose los% los%
do did done make made made dra6 dre6 dra6n mean mean% mean%
ea% a%e ea%en mee% me% me%
fall fell fallen mislay mislaid , mislaid
feed fed fed mis%ake mis%ook mis%aken feel A fell fel%  8ay  8aid 8aid
fig)% . foug)% foug)%  8u% 8u%  8u% find found found Oui% Oui% Oui% A fi% fi% fi%A read read read
flee fled fled rid rid rid
ELS G @
T)e su8ermarke% r%ised i%s 8rices %6ice las% 6eek.
b" rise1 r3se1 risen Min%ransi%iveF
Jrices r3se %)ree %imes las% 6eek.
  c" %r3*se1 %r3*sed1 %r3*sed M%ransi%iveF
T)e mans 8eculiar be)aviour %r3*sed %)e 8olices sus8icion.
d" %rise1 %r3se1 %risen Min%ransi%iveF
T)eir sus8icion %r3se because of %)e mans  8eculiar be)aviour.
  e" se,1 se,1 se, M%ransi%iveF
5e se, %)e c)air a% %)e )ead of %)e %able.
" si,1 s%,1 s%, Min%ransi%iveF
Hy fa%)er sa% a% %)e )ead of %)e %able.
  " l%/1 l%id1 l%id M%ransi%iveF
5e laid %)e car8e% af%er 6ed 8ain%ed %)e 6alls.
0" lie1 l%/1 l%in Min%ransi%iveF
0 lay on %)e sofa af%er dinner and 6en% %o slee8.
  " bind1 b3*nd1 b3*nd M%ie u8F
e b3*nd %)e dog %o %)e fence 6i%) a long ro8e.
P" b3*nd1 b3*nded1 b3*nded ( border 9! 7ump)
;u7embourg is b3*nded by elgium, Rermany and -rance. T)e dog 6as #ounding across %)e field.
  kF find, found, found
" 3*nd1 3*nded1 3*nded (establish)
Hao Tse+Tung ounded %)e Jeo8les De8ublic of )ina.
  m" grind1 gr3*nd1 gr3*nd Mcrus) in%o 8o6derF
0n %)e 8as% 8eo8le ground 6)ea% in%o flour using large s%ones.
3" >ind1 >3*nd1 >3*nd M%6is%, %urnF e >3*nd %)e
s%ring in%o a %ig)% ball.
n" gr3*nd1 gr3*nded1 gr3*nded Mcom8li %o s%ay on %)e groundF
T)e au%)ori%ies grounded %)e 8lane for safe%y c)ecks.
6" >3*nd1 >3*nded1 >3*nded Min$ureF T)e gun
s)o%s >3*nded several 8eo8le.
 B" %ll1 ell1 %llen
#)e ell as s)e 6as ge%%ing off %)e bus.
r" ell1 elled1 elled Mcu% do6nF
 
T)ey s%> an acciden% 6)ile driving %o 6ork.
," s%>1 s%>ed1 s%>ed=s%>n Mcu% 6i%) a sa6F
e s%>ed %)e 6ood in%o eOual leng%)s.
  *" 0%ng1 0*ng1 0*ng Msus8end something)
T)ey hung a flag from %)e 6indo6 for De8ublic Kay.
5" 0%ng1 b%nged1 0%nged (#ill someone by hanging)
T)e leader of %)e Jakis%ani mili%ary cou8, Reneral Gia ul+uO, hanged Jresiden% )u%%o in 1Q=Q.
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  ;ie "yalan syleme# anlamndaysa, düzenli bir fiildir #)e led %o us abou% )er coming la%e.
ELS ? I
EERCISE Q )oose %)e correc% 6ord in 8aren%)eses.
1. e (bound+bounded) %)e 8ackage 6i%) s%ring so %)a% i% 6ouldn% come undone in %)e 8os%.
2. -e6er difficul%ies %)an e78ec%ed Marose4arousedF during %)e mee%ing.
3. #idd)ar%)a Rau%ama, 6)o came %o be kno6n as udd)a, (found+founded) udd)ism, one of %)e ma$or religions of ?sia.
>. &bviously no% many of %)e s%uden%s unders%ood %)e %eac)ers Oues%ion, because only a fe6 Mraised4roseF %)eir )ands %o ans6er.
U. T)e nurses (laid+lay) %)e 8a%ien% gen%ly on %)e bed so %)e doc%or could e7amine )im.
P. ?f%er %)e s)i8 (ground+grounded5 i%self on %)e rocks, %)e cre6 )ad %o abandon i%. =. ecause of )er conscien%ious a%%i%ude, s)e )as (raised+risen) ra8idly %o a senior 
managerial 8osi%ion. X. "ouve Mseen4sa6nF more off one leg %)an %)e o%)ers, so no6 %)e %able 6on% s%and
u8 8ro8erly.
Q. T)e silly girl (wound+wounded5 )er scarf round )er neck so %ig)%ly %)a% s)e nearly s%rangled )erself.
1N. T)e %o6ns8eo8le 6ere so ou%raged %)a% %)ey (hung+hanged) %)e accused man before )e )ad even )ad a 8ro8er %rial.
11. ;ook, your daug)%ers cryingI 0 %)ink s)es $us% (fallen+felled) off )er bicycle. 12. ?f%er cu%%ing and 8olis)ing %)e sa88)ire, %)e $e6eller (set+sat) i% in a gold necklace. 13. e acciden%ally (wound+wounded) )is leg 6)ile c)o88ing 6ood. 1>. T)e doorman %ook Dober%s coa% and (hanged+hung) i% on %)e coa% s%and by %)e
rece8%ion desk. 1U. ?% yes%erdays race, one rider 6as %)ro6n from )is )orse 6)en i% bol%ed a% %)e
second $um8, and %)e animal (bound+bounded) around %)e res% of %)e %rack 6i%)ou%
a $ockey. 1P. Harie (grounded+ground) some almonds, %)en added sugar and eggs %o 8re8are %)e
marzi8an 8as%e for %)e 6edding cake. 1=. 0n -ebruary 1QQX, %)ey ceremoniously (laid+lay) %)e founda%ions of %)e ne6 air8or%
in 0s%anbul. 1X. &n our las% summer )oliday, 6e (laid+lay) in %)e sun mos% of %)e %ime and only
(saw+sawed) a fe6 of %)e %ouris% a%%rac%ions. 1Q. T)e bu%c)er Mrose4raisedF )is eyebro6s in sur8rise 6)en )e )eard %)e ne6s. 2N. #ir 0saac !e6%on came u8 6i%) )is ideas abou% gravi%y af%er an a88le (fell+felled5
from a %ree on%o )is )ead. 21. ?s )e )ad no% 6ri%%en %)e direc%ions clearly, Hark only (found+founded) %)e craf%
s)o8 af%er almos% an )our of 6alking around. 22. T)e genuine 1P%)+cen%ury &%%oman %iles Marose4arousedF %)e in%eres% of several
 buyers in %)e auc%ion room. 23. ?s %)e c)airman Mrose4raisedF %o s8eak, %)e room immedia%ely became silen%. 2>. T)e drummer (sat+set) a% %)e back of %)e s%age be)ind %)e res% of %)e grou8. 2U. Koub%s Maroused4aroseF abou% %)e mans real iden%i%y because of )is s%range accen%
and )is nervous be)aviour.
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EERCISE om8le%e %)e sen%ences 6i%) %)e imple @ast forms of %)e 0rregular verbs 0n %)e lis%. se eac) verb only once.
arise +!!
 slide  forgive #eep lay lie
1. ?s a c)ild, 0................................caged birds, bu% no6 0 don%, as 0 no longer like seeing %)em in ca8%ivi%y.
2. T)e mee%ing s)ould )ave been Oui%e s)or%, bu% %)e Oues%ion of finance ..............................., so i% %ook longer %)an e78ec%ed.
3. 0................................in%o %)e )ouse really Ouie%ly las% nig)% in %)e )o8e %)a% my  8aren%s 6ouldn% no%ice )o6 la%e 0 6as.
>. 0................................)im for borro6ing %)e car 6i%)ou% my 8ermission, bu% no% for  lying abou% i% 6)en 0 firs% asked.
U. 0m sorry 0 didn% %urn u8 las% nig)%, bu% 0.................................do6n on my bed for  a fe6 minu%es res% and acciden%ally 6en% %o slee8I
P. T)ey................................%)e 8ar%y a% a friends )ouse because %)eirs 6asn% big
enoug).=. is fa%)er.................................)im from lis%ening %o rock music in %)e )ouse as )e insis%ed on 8laying i% so loudly.
X. #)e................................. %)e %able for %en 8eo8le, bu% in fac%, only si7 of %)e invi%ed gues%s came.
Q. 0 6as la%e for 6ork %)is morning because my daug)%er..................................my car  keys from me and %)en couldn% remember 6)ere %)ey 6ere.
1N. e.................................badly 6)en )e 6as 8laying foo%ball and frac%ured )is ankle. 11. Hy neig)bour 6as furious 6)en our dog................................. a big )ole in )is
flo6erbed. 0%s no% sur8rising %)a% )e.................................so ill %)is morning. e drank far %oo
muc) 6ine las% nig)%. 13. #)e mus% )ave been 6ai%ing for an im8or%an% call, because %)e minu%e s)e )eard
%)e 8)one ringing, s)e.................................%o )er fee% and rus)ed %o ans6er i%. 1>. Hy 6ife 6as so angry 6i%) me for being la%e %)a% s)e..................................my
dinner %o %)e dogI ?s )e ................................slo6ly off )is c)air and colla8sed in%o a )ea8 on %)e floor, 0 realized )e 6as drunk.
ELS ? T
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EERCISE om8le%e %)e sen%ences 6i%) %)e imple @ast forms of %)e irregular verbs in %)e lis% se eac) verb only once.
bear fight see#   bet free.e shed   bind grow tear  
deal leave throweat ride wind  
8! Hy bro%)er and 0.................................like ca% and dog 6)en 6e 6ere c)ildren, bu% no6 6e ge% on Oui%e 6ell.
2. T)e c)ildren are u8se% because %)ey acciden%ally.................................%)eir ball over  %)e neig)bours 6all and %)ey 6on% be able %o ge% i% back un%il )e comes )ome.
3. 0 can% believe %)a% %)e firs% %ime you.................................a bike 6as 6)en you 6ere %6en%yI
>. T)e kidna88ers.................................)is arms and legs %o a c)air so %)a% )e couldn% move.
U. 0% 6as so cold las% nig)% %)a% %)e locks on my car li%erally.................................... P. 0ve only ever been %o %)e )orse races onceE 0.................................on %)ree )orses
and %)ey all 6onI=. nfor%una%ely, 0.................................my s)ir% on a nail 6)en 0 6as %rying %o 8u% u8 some s)elves.
X. Hy grandmo%)er used %o live in a li%%le co%%age 6i%) a beau%iful, flo6ering, climbing  8lan% 6)ic).................................u8 %)e 6alls and round %)e 6indo6s.
Q. nable %o find sufficien% inves%ors, %)e com8any.................................%)e cos% of %)e e78ansion i%self.
1N. Kuring %)e firs% mon%) of )er die%, s)e.................................over %)ree kilos. 11. 5)en )e.................................sc)ool, )e c)ose %o s%ar% 6orking immedia%ely ra%)er 
%)an con%inue )is s%udies. 12. "ou.................................all %)e bread a% breakfas%, so if you 6an% a sand6ic) no6,
youll )ave %o buy some more. 13. "ou.................................%)e cards 6i%)ou% s)uffling %)e 8ack, so youll )ave %o
s%ar% again.
1>. ?s a c)ild, 6)enever s)e 6as un)a88y, s)e..................................comfor% from )er grandmo%)er. 1U. 0m cer%ain 0.................................%)e clock las% nig)%, so 0 )ave no idea 6)y %)e
alarm didn% go off.
EERCISE om8le%e %)e sen%ences 6i%) %)e imple @ast forms of %)e 0rregular verbs 0n %)e lis% se eac) verb only once.
bend forecast lead   burst draw light  
choose $0 ee mista#e cost fly mislay
broadcast grind sha#e
1. T)e 6ea%)ermen.................................a sunny day %)is morning, bu% so far i%s done no%)ing bu% rain.
2. e.................................)is key, so )e )ad %o break a 6indo6 %o ge% in. 3. 5e.................................%o ?n%alya because i% 6as fas%er, bu% came back by bus
 because of %)e 8rice. >. T)e li%%le girl )ad only )ad )er balloon for five minu%es 6)en i%..................................
so )er mo%)er )ad %o buy )er a ne6 one.
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U. 0%................................more %)an e78ec%ed %o redecora%e %)e )ouse, bu% for%una%ely, 6e )ad some money saved.
P. 0n order %)a% 6ed )ave no 8roblems finding %)e )ouse, )e.................................a ma8 for us.
=. :ven %)oug) 0.................................)im several %imes, )e 6ouldn% 6ake u8. X. T)e rebels................................over %)e border as %)e governmen%s %roo8s
a88roac)ed.Q. Television com8anies from all around %)e 6orld.................................%)e uniOue even%.
1N. 0 6alked u8 %o a com8le%e s%ranger yes%erday, and said, /ello,/ because 0 ................................)im for a friend of mine.
11. 5e.................................%)e blue fabric, as %)e bro6n 6ouldn% go 6i%) any%)ing in our )ouse.
12. 0n %)e village 6e visi%ed, %)e 8eo8le.................................6)ea% %o make flour using %)e %radi%ional me%)od.
13. ecause )e didn% )ave any ma%c)es, )e.................................)is cigare%%e using %)e elec%ric s%ove.
1>. T)e 8lumber................................%)e 8i8e %o fi% in%o %)e s8ace under %)e sink. 1U. -ive minu%es before %)e end of %)e ma%c), our %eam..................................by 3 goals
%o 2 and looked cer%ain %o 6in, bu% %)e o%)er side eOualized $us% before %)e final
6)is%le.
EERCISE om8le%e %)e sen%ences 6i%) %)e imple @ast forms of %)e 0rregular verbs 0n %)e lis%. se eac) verb only once.
 shrin# lose spin bite ring underta#e  forget rise wear  hang sell weave hurt shine withdraw
1. T)e %ele8)one................................abou% fif%een %imes before i% 6as ans6ered.2. an you remember 6)ere you 6ere 6)en you.................................your 8urse@ 3. -or %)e in%ervie6, s)e.................................a grey sui% and ma%c)ing s)oes. >. e.................................)is leg badly and )ad %o %ake a fe6 days off 6ork. U. T)e minu%e 0.................................%)e 6as)ing ou%, i% s%ar%ed %o rain. P. T)e com8any................................i%s su88or% 6)en %)ey )eard %)e ne6s of %)e
scandal. =. 0 6as really u8se% 6)en my ne6 $um8er.................................af%er only %)e firs%
6as). X. ecause %)e sun.................................in my eyes so s%rongly, 0 found i% im8ossible
%o see any%)ing. Q. 0n %)e 8as%, 8eo8le.................................6ool by )and. 1N. ?s )e.................................%o )is fee%, 6e could clearly see )is look of anger.
11. 0%s no% my faul% %)a% 6e.................................%)e camera + you didn% %)ink abou% i%ei%)er. 12. 5)en %)e dog.................................)er, you s)ould )ave %aken )er s%raig)% %o %)e
doc%or. 13. T)ey................................%)e car because %)ey needed %)e money for %)eir 
 business. 1>. T)e skill 6i%) 6)ic) %)e 6omen.................................%)e car8e%s 6as incredible. 1U. ecause of %)e unreliabili%y of %)e 8os%, )e.................................%o deliver %)e
 8ackage )imself.
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EERCISE K om8le%e %)e sen%ences 6i%) %)e imple @ast forms of %)e verbs 0n %)e lis%. #ome of %)e verbs are regular and some are irregular! se eac) verb only once.
bleed fall sweep  play s6ear   saw
buy fell slipclimb see miss  stri#e attend split 
1. ?f%er 6e.................................... %o %)e %o8, 6e 6ere able %o a88recia%e $us% )o6 s8ec%acular %)e vie6 6as.
2. 0.................................... Hary in %o6n yes%erday, bu% i% 6as so cro6ded %)a% 0 don% %)ink s)e no%iced me.
3. 5)en )e.....................................for %)e second %ime, 0 6arned )im no% %o use suc)  bad language.
>. 0 only.....................................%)e dress because 0 %)oug)% 0 could 6ear i% %o 6ork. U. e.................................... foo%ball 8rofessionally 6)en )e 6as younger. P. 0 en$oyed living and 6orking overseas immensely, bu% %)e only 8roblem 6as %)a% 0
...................................my family and friends so muc) %)a% 0 al6ays 6an%ed %o go)ome. =. ?% leas% %)ree 8eo8le ....................................on %)e ice as %)ey 6alked do6n %)e road. X. T)e con%rac%ors..................................... over )alf of %)e %rees %o make 6ay for %)e ne6
road. Q. T)e 6ound looked very serious bu% can% )ave been, as i% )ardly
................................... a% all. 1N. Kuring %)e %ennis ma%c), )e..................................... %)e ball so )ard %)a% i% 6en% rig)%
ou% of %)e cour%. 11. "ou s)ould )ave measured %)e s8ace before you .....................................%)e 6ood as,
no6, %)e s)elves aren% big enoug). 12. 0 only.....................................%)e balcony %en minu%es ago, bu% no6 i%s covered in
leaves again. 13. -or%una%ely, )e 6asn% in$ured 6)en )e......................................off %)e ladder.
1>. ?s my fa%)ers $ob involved a lo% of %ravelling, 0..................................... several differen% sc)ools.
1U. e.....................................%)e seam of )is %rousers %oday, so )e can% 6ear %)em for  %)e momen%.
1,12 EMPHATIC "DO"
#im8le Jresen% ve #im8le Jas% %enselerle, normalde, olumlu cümlede "do+does, did kullanlmaz. ?ncak vurguyu ar%rmak için bu yardmc fiilleri olumlu cümlede kullanabiliriz. u durumda, )er iki %ense ile de asl fiil yaln )aliyle kullandr.
+ "our bro%)er doesn% like fis), does )e@ + "es, )e does li#e fis).
+ "ou don% )el8 your mo%)er 6i%) %)e )ouse6ork, do you@ + "es, 0 do help my mo%)er 6)enever 0 )ave %ime.
+ "ou didn% go %o sc)ool yes%erday, did you@ + "es, 0 did go %o sc)ool yes%erday.
2P < :;#
7OR8
?ffirma%ive !ega%ive 0n%erroga%ive 0 6as 6orking. "ou 6ere s%udying. e4#)e40% 6as ea%ing lunc) 5e 6ere laug)ing. "ou 6ere %alking. T)ey 6ere arguing.
0 6asn% 6orking. "ou 6eren% s%udying. e4#)e40% 6asn% ea%ing lunc). 5e 6eren% laug)ing. "ou 6eren% %alking. T)ey 6eren%
arguing.
5as 0 6orking@ 5ere you s%udying@ 5as )e4s)e4i% ea%ing lunc)@ 5ere 6e laug)ing@ 5ere you %alking@ 5ere %)ey arguing@
+ 5)ere were /3* living %)is %ime las% year@ : >%s living in zmir.
+ 5)a% >ere /3* doing a% Q 8.m. las% nig)%@ + I >%s watching %elevision.
1,14 USE OF THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
aF u %ensei, geçmi*%e belli bir nok%ada ya8mak%a oldu(umuz eylemleri anla%rken kullanrz. &his time last year, this time last winter, at this hour yesterday, yesterday at ocloc# etc!  bu %ense ile sk kullanlan zarflardr.
T)is %ime las% summer, 0 6as lying on %)e beac) in Röcek, bu% no6 0m 6orking )ard %o finis) %)is book.
5)a% 6ere you doing a% around noon las% #a%urday@ 0 6as playing foo%ball 6i%) friends.
 bF Reçmi*%e bir eylemi, ba*langç ve bi%i* zamann belir%erek anla%yorsak, Jas% on%inuous Tense kullanrz. Mu %ür cümlelerde #im8le Jas% Tense kullanmak da mümkündür.F
0 6as watching a film on %elevision from nine un%il eleven las% nig)%. e 6as wor#ing as an accoun%an% from 1QXU %o 1QXQ.
:;# a 2=
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c" 2%s, C3n,in*3*s M4 6as doing) ile 2%s, Tense M4 did) arasndaki kullanm farkna dikka% ediniz.
:(er, geçmi*%e %amamlad(mz bir eylemden söz ediyorsak Sim6le 2%s, Tense kullanrz. Mnemli olan belli bir zamanda 5e yapyordum4" de(il, "Fe yaptm4"dr!)
+ 5)a% did you do las% nig)%@ + I >%,c0ed %elevision firs%, %)en 0 studied :nglis).
:(er, geçmi*%e %amamlad(mz bir eylemi de(il de, sözü edilen zamanda ya8mak%a oldu(umuz i*i anla%yorsak, 2%s, C3n,in*3*s Tense kullandr. Mnemli olan "Fe yaptm4" de(il, "Fe  yapyordum4" dur.F
+ 5)a% >ere your 8aren%s doing 6)en you go% )ome las% nig)%@ + T)ey were waiting for me %o ea% dinner 6i%) %)em.
d" #ürerlik bildiren %enselerle kullanlmayan fiiller (non-progressive verbs), 2%s, C3n,in*3*s Tense ile de kullanlmaz.
0 already knew %)e ne6s abou% )im. (/en onunla ilgili haberi .aten biliyordum!) #)e thought %)a% 0 6ould go %o %)e 8ar%y as 6ell. (@artiye benim de gidece%imi .annediyordu!) T)e flo6ers looked nice yes%erday, bu% no6 %)ey are fading. (=i$e#ler d'n g'.el gr'n'yordu, ama imdi soluyorlar!)
e" Reçmi*%eki al*kanlklarmz ya da sk sk ya8%(mz eylemleri Sim6le 2%s, Tense ile anla%rz.
I went %o %)e cinema very of%en 6)en 0 6as a% universi%y.
"ukardaki cümleyi Türkçeye iki *ekilde çevirebiliriz. / Gniversitedey#en sinemaya $o# s#  giderdim!" ya da "Gniversitedey#en sinemaya $o# s# gidiyordum!" u cümledeki "gidiyordum" #adesi ilk anda Jas% on%inuous Tense gibi görünse de, geçmi*%e belli bir nok%ada devam e%mek%e olan bir eylemi de(il de, genelde olan bir eylemi anla%%( için Sim6le 2%s, Tense kullanmamz gerekir.
5)en )e 6as young, )e layed foo%ball in %)e sc)ool %eam, (general in the past) 5)en 0 sa6 )im yes%erday, )e >%s laying foo%ball, (a specific point in the past)
fF 5:! and 50;: #:!T:!:#
2%s, C3n,in*3*s Tense )>0en) ve )>0ile) cümlelerinde çok sk kullanlan bir %ensedir. Reçmi*%e devam e%mek%e olan bir eylem srasnda bir ba*ka eylem olmu*sa, bu durumu *u cümlelerle ifade ederiz.
0 6as ea%ing dinner >0en the guests arrived. (>onu#lar geldi%inde yeme# yiyordum!) 0 )ur% my leg while I was laying oot#all. (Hutbol oynar#en baca%m incittim!)
5:!
0. /5)en/ ile kurulmu* bir zarf cümleci(i (adverbial clause), genellikle %emel cümledeki (main clause) eylemin devam e%mek%e oldu(u zaman açklar. "/ir eylem oldu%unda bir ba#a eylem oluyordu" biçiminde bir anlam %a*r. u nedenle /6)en/ in ba(l
 bulundu(u cümlede #im8le Jas%, %emel cümlede ise Jas% on%inuous kullanlr. B
e came in.
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5)en )e came in. 0 6as studying! (1 i$eri girdi%inde, ben ders $alyordum!) adverbial main clause clause
> 0 6as reading1 6)en )e came in! (1 geldi%inde, ben #itap o#uyordum!) 5)en 0 6en% ou%, i% 6as raining! (ar $#t%mda ya%mur ya%yordu!) T)ey 6ere arguing 6)en 0 en%ered %)e room. (1daya girdi%imde, tartyorlard!)
5)en B #im8le Jas%, Jas% on%inuous
00. /5)en/ arka arkaya ya8lm* eylemleri anla%mak için de kullandr. u durumda )er iki cümlenin de %ensei #im8le Jas%dr.
5)en )e arrived, 6e 6en% in%o %)e cinema. M-irs% )e came. T)en 6e en%ered %)e cinema.F (1 gelince, sinemaya girdi#!)
5)en )e left 6ork, )e got on a bus and 6en% )ome. 5)en %)e %eac)er as#ed a Oues%ion, 0 raised my )and %o ans6er i%.
fir  5)en B #im8le Jas%, #im8le Jas%
50;:
0. /5)ile/ cümleci(i genellikle, %emel cümledeki eylem srasnda devam e%mek%e olan bir   ba*ka eylemi anla%mak için kullanlr. u nedenle, /6)ile/ in ba(l bulundu(u cümle Jas% on%inuous, %emel cümle ise #im8le Jas%dr.
e came in.
5)ile 0 6as studying, )e came in. Men ders $alr#en o geldi!) adverbial main clause clause
0 left )ome 6)ile my 8aren%s 6ere sleeping! 0 %ook a 8)o%ogra8) 6)ile you werent loo#ing!
W0ile - 2%s, C3n,in*3*s1 Sim6le 2%s,
NOTE u %ür cümlelerde /6)ile/ yerine /6)en/ kullanmak da mümkündür, ancak  /6)ile/ kullanm da)a yaygndr. 6hen+6hile 0 6as 6alking )ome from 6ork, 0 bum8ed in%o an old friend on %)e s%ree%. 'ery of%en, s%ray dogs and ca%s are )i% by cars when+while %)ey are crossing %)e s%ree%. "es%erday, a s%ray dog 6as nearly )i% by a car when+while i% 6as crossing %)e s%ree%.
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II( )W0ile) cümleci(i, %emel cümledeki eylemle ayn anda olan bir eylemi anla%mak için de kullanlr. u durumda )er iki cümle de Sim6le 2%s, Tense ile kurulur.
0 sang 6)ile 0 washed %)e dis)es. (/ula#lar y#ar#en ar# syledim!) #)e watched me 6)ile 0 made %)e cake. (/en #e# yapar#en o beni i.ledi!) 0 watted ou%side 6)ile s)e had an in%ervie6. (1 gr'me yapar#en ben darda
be#ledim!)
W0ile - Sim6le 2%s,1 Sim6le 2%s,
000. /5)ile/ birbirine 8aralel devam eden iki eylemi anla%mak için de kullanlr. u durumda )er iki cümlede de Jas% on%inuous Tense kullanlr. /5)ile/n bu biçimde kullanmyla genellikle yaknma, içerleme gibi duygular ifade edilir.
5)ile %)e %eac)er 6as lecturing, %)e s%uden%s 6ere tal#ing among %)emselves. (I%retmen ders anlatr#en %renciler #endi aralarnda #onuuyorlard!J
0 6as studying 6)ile everybody a% )ome 6as sleeping! (Evde her#es uyur#en ben
ders $alyordum!)
5)ile B Jas% con%inuous, Jas%
0'. /5)ile/ ile ayn anlam veren bir di(er ba(laç /as/ dir.
6hile+As 0 6as coming )ere, 0 ran in%o an old friend. 0 )ad a look a% %)e old magazines while+as 0 6ai%ed a% %)e doc%ors.
/9us% as/, da)a vurgulu bir anla%mdr.
T)e 8os%man came Kust as 0 6as leaving )ome. (&am ben evden $#ar#en, postac geldi!)
 Kust as 0 sa% do6n a% %)e %able, %)e 8)one rang. (&am masaya oturdum #i telefon $ald!)
gF Jas% on%inuous Tense, "always, continually, forever, etc!" gibi zarflarla, MJresen% on%inuous Tensede oldu(u gibiF sürekli %ekrarlanan eylemleri ya da yaknma ifade e%mek için de kullanlr.
"ou 6ere forever reading books 6)en you 6ere a c)ild. 0 6as al6ays ma#ing mis%akes 6)en 0 6as in 8rimary sc)ool.
)F Desmi or%amlarda nazik bir biçimde soru sorarken ya da ricada bulunurken, özellikle"hope" ve "wonder" ile Jas% on%inuous Tense çok sk kullanlr. u %ür cümlelerde past  bir ya8 kullanlmasna ra(men, anlam 8resen%1 %r.
+ 0 6as wondering if you could )el8 me fill in %)is form. + er%ainly, Hadam. 5)ic) sec%ion do you )ave difficul%y unders%anding@
+ 0 6as hoping you could give me a lif% %o %)e air8or%. + &f course. &ne of our re8resen%a%ives 6ill drive you %)ere af%er %)e mee%ing.
3N o :;#
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EXERCISE 80 Use ei,0er ,0e Simle *ast 3r ,0e 2%s, C3n,in*3*s 3 ,0e 5erbs In 6%ren,0eses
1. 5)en 1 (leave) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6ork yes%erday, i% MrainF ...................................... )eavily.
2. 0% (continue) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! %o rain 6)ile 1 MdriveF ..................................... )ome. 3. 5)en 0 MarriveF .................................... )ome, i% Ms%ill, rainF ........................................
>. 5)en 0 (go) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! round %)e bend, 0 MseeF ...................................... a vanin my lane. 0% Mover%akeF ................................... ano%)er van and McomeF ........................... rig)% a% my car. 0 Ms%e8F .................................... on %)e brakes )eavily and Ms6erveF ...................................%o %)e rig)%. 1 Mbarely, avoid) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!%)e acciden%.
U. 1 M)aveF .................................... breakfas% 6)en s)e M8)oneF ......................................me. P. 5)ile 0 M)aveF .................................... breakfas%, s)e M8)oneF ......................................me. =. 5)en my sis%er MbeF .................................... a c)ild, s)e M)aveF .....................................
 8oor eyesig)%, so s)e M6earF ....................................glasses. X. 5)ile 0 (try) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! %o concen%ra%e on my s%udies, my friend M8layF
...................................)er music very loudly in %)e ne7% room. Q. e (7og) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!regularly every day un%il )e (get) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
%oo old. J e (7og)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! vigorously 6)en 0 Mmee%F ..................................... )im %)e
o%)er day. 5)en s)e MseeF .....................................me, s)e Ms%o8F ..................................... %)e car and
Mge% ou%F ................................... of i% %o %alk %o me. 5)en 0 MseeF .....................................)er, s)e MdriveF ......................................do6n %)eroad. "ou MdriveF ..................................... %oo fas% a% %)e %ime, so i%s no% sur8rising %)a% you
M)i%F ....................................%)a% o%)er car. 1>. ? 5)y....................you M%urnF ................................. %)e %elevision off@
ecause i% Mdis%rac%F ...................................me from my 6ork. 9us% as %)e 8lane M%akeF ................................... off, one of %)e engines Mburs%F
...................................in%o flames, so %)e 8ilo% M)ave %oF ......................................make an emergency landing.
5)en 1 M)earF ................................... %)em, %)ey McomeF ..................................... do6n %)e drive6ay, so 0 (#now) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 0 M)aveF .....................................less %)an a minu%e %o )ide %)eir bir%)day 8resen%s, 6)ic) 0 )ad been 6ra88ing.
1=. 0 Ms%ill, )ideF ....................................%)eir 8resen%s 6)en %)ey (ring) ...................................%)e door bell, so i% (ta#e) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!me some %ime %o finis) my $ob and %)en ans6er %)e door.
; 5)en %)e robber Ms)oo%F ....................................%)e man, )e Ms)akeF ................................... convulsively for a 6)ile before )e MfallF ..................................... %o %)e ground.
@ 9us% as 6e Msi%F ....................................do6n for a snack in %)e air8or% res%auran%, %)ey MannounceF ....................................our flig)%.
J Hargare% MseemF ....................................really )a88y a% %)e 8ar%y las% nig)%, bu% Je%er  M%ellF ....................................)er some%)ing $us% as %)ey MleaveF ....................................... and %)en s)e MsulkF ...................................... 0 6onder 6)a% %)e 8roblem 6asI
?s s)e M8ourF ....................................%)e %ea ou%, s)e Ms8illF ......................................some on %)e %able.
&nly %)is %ime on #a%urday, 6e MlookF ..................................... in %)e 6indo6 of %)e %ravel agen%s. !o6 6e are looking rig)% a% %)e Jyramids.
THE RHINO-S ADMIRER  A @ ,6,D+$%* *oo +A @r6?r,%& $% $& o, ?$% *o $ ?6
<oD,%%@. +6, A+, )$*,& % *+, 6o> +, ),%* o?? *o $ oD6, o? $@A o? DoDor%. % $@@r,AA, r+%o,roA $DDro$+,& *+, Dr,**
,6,D+$%* $%& %*ro&,& +A,6?. "H>" +, A$& Aoo*+6. "M %$, AN,$6." T+, ,6,D+$%* *rD,*,& 6o&6 $%& ?$%*,&. I% *+, o%?Ao%> *+, r+%o ?6,&. T+, @ ,6,D+$%* rA+,& D *o +A @r6?r,%&. "+$*
+$DD,%,&" +, $A,&. S+, $**,& +,r ,,6&A $%& $%A),r,&> "I JA* ,* R+%o N,$6K"
< M, S$$@,> ?ro R,$&,r'A @,A*= ELS ? l 
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-&DH
?ffirma%ive  !ega%ive 0n%erroga%ive
  0 )ave 6a%c)ed %)a% film. "ou )ave seen )im %6ice. e4#)e40% )as ea%en lunc).
5e )ave invi%ed )er. "ou )ave 6orked )ard. T)ey )ave visi%ed us.
0 )ave no% 6a%c)ed %)a% film. "ou )ave no% seen )im %6ice. e4#)e40% )as no% ea%en lunc).
5e )ave no% invi%ed )er. "ou )ave no% 6orked )ard. T)ey )ave no% visi%ed us.
ave 0 6a%c)ed %)a% film@ ave you seen )im %6ice@ as )e4s)e4i% ea%en lunc)@
ave 6e invi%ed )er@ ave you 6orked )ard@ ave %)ey visi%ed us@
u %ensei olu*%urmak için )ave4)as B 8as% 8ar%ici8le (fiillerin '$'nc' hali kullanlr. ave4)as ve )ave no%4)as no% genellikle ksal%lm* olarak kullanlr.
0ve seen %)a% film before.4"ou havent seen %)a% film.
es seen %)a% film %6ice before.4#)e hasnt seen %)a% film ye%.
&lumsuz soruyu iki *ekilde sorabiliriz. 0. Csal%ma ya8madan
ave you no% seen %)a% film ye%@ +as s)e not seen %)a% film before@ 00.
Csal%ma ya8arak
 avent you seen %)a% film ye%@ asnt s)e seen %)a% film before@
11# USE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
aF Reçmi*%e ya8%(mz eylemleri zaman vermeden anla%yorsak, bu %ensei kullanrz.
#)e )as removed all %)e furni%ure in %)e )ouse. T)ey )ave painted %)eir )ouse.
?ncak, ayn eylemleri zaman belir%erek ifade edersek, #im8le Jas% kullanmamz gerekir.
#)e removed all %)e furni%ure in %)e )ouse las% 6eekend. T)ey painted %)eir )ouse a few wee#s ago!
Reçmi*%e ya8%(mz eylem için zaman zarf kullanmasak bile, e(er zaman ima ediyorsak, yine #im8le Jas% kullanrz.
/4 saw that film when 2 was in An#ara!" cümlesinde kesin olarak bir zaman vermesek de, "when 2 was in An#ara" geçmi*%e belli bir dönemi ifade e%mek%edir.
0 6en% s)o88ing af%er 6ork, M/af%er wor# belli bir zaman belir%mek%edir.F 0 me% )im in zmir. M/in *.mir" ifadesi yer belir%mesine kar*n, "*.mirde
bulundu%um dnemde" anlamn ima e%mek%edir.F
32 < :;#
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Jresen% Jerfec% Tense ile sorulan sorulara yan% verirken, yine bu kurallara dikka% e%meliyiz.
+ ave you met )is girlfriend@  +"es, 0 )ave, Mor !o, 0 )aven%F
+ ave you me% )is girlfriend@
+ "es, 0 met )er last wee#, Mor 0 met )er at Alices party!) +  ave you seen my glasses@ + "es, 0 )ave. M or !o, 1 )aven%.F
+ ave you seen my glasses@ + "es, 0 sa6 %)em on %)e ki%c)en %able a  few minutes ago!
b" "akn geçmi*%e olu8 sonuçlan ya da e%kileri içinde bulundu(umuz anda devam eden eylemler için bu %ensei kullanrz.
0 )ave burn% myself. M0m in 8ain no6. + Su anda ac $e#iyorum!) 2ve cleaned %)e )ouse. M0%s clean no6. F
(meeting a friend in the street) + "ouve cu% your )airI + "es, 0 6en% %o %)e barbers las% 6eek.
c" &oday, this morning, this wee#, this month, this year, this century vb., )enüz. %amamlanmam* bir dönem ifade eden zarflarla bu %ense kullanlr.
0ve been %o %)e cinema %6ice %)is 6eek. 0 )aven% been able %o go on )oliday %)is year. Tec)nology )as advanced grea%ly %)is cen%ury.
"&his morning, "this afternoon" ve /%)is evening ifadelerini kullanrken, saa% kavramna dikka% e%memiz gerekir.
Renellikle saa% 13NNe kadar olan süre saba) (morning), 1=NNye kadar ö(leden sonra Maf%ernoonF, 1=NN+2NNN aras ise ak*am MeveningF saa%lerini bildirir. u durumda
0 )aven% )eard %)e alarm %)is morning.
ifadesini, saba) diliminin )enüz bi%memi* oldu(u bir saa%%e, örne(in saa% 11+12 gibi söyleyebiliriz. :(er ö(leden sonraki bir saa%%e, örne(in saa% 2de bu sözü söylüyorsak, ar%k  /saba)/ dilimi %amamlan8 yeni bir döneme geçilmi* oldu(u için, o eylem geçmi*%e kalm*%r ve #im8le Jas% Tense kullanmay gerek%irir.
0 )aven% heard %)e alarm %)is morning! (2ts 88 a.m. now!) 0 didnt hear %)e alarm %)is morning! (2ts 9 p!m! now!) 2ve seen Tom %)is af%ernoon. (2ts p!m!
now!) 0 sa6 Tom %)is af%ernoon. (2ts C p!m! now!) &his year, this month, this cen%ury gibi kullanmlarda, e(er sözü edilen zaman dilimi %amamlanm*sa, /%)is/ yerine /las%/ kullanlr.
0 )ave wor#ed )ard %)is 6eek. MT)e wee# hasnt finished yet!) 0 6orked )ard las% 6eek. T)ey )ave phoned me %6ice %)is mon%). T)ey phoned me %6ice las% mon%).
:;# < 33
dF  Lately, recently ile kullanm
/#on .amanlarda, son g'nlerde" anlamna gelen la%ely ve recen%ly, Jresen% Jerfec% ile kullanld(nda, yine kesin bir zaman belir%meden, ya8%(mz i*leri anla%r. u zarflar özellikle, )aber ni%eli(i olan son geli*meleri ifade ederken çok sk kullanlr.
T)ere has been grea% 8rogress in %)e science of medicine recently! T)ere have
been some c)anges in my )ouse lately! ave you seen your 8aren%s recently4
/Decen%ly/, özellikle only, 0uite, 7ust ve very ile birlik%e, #im8le Jas% Tense ile de kullanlr ve /a  short time ago" anlamn verir.
T)ey came Oui%e recen%ly. (&hey came 0uite a short time ago!) #)e passed )er e7am only recen%ly. (he passed her eam only a short time ago!)
eF  Already, Kust ve yet il e kullanm
/"e%/ soruda ve olumsuz cümlede kullanlr ve normal olarak cümlenin sonunda yer alr.
+ ave you finis)ed your )ome6ork yet4 +  !o, 0 )aven% finis)ed i% ye%.
+ 0s your fa%)er a% )ome@ +  !o, )e )asn% come ye%
/9us%/, olumlu cümlede kullanlr ve /only recen%ly/ (hen'., imdi, yenice) anlamn verir. :ylemin ya8lmasndan sonra geçen sürenin ksal( ile ilgili vurguyu ar%rmak için, /only 9us%/ kullanlr. /9us%/ cümlede, yardmc fiille asl fiil arasnda yer alr.
+ 0s %)e manager in@ +  !o, )e )as Kust gone ou%.
+ ave you finis)ed your )ome6ork@+ "es, 0ve Kust finis)ed i%. (2ve only recently finished it!)
0 )ave only Kust com8le%ed %)e %ransla%ion.
/?lready/, olumlu cümlede kullanlr ve ".aten, $o#tan" anlamna gelir. ir eylemin umulandan da)a önce bir zamanda ya8lm* oldu(unu vurgular. ümle içindeki yeri normalde yardmc fiil ile asl fiil arasndadr, ancak cümle sonunda da kullanlr.
+ #)all 6e go %o see %)e film /T)e ;ord of %)e Dings/@ +  !o% a good ideaI 0 )ave already seen i%.
Hanager Kon% forge% %o mail %)e invi%a%ions in %ime. #ecre%ary 0ve already  8os%ed %)em.
Ho%)er 5as) your )ands before you si% a% %)e %able. #on 0ve 6as)ed %)em already!
fF  Ever, never, all my life, in his life, always, occasionally, often, seve