emission factors from small scale biomass combustion
TRANSCRIPT
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TITEL-FOLIE
Thomas Nussbaumer, Switzerland
Lucerne University of App. Sciences & Verenum Zurich
Linda Johansson, SP Sweden (Part II)
IEA Expert workshop on Next generation small scale biomass
combustion technologiesAmsterdam, 20 October 2008
Characterisation of PM
andResults on emission factors from small
scale biomass combustion in IEA countries
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INHALT Kapitel 1
1. Introduction
2. Methodology of PM measurement
3. Comparison of PM measurement
4. Results on emission factors
5. Conclusions
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Air Pollution and Mortality in Six U.S. Cities
Dockery et al. New England J. Med. Vol 329 (1993): 1753-1759
P = Portage, T = Topeka, W = Watertown, L = St. Louis, H = Harriman, S = Steubenville.
RelativeMo
rtality
[
]
Po
rtage=1
PM 2.5 [g/m3]
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Source of Carcinogenic PM2.5 in New York State:
[NESCAUM 2008]
65% from Residential Fuel Combustion
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Contribution of Wood Combustion
[Prvt et al., Conf. Comb. Nanop. 2006]
PSI, 20. January 2006:
7080% of soot close to highway in Misox (alpine valley) inwinter originates from wood combustion
Bild: PSI
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Background
1. IEA Bioenergy Task 32 Biomass Combustion and Co-Firingpromotes biomass combustion to substitute fossil fuels
2. PM is most relevant for ambient air quality
3. Biomass combustion exhibits high PM emissionswhich can hinder a further propagation
Objective Collect emission factors from wood combustion
1. to identifiy relevant sources and reasons and
2. to deduce strategies for PM reduction as abasis for decisions and activites
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IEA Bioenergy Task 32
11 United Kingdom
10 Finland9 Canada
8 Belgium
CATSE, Verenum, Vock7 Switzerland
SP Tech, Ume, VXU6 Sweden
SINTEF5 Norway
TNO4 The Netherlands
IE, TFZ, Uni Stuttgart, ZAE3 Germany
Force2 Denmark
BLT, Bios, Joanneum, KOV1 Austria
Participating Institutions (17)IEA Country
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INHALT Kapitel 1
1. Introduction
2. Methodology of PM measurement
3. Comparison of PM measurement
4. Results on emission factors
5. Conclusions
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CO2
AshCaO, KCl
C
Ca, K, Cl, N
h
EC, OC
CO, VOCPM10
Cfix
Salts
NOx
Primary org. Aerosols POA
Secondary org. Aerosols SOA
PIA
SIA
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Primary Aerosols (PA) andSecundary Aerosols (SA)
1160
SP SP + C PA1=
20
32
2 232
20
PA2=DT
PM10
20 ... +35
3 PA SA= 3 +
h
OH, O3 , NOX > 0
In der Regel gilt: PA2 PA1, PA3 PA1
[T. Nussbaumer, 10. Holzenergie-Symposium, 2008]
C1*
5
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Re-Evaporation of Hydrocarbons
1160
SP
1* 5 C
SP + C PA1=
20
32
2 232
20
PA2=DT
PM10
20 ... +35
3 PA SA= 3 +
h
OH, O3 , NOX > 0
[T. Nussbaumer, 10. Holzenergie-Symposium, 2008]
[A. Robinson, EMEP, Albany 2007]
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Conversion of Aerosols from Source to Ambient
[A. Robinson, EMEP, Albany 2007]
Emissionfactoron
PO
A
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SOA
VOC
volatile
at 160C
VOC VOC VOC
Filter 160C Filter + Impinger Dilution Tunnel
CCondensables
undilutedat 0C
SPSP
Solid particles
sampledon filterat 160C
DT
Dilution Tunnel
= Solid particlessampled in coldsligthly diluted
flue gas
DT = SPC + f C(f 1)
SP SPC DT Ambient
C as SOACondensables
at ambient
SP= PrimarySolid Particles
TotalSOA
PM10
FID
FID
FID
FID
PM sampling from flue gases Ambient
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Test Procedure for Wood Stoves
t
Batch 1
Measurementwith cold start
Batch 2
Measurementwith warm start
Batch 3
Measurementwith part load(throttled air inlet)
t
CO
HCSoot
[mg/m3]
Q[kW] Build-
up ofglow
bed
Burn out:
CO high
HC & EC low
CO
HC
M1* M2* M3* Stove specifictime scale!
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INHALT Kapitel 2
1. Introduction
2. Methodology of PM measurement
3. Comparison of PM measurement
4. Results on emission factors
5. Conclusions
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Text
Solid Particles on hot filter: SP
Particles in Dilution Tunnel: DT
Solid Particles + Condensables: SPC
Stove 1 Stove 2
PM[
mg
/MJ]based
onLHV
1.16.12.89.32.52.76.16.04.33.54.2DT/SP
SPC/SP
SP Tech. SWE Verenum SWI
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Condensables as Function of CO content
[Johansson et al., World Bioenergy 2008]
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1. Condensables C can increase the mass of total PM
compared to Solid Particles SP by a factor of 2 10
with 4 as average for wood stoves,
while C = 0 for complete combustion
2. Dilution Tunnel is likely to result in similar PM as quenching,hence condensables are likely to be trapped in DT
3. Filter & quenching in impingers enables separate SP and C
Consequences for PM measurements
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1. Data measured as Solid Particles on hot filter (SP) and
data from Dilution Tunnel (DT) need to be distinguished
2. SP can highly under-estimate PM in the ambient air due
to the formation of Secondary Organic Aerosols (SOA)
a) from condensation of organic condensables andb) from photochemical oxidation of (VOC)
3. DT can over-estimate PM due to re-evaporation of VOCfrom the particles by consecutive dilution
Consequences for data interpretations
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INHALT Kapitel 1
1. Introduction
2. Methodology of PM measurement
3. Comparison of PM measurement
4. Results on emission factors
5. Conclusions
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Wood stoves: PM as SP on hot filter
PM
[mg/MJ]
bas
edonLHV
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[www.bfe.admin.ch] oder [www.holzenergie.ch]
Correct Ignition of Wood Stoves:
From the Top
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Downdraft log wood boilers: PM as SP
PM
[mg/MJ]
bas
edonLHV
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Log wood boilers
with heat storage w/o heat storage
PM
[mg/MJ]
bas
edonLHV
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Wood stoves: PM as DT or SPC
PM
[mg/MJ]
basedonLHV
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Pellets Boilers Stoves
PM[
mg/MJ]onLHV
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INHALT Kapitel 1
1. Introduction
2. Methodology of PM measurement
3. Comparison of PM measurement
4. Results on emission factors
5. Conclusions
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1. Manual wood combustion reveals ranges of PM from
> 500 mg/MJ as SP2. Operation is crucial: Ignition from top, dry wood, no air
throttling,...
3. Heat storage tank is crucial for log wood boilers
4. Pellets exhibit smaller variation from 10 to 50 mg/MJ
5. Condensables may significantly contribute to total PM
emissions and need to be considered together with VOC
to assess the impact on ambient air quality due to the
formation of Secondary Organic Aerosols (SOA)
Conclusions
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INHALT Kapitel 1Acknowledments
International Energy Agency IEA
Swiss Agency of the Environment
Institutions which contributed to the survey:
CATSE, Verenum, Vock7 Switzerland
SP Tech, Ume, VXU6 Sweden
SINTEF5 Norway
TNO4 The Netherlands
IE, TFZ, Uni Stuttgart, ZAE3 Germany
Force2 Denmark
BLT, Bios, Joanneum, KOV1 Austria
Participating Institutions (17)IEA Country
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INHALT Kapitel 1Full Report:
Nussbaumer, T.; Czasch, C.; Klippel, N.; Johansson, L.; Tullin, C.: Particulate
Emissions from Biomass Combustion in IEA Countries, IEA Bioenergy Task 32
and Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE), Zrich 2008, ISBN 3-908705-18-5
Download www.ieabioenergytask32.com or www.verenum.ch
Further information on part I of presentation (including cited literature):
Nussbaumer, Th.: Feinstaub-Emissionsfaktoren von Holzheizungen, 10.
Holzenergie-Symposium, 12. September 2008, ETH Zrich, 2008, ISBN 3-
908705-19-3, 129156
Info: www.holzenergie-symposium.ch